氧气氛烧结电极对染料敏化太阳电池微观性能影响机理研究

为了改善染料敏化太阳电池内电子的传输复合过程, 研究者尝试不同方法制备或改性TiO₂薄膜. 不同烧结气氛可以改变TiO₂薄膜的表面特性, 是一种有效的方法并被广泛研究. 采用两步烧结法制备氧气氛烧结TiO₂电极并应用于染料敏化太阳电池:第一步将电极在空气或氧气氛中510℃保温30 min以清除TiO₂薄膜中有机物; 第二步将电极进一步在氮气氛中510℃保温10 min以移除电极表面吸附的多余氧原子. 通过与空气烧结电池宏观性能及微观性能的对比, 细致研究了氧气氛烧结电极表面特性对染料敏化太阳电池传输复合微观动力学过程的影响机制. TiO₂薄膜表面特性及带边移动、电子传输复合过程的表征分别借助XPS能谱仪和强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)/强度调制光电压谱(IMVS)等探测技术完成. 结果表明, 氧气烧结电极Ti³⁺复合中心减少, 使电池内部电子复合得到有效抑制. 同时, 氧气烧结电极染料吸附量增加且导带边正移, 使得光生电子浓度升高, 膜内电子传输过程加快. 最终, 氧气烧结电极有效改善了电池光吸收效率、电子收集效率以及注入效率, 使电池效率由6.90%提升至7.53%.     

强度调制光电流谱/光电压谱及其应用

本文介绍了强度调制光电流谱/光电压谱(IMPS/IMVS)的基本原理和测试方法,综述了IMPS/IMVS在各个领域中的研究进展,特别是在染料敏化太阳电池和半导体电极中电子传输动力学的应用,评述了研究过程中的问题和存在的争议,并对IMPS/IMVS的未来应用进行了展望。     

对电极性能对染料敏化太阳电池动力学过程的影响

借助电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)/强度调制光电压谱(IMVS)技术, 采用不同纳米TiO₂多孔薄膜对电极研究了染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)内部2个主要电荷输运过程的内在联系, 并探讨了载Pt材料对DSC界面动力学过程及电池宏观性能的影响机理. 借助等效电路模型分析了基于不同对电极材料电池的填充因子变化原因. 结果表明, 对电极材料的电极电荷交换过程制约光阳极膜内电子传输, 进而影响电池光伏性能; 同时对电极催化反应速率主要与催化剂活性、 载Pt材料电导率和催化反应面积有关.     

Au掺杂对TiO_2薄膜表面态及电荷传输性能的影响

采用两步法合成了不同Au掺杂量的TiO_2薄膜材料,并通过循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)探究了不同Au掺杂量TiO_2薄膜的表面态数量及其在禁带中的分布情况.借助强度调制光电流/电压谱(IMPS/IMVS)研究了薄膜内电子传输时间和寿命及界面电荷转移性能等.结果表明,适量Au(摩尔分数0.2%)的掺入可有效降低薄膜的表面态数量,优化表面态分布情况,提高电子在TiO_2/染料/电解质界面的电阻,从而改善电子的传输性能,提升太阳电池的光电转换效率.     

共吸附剂修饰TiO2电极及其在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

在染料敏化太阳电池中, 引入共吸附剂通常有抑制染料聚集和提高电池性能的作用. 通过光谱电化学、线性伏安扫描和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了几种以单羧酸基为吸附基团的共吸附剂对纳米TiO₂薄膜的修饰作用. 结果表明本实验中的共吸附剂均能使TiO₂平带电势负移, 并抑制TiO₂导带电子的复合, 其中胆酸类共吸附剂表现出较好的暗电流抑制性能. 适当浓度共吸附剂的引入能够提高N719染料敏化太阳电池的开路电压、填充因子和光电转换效率.     

长链双烷基次膦酸作为共吸附剂修饰TiO_2光阳极

对TiO2/染料/电解质界面进行修饰是提高染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)性能的有效手段,其中引入共吸附剂有机小分子和染料共同吸附在TiO2表面是一种简单有效提高DSC性能的方法.本文合成了长链的双正十二烷基次膦酸(DDdPA)作为染料的共吸附剂应用于染料敏化太阳电池.通过红外光谱(FT-IR)表征DDdPA在TiO2表面的吸附;借助电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)/强度调制光电压谱(IMVS)等技术表征了电子的传输与复合动力学过程.研究发现,DDdPA可以很好地与染料共同吸附在TiO2表面;与二(3,3-二甲基丁基)次膦酸(DINHOP)相比,DDdPA的引入可以更好地抑制TiO2/染料/电解质界面处的电子复合;在优化浓度配比下,DDdPA的引入有效提高了器件的电子寿命,使TiO2导带边负移约30 mV,最终使器件的开路电压提高了47 mV,光电转换效率提升约10%.     

