Cu@Pt/MWCNTs-MnO2电催化剂的制备及电催化性能研究

通过浸渍还原法,以乙二醇作为还原剂,以H2PtCl6 6H2O作为Pt的前驱体制备了Cu@Pt/MWCNTs核壳型电催化剂;通过水热法,以KMnO4和Mn(NO3)2作为锰源制备了α-MnO2和β-MnO2,并把Cu@Pt/MWCNTs核壳型电催化剂与二氧化锰进行掺杂制得Cu@Pt/MWCNTs-MnO2复合材料.利用XRD,SEM,TEM对复合材料的结构和形貌进行表征,利用循环伏安测试曲线和阴极极化曲线等电化学测试方法对电催化剂的性能进行测试.结果表明,电催化剂中Cu@Pt纳米颗粒为核壳型,粒径为6～8 nm,MnO2的晶型为α-MnO2和β-MnO2;另外,Cu@Pt/MWCNTs-MnO2复合材料具有良好的催化性能,其中Cu@Pt/MWCNTs-β-MnO2电催化剂的电化学性能较好,具有较大的电化学活性面积,为71.1 m2 g-1,同时对MnO2促进氧还原的机理进行了初步探讨.     

碱性溶液中空气电极催化剂Co-N/C的研究

采用简单热处理方式制备了空气电极用氧还原电催化剂Co-N/C(800),利用线性电位扫描、控电流极化曲线及单电池测试等方法评价Co-N/C(800)的氧还原反应(ORR)催化活性。结果表明:该催化剂在碱性溶液中(1 mol/LNaOH)对ORR有很好的催化活性,起始氧还原电位约为0.04 V(vs.Hg/HgO);在室温及空气气氛条件下,以Co-N/C(800)制备的空气电极在7 mol/L NaOH溶液中时性能最佳,在电极电位为-0.6 V(vs.Hg/HgO)时电流密度达100 mA/cm2;自制的空气电极与纯锌片所组装的锌-空气电池,以7 mol/L NaOH为电解液,在电池过电位为0.8 V时,电流密度超过了100 mA/cm2,催化性能优于常规MnO2催化剂;同时进行了单电池放电测试,放电平台保持在1.25～1.30 V且性能稳定。     

α-MnO2微球的制备及其电化学电容性质

以Ag片作催化剂在室温下制备了具有较高比表面积(177m2/g)的电化学电容器材料MnO2。XRD测试和SEM分析表明,所制备的MnO2为纳米纤维组成的仙人球状微球结构的α-MnO2。交流阻抗、循环伏安、恒流充放电和循环寿命等电化学测试均表明,所合成的α-MnO2微球在1mol/LNa2SO4水溶液中具有良好的电化学电容性能,单电极比电容可达187.1F/g,经1000次循环后电极容量仍保持在90%以上。     

Se掺杂WO3·0.5H2O/g-C3N4光电催化剂的析氢反应性能

以二氰二胺、硒粉和钨酸钠为前驱体,采用一锅法成功制备出Se掺杂WO₃·0.5H₂O/g-C₃N₄(Se/WCN)催化剂。并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品的物相结构、形貌及化学组成进行表征。与原始的WO₃和g-C₃N₄相比,Se/WCN催化剂的起始电位降到了-0.75 V(vs RHE),电流密度高达70 mA·cm^-2,表现出更高的电催化活性。而光照后,Se/WCN的催化性能进一步提升,起始电位从-0.75 V(vs RHE)降至-0.65 V(vs RHE),电荷转移电阻由371.4Ω减小到310.0Ω。     

α-MnO2作为先进的双功能ORR/IOR电催化剂构建可充电锌空电池

析氧反应(oxygen evolution reaction, OER)和氧还原反应(oxygen reduction reaction, ORR)是可充电锌空电池(rechargeable Zn-air batteries, RZABs)重要的两个反应。其中,析氧反应具有较高的热力学平衡电位和复杂的反应路径,实际应用中需要高的充电电压驱动其发生,这将带来一系列问题并且限制了RZABs的商业化应用。基于此,本研究构造α-MnO₂并作为ORR/IOR双功能催化剂。在碱性体系中引入反应改性剂KI,α-MnO₂对碘离子氧化反应(iodide oxidation reaction, IOR)具有更低的阳极氧化电位和更快的催化动力学。当1.0 mol/L KOH电解液中添加0.5 mol/L KI时,相比于OER(1.709 V@10 mA/cm2),α-MnO₂在IOR过程中电流密度达到10 mA/cm²时阳极电位减小了398 mV(1.311 V vs. RHE),且表现出低至57.5 mV/dec塔菲尔...     

