法定计理单位在分析化学领域中的正确应用

对分析化学领域中常见的法定计量单位与其对应的废弃形式进行了比较,指出了应用中常 错误,并汇集了该领域中有关计量单位表述的正确范例。     

中国化学领域专利申请文件撰写存在的问题及应对策略

分析了中国化学领域创新成果在申请专利时文件撰写存在的一些问题,重点阐述了化学领域专利申请中常见的权利要求类型不当、权利要求中的非必要特征限定以及说明书公开不充分等问题,并分析了问题产生的原因,提出了相应的应对策略。     

光谱分析方法的演变与百年诺贝尔奖

回顾近百余年来诺贝尔奖的颁奖历程,有34次以上颁奖涉及到光谱分析及相关领域。选取几种常见的光谱分析方法,简介了其演变发展过程以及与百年诺贝尔奖的关联,探讨了光谱分析方法的发展在化学科学研究手段现代化过程中的重要意义。     

火灾现场燃烧残留物检验研究进展

从火场燃烧残留物检验方法、基质干扰和数据解读等方面综述了火场燃烧残留物检验鉴定的研究进展,重点介绍了检验方法的研究成果与该领域常见的化学计量学方法,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望(引用文献56篇)。     

抗肿瘤甾体药物依西美坦的合成进展

高复发性和高死亡率的乳腺癌是女性中最常见的恶性肿瘤,对其预防和治疗已成为当前全球公共卫生领域的一大研究热点。依西美坦是一种不可逆的甾体芳香化酶失活剂,主要用于雌激素拮抗剂治疗失败的绝经后晚期乳腺癌患者,可显著抑制芳香化酶和血浆雌激素水平且无雌激素抑制剂常见的副作用。本文总结了依西美坦的合成方法,对其活性和研究现状进行了综述,希望对其合成优化和应用具有参考意义。     

面向金属离子电池研究的固体核磁共振和电子顺磁共振方法

电池,尤其是锂离子电池的快速发展极大改变了我们的生活。从移动电子设备到新能源汽车再到电网储能,电池应用于多个领域且目前在能量密度和功率密度方面难以被取代。电池技术的向前发展要求我们对其电化学反应机理有完整的认识,这需要来自不同领域研究人员的交叉碰撞。磁共振波谱技术包括核磁共振波谱(NMR)和电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR),前者适合于研究Li、Na、P、O等电池材料中常见的轻元素,后者适合于研究Co、Mn、Fe、V等电池材料中常见的过渡金属。加上它们具有对样品无损、对结晶度无要求、能够定量分析等优点,NMR和EPR在过去三十年的电池研究中不断进步,日益成为电池表征的重要角色。本文从磁共振方法的角度出发,首先概述了固体NMR和EPR中的主要相互作用及其哈密顿表达形式,接着概述了固体NMR和EPR常用的重要方法及其在金属离子电池研究领域的代表性应用。本文有助于让我们直观地了解磁共振技术本身在金属离子电池研究领域的重要价值,并有望为解决利用固体NMR和EPR进行电池研究的过程遇到的困难提供指导。     

Caspase抑制剂的结构及合成

Caspase在细胞凋亡中起着关键作用,因此Caspase抑制剂的研究成为当今生命科学领域的重要课题之一。人工合成的Caspase抑制剂主要分为肽类和非肽类。本文着重介绍了常见肽类和非肽类Caspase抑制剂的结构及合成方法,并介绍了相关高活性抑制剂的活性数据。     

磁性微球及其在免疫学中应用的研究进展

磁性微球作为一种新型功能高分子材料,在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用前景。特别是在免疫学方面,常用于细胞分离、疾病诊断、食品检测等,并取得了显著的科研成果。本文介绍了磁性微球常见的制备和表面改性方法,并着重综述了其在免疫学中应用的研究进展。     

如何撰写高质量化学领域专利申请文件

本文根据笔者在专利审查工作中的实际经验,对我国高等院校和科研机构在专利申请文件撰写中容易出现的问题进行了梳理,重点阐述了化学领域专利申请中常见的说明书公开不充分、权利要求中的非必要技术特征限定、技术术语缺少定义等问题,并分析了问题产生的原因,提出了相应的应对策略,以期能够帮助科研人员更加合理地撰写发明专利申请文件,使申请人的利益得到更好的保护。     