Y2O3/TiO2 "核-壳"结构在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

在纳米TiO₂多孔薄膜表面包覆超薄绝缘体,形成"核-壳"结构的势垒层,是目前染料敏化太阳电池（DSC）光阳极改性的研究热点之一.本文选取氧化钇（Y₂O₃）作为包覆层材料,采用浸渍法对纳米TiO₂多孔薄膜进行修饰,研究Y₂O₃包覆处理对TiO₂薄膜微观结构及能带结构的影响;将浸渍法制备得到的Y₂O₃/TiO₂"核-壳"结构光阳极应用于DSC中,研究了饣覆层对电子传输复合以及DSC光电转换性能的影响.结果表明,Y₂O₃包覆处理后,薄膜的平带电势负移,且电子复合得到有效抑制,电子寿命增大,电池的开路电压明显提高.研究表明,适量引入Y₂O₃可以达改善电池性能的目的.     

单晶二氧化钛纳米棒阵列的修饰及其在量子点敏化太阳电池中的应用(英文)

使用TiCl4溶液对单晶TiO2纳米棒阵列(TNRs)进行修饰,通过在TiO2纳米棒表面合成TiO2纳米颗粒来提高TNRs的表面积,提高TNRs对量子点的吸附能力,并在此基础上研究了TiCl4修饰时间对基于单晶TNRs的CdS/CdSe量子点敏化太阳电池光伏性能的影响,同时结合强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)研究了TiO2纳米棒阵列的电子传输性能.结果表明:TiCl4修饰可以大幅提高基于单晶TNRs的CdS/CdSe量子点敏化太阳电池的光伏性能,在TiCl4修饰时间为60 h时,其短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别由修饰前的(2.93±0.07)mA·cm-2和0.36%±0.02%提高至(8.19±0.12)mA·cm-2和1.17%±0.07%.同时,IMPS测试表明电子在单晶TiO2纳米棒阵列中的传输速率高于在TiO2纳米颗粒薄膜中的传输速率,证明了单晶TiO2纳米棒阵列在电子传输方面的优越性.     

表面敏化TiO2基复合薄膜的能带结构与光致电荷转移的研究

采用离子束溅射方法制备出TiO₂/ITO, Zr^4＋掺杂的TiO₂(TiO₂-Zr)/ITO和ZrO₂/TiO₂/ITO复合薄膜. 利用表面敏化方法制备出(1,10-邻菲咯啉)₂(3,4,5-三氟苯基)咪唑并[5,6-f]邻菲咯啉钌混配配合物[Rup₂O](p＝1,10-邻菲咯啉, O＝(3,4,5-三氟苯基)咪唑并[5,6-f]邻菲咯啉)/TiO₂/ITO, Rup₂O/TiO₂-Zr/ITO和Rup₂O/ZrO₂/TiO₂/ITO表面敏化TiO₂基复合薄膜. 表面光电压谱(SPS)表明, 表面敏化TiO₂基复合薄膜在400～600和350 nm产生的SPS响应峰的峰高比与TiO₂基复合薄膜的结构密切相关. 利用电场诱导表面光电压谱(EFISPS)确定了复合薄膜的能带结构, 其结果分析表明, 400～600 nm的SPS响应峰主要源于Rup₂O分子的中心离子Ru 4d能级到配体邻菲咯啉p₁^*和配体咪唑并邻菲咯啉p₂^*跃迁|TiO₂禁带内Zr^4＋掺杂能级的存在减小了光生载流子的复合, 增加导带光生电子的数量|ZrO₂/TiO₂异质结构的存在有利于光生电子向ITO表面的转移, 从而导致400～600 nm和350 nm SPS响应峰的峰高比的增加, 意味着光致电荷转移效率的提高.     

利用强度调制光电流谱研究TiO2薄膜中染料不均匀分布现象

利用强度调制光电流谱(IMPS)研究了不同微结构的TiO2薄膜在不同的浸泡时间条件下的染料分布情况, 分析了染料分布对染料敏化太阳电池光伏性能的影响. 研究结果表明, TiO2薄膜中确实存在染料的不均匀分布现象, 染料不均匀分布对太阳电池的光伏性能有显著的影响.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.