纳米MnO2的固相合成及其电化学性能研究(Ⅱ)--纳米γ-MnO2的电化学性能

用循环伏安(CV)和恒流放电及充放电技术测试了固相方法合成的纳米γ-MnO2的电化学性能.结果表明,纳米γ-MnO2在碱性电解液中具有优良的电化学活性.纳米样品在-0.2 V之后极化程度变小,电位下降的趋势明显减慢.重负荷放电时,纳米微粒样品显示出更大的优势,放电容量大幅度增加.CV图中显示,纳米MnO2的峰电流明显大于国际1号电解二氧化锰样品(记为S)的峰电流,表明在纳米样品中,质子、电子的嵌入和脱出以及Mn(Ⅲ)、Mn(Ⅱ)的溶解和沉积比S样中更易进行.     

一维纳米结构MnO2的微波合成及其电化学性能

以在水热条件下合成的纳米结构γ-MnOOH为前驱物, 以K2S2O8为氧化剂, 采用单模式微波加热法制备出一维纳米结构MnO2. 采用XRD和TEM等手段对样品进行了表征. 以在100 ℃下水热合成的γ-MnOOH纳米纤维为前驱物时, 制得α-MnO2纳米纤维; 以在150 ℃下水热合成的γ-MnOOH纳米棒为前驱物时, 制得β-MnO2纳米棒. 分别用α-MnO2纳米纤维和β-MnO2纳米棒作为Li/MnO2电池的正极材料进行恒电流放电实验, 研究结果显示, α-MnO2纳米纤维的放电容量为270.23 mA·h/g, β-MnO2纳米棒的放电容量为186.66 mA·h/g.     

铂纳米颗粒增强MnO2纳米棒对CO和挥发性有机化合物的氧化活性

通过水热法合成了纯相的α-MnO2和δ-MnO2纳米棒,并利用溶胶固定化工艺制备了负载铂纳米颗粒的Pt/MnO2材料.通过透射电镜(TEM),X射线粉末衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),N2吸附-脱附和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)技术研究了样品的微观结构和吸附活性位,探查了CO和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)(苯和甲苯)在催化剂上的催化发光(CTL)性质.结果表明:铂颗粒在α-MnO2和δ-MnO2载体上以高分散状态存在,负载过程不会影响α-MnO2纳米棒的晶相结构,但会导致δ-MnO2纳米棒产生结构变化.经XPS证实不是Pt与其发生了反应.α-和δ-MnO2纳米棒对CO、苯和甲苯的催化氧化都具有很高的活性,δ-MnO2的活性略高于α-MnO2相.虽然N2吸附-脱附实验结果证实Pt负载会导致MnO2纳米棒比表面积的下降,但H2-TPR结果显示Pt和MnO2之间会产生强烈的相互作用,显著增强其催化活性,且Pt/δ-MnO2活性高于Pt/α-MnO2.催化氧化发光研究表明,这四种催化剂活性顺序是α-MnO2≤δ-MnO2相似文献   

酞菁铁中N4-Fe2+的氧化还原化学和氧还原性能

准确理解金属大环配合物(如N4-Fe²⁺)体系的氧化还原化学性能,对氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂的基础研究和合理设计具有重要意义.本文采用微波法将三种不同酞菁铁类金属大环配合物吸附在碳纳米管上,分别记为(NH2)4FePc@CNTs,(t-Bu)4FePc@CNTs和FePc@CNTs,考察了取代基对Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺氧化还原电位的影响,以及碱性介质中的氧还原反应催化活性.结果表明,FePc@CNTs,(t-Bu)4FePc@CNTs和(NH2)4FePc@CNTs的ORR起始电位分别为0.98,0.96和0.96 V,而半波电位(E1/2)由高到低的顺序为FePc@CNTs(E1/2=0.91 V),(t-Bu)4FePc@CNTs(E1/2=0.87 V),(NH2)4FePc@CNTs(E1/2=0.83 V).与20%Pt/C(E1/2=0.85 V)相比,FePc@CNTsFePc@CNTs具有优异的ORR性能.在活性、稳定性和耐甲醇性方面,FePc@CNTs复合材料比其他复合材料表现出更高的ORR性能.研究发现,FePc上的供电子基团可以显著改变N4-Fe²⁺活性位点的电子云密度,增加dz 2轨道(HOMO)的能量,并观察到Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺氧化还原电位显著向阴极方向移动.结果表明,取代基的高电子贡献能力降低了HOMO和LUMO(O2的杂轨道*-轨道)之间的电子耦合,从而降低了氧还原催化活性.因此,FePc框架外围的供电子基团对ORR不利.本文阐明了取代基电子效应-金属大环配合物氧化还原电位与ORR催化性能之间的关系,为ORR催化剂活性中心的构建和调控提供了借鉴.     