磁性纳米粒子的制备及其在重金属离子处理中的应用

重金属离子污染已成为当前最重要的环境问题之一,建立有效去除和监测重金属离子的方法具有重大意义。磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)除了具有纳米粒子的体积小、表面积大、活性位点高等特点外,其本身具有的磁学特性使MNPs在分离科学领域具有独特的优势。近年来,MNPs在环境分析领域的应用逐渐增多,尤其是在重金属离子的处理方面。该文综述了共沉淀法、微乳液法、溶剂热法和热分解法等几种常见的磁性纳米粒子合成方法,重点讨论了磁性纳米粒子在常见重金属离子如Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)处理中的应用,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

Metrological traceability is not always a straight line

The two most important concepts in metrology are certainly “traceability to standards” and “measurement uncertainty evaluation”. So far the questions related to these concepts have been reasonably solved in the metrology of “classical quantities”, but for the introduction of metrological concepts in new fields, such as chemistry and biology, a lot of problems remain and must be solved in order to support international arrangements. In this presentation, the authors want to develop the strategy implemented at Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais (LNE) in metrology in chemistry and biology. The strategy is based on: (1) pure solutions for calibration of analytical instruments, (2) use of certified reference materials (matrix reference materials), and (3) participation to proficiency testing schemes. Examples will be presented in organic and inorganic chemistry. For laboratory medicine, proficiency testing providers play an important role in the organization of External Quality Assessment Schemes. For the time being, the reference value or the assigned value of the comparison is calculated with the results obtained by the participants. This assigned value is not often traceable to SI units. One of the methods suggested by LNE is to ensure the metrological traceability to SI units of the assigned value for the more critical quantities carried on analytes by implementing the Joint committee for traceability in laboratory medicine reference methods.     

The role of the Czech Metrology Institute in the field of metrology in chemistry

 The main role of a national metrological institute is to assure metrological traceability in the country. Metrology in chemistry is a developing field with specific features quite different from physical metrology and it is very difficult to establish a metrological system in chemistry based on the work of a single national institute, especially in small countries. For this reason the Czech Metrology Institute (CMI) has helped to establish the Association of National Reference Laboratories (METROCHEM) which is responsible for ensuring the traceability of chemical measurements in the Czech Republic. CMI is expected to carry out reference material certification (according to the Law on metrology) and develop special fields (electrochemistry, moisture and protein in grains).     

Quantities and units in analytical chemistry

Analytical chemistry is largely concerned with the determination of the composition of mixtures. The result of the analysis of a component in a mixture should comprise the product of a ‘numerical value’ and a ‘unit’ in order to express the value of the ‘quantity’ being measured (and an associated statement of uncertainty). The quantities and units which can be used to express these results are subtly different and can often be confused and misused. This article clarifies their meaning, presents a novel method of demonstrating the relationship between them, and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of their usage in analytical chemistry, particularly with respect to environmental analysis. Suggestions for best practice for use in analytical chemistry are also made.     

Some Latin American experiences concerning teaching of chemical metrology

In this paper, 15 years of the experiences acquired concerning the teaching of chemical metrology in Latin America are presented. These include postgraduate and undergraduate activities developed in eight countries. The combination of theoretic and practical activities and the sequence of learning from metrological, statistical, and chemometrical backgrounds up to practical activities in personal computers are basic and motivate the learning process. Care is taken to promote the metrological approach and thinking in analytical chemistry. The learning of computing techniques plays an important role, combining graphic and numerical techniques for data analysis. The role of examples during the teaching process is analyzed and recognized. The introduction of a general model of errors permits one to approach different topics on a metrological basis. The metrological approach of uncertainty based on the theory of errors permits one to develop the topic. Undergraduate students acquire a basic metrological knowledge and other experiences are also presented. Recommendations for undergraduate and postgraduate programs are pointed out.     