金属卟啉修饰的多孔聚苯胺基氧还原电催化剂

碳基非金属氧还原(ORR)电催化剂的研究近年来发展迅速,通过掺入杂原子等方法虽获得了一定的ORR活性,但仍需进一步提高。以此类电催化剂为基体,引入更多的活性位点,有可能获得更好的ORR活性。本文首先以带负电荷的SiO_2纳米球通过静电作用吸附带正电荷的质子化苯胺分子,再通过聚合反应实现聚苯胺(PANI)对SiO_2纳米球的包覆,之后将四甲氧基苯基铁卟啉(FeP)沉积在PANI表面,经高温热解,并去除SiO_2模板,得到了一种新型的多孔ORR电催化剂。在0.1 mol·L~(-1) KOH水溶液中,电催化剂的ORR半波电位达0.843 V (vs.可逆氢电极(RHE)),优于文献报道的大部分碳基非金属ORR电催化剂,与商业Pt/C相近。显著提高的ORR活性可能源于孔结构(平均孔径18 nm,孔容1.1 cm~3·g~(-1))、高比表面积(687.5 m~2·g~(-1))和高氮含量(6.4%)。在加速耐久性测试中,电催化剂的ORR半波电位衰减25 mV,与其它碳基非金属ORR电催化剂相当,且远优于商业Pt/C (衰减74 mV)。另外,电催化剂应用于氢氧根交换膜燃料电池(HEMFC)时的单池峰值功率密度达42 mW·cm~(-2)。     

低温等离子体场内复合不同晶型氧化锰催化降解甲苯性能和机理

作为典型的挥发性有机化合物,甲苯通常来源于建筑涂料、交通运输和各种工业生产过程,是PM2.5、臭氧和光化学烟雾的重要前驱体,对环境和人类健康造成巨大影响.近年来,低温等离子体技术因具有在常温常压下就能通过高能电子、活性氧物种和羟基等活性粒子有效降解挥发性有机物的优点而受到广泛关注.然而,高能耗和大量副产物的产生是等离子体技术工业化应用的巨大障碍.当前最有效的策略之一是将等离体技术与催化技术结合,从而加快反应速率,提高产品的选择性和能源利用率.在所应用的催化剂中,MnO2因具有较好的O3分解效率而成为最有潜力的催化剂之一.但是MnO2具有不同的晶型结构、隧道结构和形貌,这些均会显著影响MnO2的催化活性.本文通过一步水热法制备了α-,β-,γ-和δ-MnO2四种MnO2催化剂,并将其用于等离子体催化降解甲苯研究,在此基础上系统考察了等离子体催化降解性能和MnO2不同晶型之间的关系.结果表明,当能量密度为160 J/L时,等离子体单独降解甲苯去除效率为32.5%.引入催化剂能够显著提高甲苯的降解效率,其中α-MnO2效果最显著,甲苯降解效率能够提升至78.1%,β-,γ-和δ-MnO2能够相应提升至47.4%,66.1%和50.0%.采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、扫面电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、比表面积-孔结构分析、氢气程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等手段研究了催化剂的理化特性.结果表明,隧道结构、催化剂在等离子体中的稳定性、Mn–O键能和催化剂表面吸附氧均在等离子体催化降解甲苯中发挥了重要作用.在此基础上,通过GC-MS分析降解产生的气相副产物推断甲苯在等离子体和等离子体催化体系中的降解机理.在等离子体催化体系中,通过Mn4+,Mn3+和Mn2+价态的变化,等离子体产生的O3,O2*和其他活性自由基会被吸附到催化剂表面,随后与催化剂吸附的甲苯或中间副产物发生氧化还原反应,将甲苯氧化为CO2等小分子物质.此外,MnO2作为分解O3最有效的催化剂,可以吸附O3并将其分解为O?或者与H2O生成?OH参与到反应中,从而提高甲苯的降解效率.     

Fabrication of graphene-supported tetraferrocenylporphyrin electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and its unique electrochemical response in both alkaline and acid media

A novel high-performance non-noble metal electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was fabricated by anchoring cobalt tetraferrocenylporphyrin (CoFcP) onto poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) modified graphene (PSS-Gr) through solvothermally assisted π–π assembling method. The morphology of the assembled composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interactions between CoFcP moieties and graphene sheets were confirmed by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic properties of the CoFcP/PSS-Gr catalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction were assessed using rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements in both alkaline and acidic media. In addition, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometric measurements were utilized to evaluate the catalytic activity and stability of the CoFcP/PSS-Gr composite in alkaline solution. The results showed that CoFcP supported on graphene exhibited an outstanding electrocatalytic performance towards the ORR comparable with commercial Pt/C catalyst in alkaline media, such as high onset potential (0.889 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), half wave potential (0.789 V vs. RHE), better tolerance to methanol, excellent stability (84.1 %, retention after 10000 s), and efficient four-electron pathway. Moreover, the proposed hybrid presented excellent catalytic activity in terms of onset potential (0.72 V vs. RHE) and high-electron transfer number compared with Pt/C in acidic media.     

Copper–Organic Framework Fabricated with CuS Nanoparticles: Synthesis,Electrical Conductivity,and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

To apply electrically nonconductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in an electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we have developed a new method for fabricating various amounts of CuS nanoparticles (nano‐CuS) in/on a 3D Cu–MOF, [Cu₃(BTC)₂⋅(H₂O)₃] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate). As the amount of nano‐CuS increases in the composite, the electrical conductivity increases exponentially by up to circa 10⁹‐fold, while porosity decreases, compared with that of the pristine Cu‐MOF. The composites, nano‐CuS(x wt %)@Cu‐BTC, exhibit significantly higher electrocatalytic ORR activities than Cu‐BTC or nano‐CuS in an alkaline solution. The onset potential, electron transfer number, and kinetic current density increase when the electrical conductivity of the material increases but decrease when the material has a poor porosity, which shows that the two factors should be finely tuned by the amount of nano‐CuS for ORR application. Of these materials, CuS(28 wt %)@Cu‐BTC exhibits the best activity, showing the onset potential of 0.91 V vs. RHE, quasi‐four‐electron transfer pathway, and a kinetic current density of 11.3 mA cm⁻² at 0.55 V vs. RHE.     

Copper–Organic Framework Fabricated with CuS Nanoparticles: Synthesis,Electrical Conductivity,and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

To apply electrically nonconductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in an electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we have developed a new method for fabricating various amounts of CuS nanoparticles (nano‐CuS) in/on a 3D Cu–MOF, [Cu₃(BTC)₂?(H₂O)₃] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate). As the amount of nano‐CuS increases in the composite, the electrical conductivity increases exponentially by up to circa 10⁹‐fold, while porosity decreases, compared with that of the pristine Cu‐MOF. The composites, nano‐CuS(x wt %)@Cu‐BTC, exhibit significantly higher electrocatalytic ORR activities than Cu‐BTC or nano‐CuS in an alkaline solution. The onset potential, electron transfer number, and kinetic current density increase when the electrical conductivity of the material increases but decrease when the material has a poor porosity, which shows that the two factors should be finely tuned by the amount of nano‐CuS for ORR application. Of these materials, CuS(28 wt %)@Cu‐BTC exhibits the best activity, showing the onset potential of 0.91 V vs. RHE, quasi‐four‐electron transfer pathway, and a kinetic current density of 11.3 mA cm^?2 at 0.55 V vs. RHE.     

Transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction

A series of transition metal coordinated framework porphyrin was evaluated regarding the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactivity for an optimized selection of the coordinated metal ion.     

Stable confinement of Fe/Fe_3C in Fe,N-codoped carbon nanotube towards robust zinc-air batteries

Catalytic oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) have garnered great attention as the key character in metal-air batteries.Herein,we developed a superior nonprecious bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst,fabricated through spatial confinement of Fe/Fe_3 C nanocrystals in pyridinic N and Fe-Nx rich carbon nanotubes(Fe/Fe_3 C-N-CNTs).During ORR,the resultant electrocatalyst exhibits positive onset pote ntial of 1.0 V(vs.RHE),large half-wave potentials of 0.88 V(vs.RHE),which is more positive than Pt/C(0.98 V and 0.83 V,respectively).Remarkably,Fe/Fe_3 C-N-CNTs exhibits outstanding durability and great methanol tolerance,exceeding Pt/C and most reported nonprecious metal-based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts.Moreover,Fe/Fe_3 C-N-CNTs show a markedly low potential at j=10 mA/cm~2,small Tafel slopes and extremely high stability for OER.Impressively,the Fe/Fe_3 C-N-CNTs-based Zn-air batteries demonstrate high power density of 183 mW/cm~2 and robust charge/discharge stability.It is revealed that the spatial confinement effect can impede the aggregation and corrosion of Fe/Fe_3 C nanocrystals.Meanwhile,Fe/Fe_3 C and Fe-Nx play synergistic effect on boosting the ORR/OER activity,which provides an important guideline for construction of inexpensive nonprecious metal-carbon hybrid nanomaterials.     