Experience of the National Institute of Metrology (INM) in development and certification of reference materials used in the metrological assurance of clinical laboratory measurements

In order to provide quality assurance in the field of clinical chemistry, required by European Standards, the Romanian national metrological infrastructure has to be improved. The main objectives of this important activity are metrological assurance of concentration measurements, the assessment of the uncertainty, and the traceability of measurements. Within this framework, reference materials play an important role. The experience of INM in the preparation, certification and use of reference materials and in metrological assurance of clinical laboratory measurements (especially when absorption photometric devices are used) is described. The combined uncertainty associated with chemical preparation of these reference materials is estimated. Received: 25 April 1997 / Revised: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 12 July 1997     

New cohort of optically active nanostructure poly(amideimide)s: Production and properties

Novel aromatic-aliphatic poly(amide-imide)s containing chiral units in the main chain and hydroxyl benzamide units in the side chain have been obtained from the step-growth polymerization of 3,5-diamino-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) benzamide(2) with different chiral diacid chlorides(1a-1e).Theoretical calculations were done by means of computational chemistry methods to narrate the stable conformation and orientation of each diacid chloride monomers under reaction conditions.These polymers were characterized by conventional techniques.The resulting polymers show good thermal stability.Other physical properties of polymers including crystallinity,inherent viscosity and morphological characteristics were also studied.     

从课程标准到单元学习目标*——以化学学习单元设计为例

将课程标准转化为学习目标是进行单元设计的核心问题。基于北京市十一学校化学学科在不同化学学习模块中的单元教学实践,总结了将课程标准转化为学习目标的通用策略,包括基于课程标准的关键词解构,基于核心素养的单元核心重构,基于单元学习任务的学习者目标的转化,以及学习迁移和学习建构的互补。这一方法对于化学学科不同模块下的学习单元设计乃至其他学科都具有一定的通用性。     

The traceability chain in medical laboratories: a long and winding road, the example of HbA1c

In medical laboratories, a metrological basis for quantitation is missing for many tests. This is recognised by the profession and over the last decade the concept of metrological traceability is advocated. However, daily practice is refractable: for many analytes reference measurement procedures are missing and once in place, clinicians obstruct the new units. This wearisome process is described in general terms and illustrated by the specific case of HbA_1c. A working group of the scientific division of the IFCC developed a reference system for this key parameter in diabetes management. This system is worldwide accepted as the analytical anchor. However, clinicians objected the new units. A debate of years followed. This urged the international diabetes organisations IDF, EASD and ADA to find a solution to avoid confusion. They came up with a consensus statement, but this compromise—report of HbA_1c in three units—was unpractical and not accepted. Finally, decisions were made at a national level: the European Union and Japan will report in the new units, the US in their old national units and an additional unit, the estimated average glucose.     

Automatic code generation for quantum chemistry applications

A unified, computer algebra system‐based scheme of code‐generation for computational quantum‐chemistry programs is presented. Generation of electron‐repulsion integrals and their derivatives as well as exchange‐correlation potential and its derivatives is discussed. Application to general‐purpose computing on graphics processing units is considered.     

Preparation and certification of creatinine and urea reference materials with certified purity as a traceability source in clinical chemical measurements

Purity certified reference materials (CRMs) are playing a key role in metrological traceability, because they form the basis for many traceability chains in chemistry. Recently, the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) has developed two purity CRMs for creatinine (NMIJ CRM 6005-a) and urea (NMIJ CRM 6006-a), because the concentrations of these two compounds are frequently measured in clinical laboratories for monitoring the renal functions. In the certification of purity CRMs, it is essential that the materials have been thoroughly characterized for purity, and the purity should preferably be determined directly by a primary method of measurements. In the development of these two CRMs, we used the purified materials as candidates. The certified values were assigned based on the results of two different methods; acidimetric titration and nitrogen determination by the Kjeldahl method. Since both methods cannot distinguish some impurities from the target compounds, major impurities in the candidate materials were also identified, quantified, and subtracted. These CRMs can provide a traceability link between routine clinical methods and SI units. Presented at BERM-11, October 2007, Tsukuba, Japan.