Ni-O4 species anchored on N-doped graphene-based materials as molecular entities and electrocatalytic performances for oxygen reduction reaction

The generation of molecular active species on the surface of nano-materials has become promising routes to produce efficient electrocatalysts. Development of cost-effective catalysts with high performances for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an important challenge for fuel cell and metal-air battery applications. In this work, we report a novel hybrid produced by room-temperature solution processes using Ni-based organometallic molecules and N-doped graphene-based materials. Chemical and structural characterizations reveal that Ni-containing species are well-dispersed on the surface of graphene network as molecular entity. The hybrid shows excellent electrocatalytic performances for ORR in basic medium with an onset potential of 0.87 V (vs. RHE), superior durability and good methanol tolerance.     

Red Bean Pod Derived Heterostructure Carbon Decorated with Hollow Mixed Transition Metals as a Bifunctional Catalyst in Zn-Air Batteries

Design and synthesis of low-cost and efficient bifunctional catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in Zn-air batteries are essential and challenging. We report a facile method to synthesize heterostructure carbon consisting of graphitic and amorphous carbon derived from the agricultural waste of red bean pods. The heterostructure carbon possesses a large surface area of 625.5 m² g⁻¹, showing ORR onset potential of 0.89 V vs. RHE and OER overpotential of 470 mV at 5 mA cm⁻². Introducing hollow FeCo nanoparticles and nitrogen dopant improves the bifunctional catalytic activity of the carbon, delivering ORR onset potential of 0.93 V vs. RHE and OER overpotential of 360 mV. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) O K-edge map suggests the presence of localized oxygen on the FeCo nanoparticles, suggesting the oxidation of the nanoparticles. Zn-air battery with these carbon-based catalysts exhibits a peak power density as high as 116.2 mW cm⁻² and stable cycling performance over 210 discharge/charge cycles. This work contributes to the advancement of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts while converting agricultural waste into value-added material.     

α-MnO2负载纳米Au催化剂低温催化氧化CO和苯的性能

以尿素为沉淀剂用沉积-沉淀法制备了α-MnO2负载Au催化剂xAu/α-MnO2(x=0-7(对应的Au负载量(质量分数)分别为0-7%)),使用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2-吸附/脱附、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对所制样品进行了表征,并测定其对CO和苯的催化氧化性能.XRD结果表明,负载Au对α-MnO2载体结构影响不大,随Au含量的增加,Au颗粒明显增大.N2-吸附/脱附和TEM结果表明,Au的加入对xAu/α-MnO2的比表面积、孔容和孔径等结构性能影响较小,表明Au分布在α-MnO2载体表面,未阻塞其孔道.XPS结果表明,随着Au负载量的增加,xAu/α-MnO2中的O2-/(O22-或O-)、Mn4+/Mn3+和Au3+/Au0的摩尔比在增加,表明其晶格氧、Mn4+和Au3+的浓度在增加.由于贵金属的溢氢作用,Au明显促进xAu/α-MnO2氧化还原能力,其中3Au/α-MnO2具有最高的氧化还原性.负载Au明显影响xAu/α-MnO2样品的催化活性,xAu/α-MnO2的催化性能与Au的分散性、氧化还原性能及表面氧物种的种类密切相关,其中3Au/α-MnO2显示出最佳活性,其催化氧化CO的T90=80°C,苯的T90=200°C.     

三维α-MnO2@Co3O4异质材料的制备、表征及其催化性能

以α-MnO2纳米线为基底,原位生长ZIF-67,再经焙烧转化为三维α-MnO2@Co3O4异质材料,并用于甲苯的催化燃烧反应。结果表明:粒径大小约为12 nm的Co3O4纳米颗粒均匀生长在MnO2纳米线外表面,形成异质界面。该复合材料的低温可还原性能更佳,具有更多的表面活性氧物种。相比于α-MnO2纳米线,α-MnO2@Co3O4表现出更佳的甲苯催化燃烧性能:起燃温度(转化率10%)T10为202℃,完全燃烧温度(转化率90%)T90为235℃。