食品接触材料中化合物的非靶向筛查技术研究进展

近年来,食品接触材料中的化合物迁移作为食品安全风险的重要来源受到越来越多的关注,推动了分析技术的快速发展。传统的靶向筛查技术只关注部分有意添加物或少量非有意添加物,无法对可能存在的其他大量物质进行扫描和具体分析。而非靶向筛查技术则可以覆盖所有能检出的成分,能提供尽可能全面的迁移物信息和数据,从而为针对食品接触材料的风险评估、立法和风险管理工作提供科学支撑。但现今针对食品接触材料的非靶向筛查分析技术仍存在不少挑战。该文集中对食品接触材料中化合物的非靶向筛查技术进行综述,全面梳理和介绍了食品接触材料中化合物提取和定性分析技术的进展;重点讨论了在质谱分析中,质谱库特别是开放质谱库、高分辨率质谱、开源工具、与食品接触材料相关的化学结构数据库、保留时间指数和碰撞截面积预测模型等在食品接触材料组分鉴定中的潜在作用,以期为行业利用这些资源和工具开展食品接触材料组分的非靶向筛查工作提供参考。     

食品接触用再生塑料的非有意添加物和鉴别技术研究进展

随着塑料废弃物导致的环境污染加重,塑料的回收利用备受关注。食品接触用再生塑料逐渐成为关注的重点,再生塑料中非有意添加物的安全性是将其用作食品接触材料的关键所在。为了避免不合规的再生塑料流入食品接触材料市场,危害消费者的健康安全,再生塑料的鉴别技术显得非常重要。该文首先对再生塑料中非有意添加物的研究进行总结,并重点概述了国内外对原生和再生塑料的鉴别技术,如质谱技术、光谱技术和热分析技术;近年来化学计量学方法也逐渐被用于再生塑料鉴别领域,提高了再生塑料的鉴别效率和准确率。     

塑料食品接触材料样品前处理与检测技术研究进展

塑料食品接触材料是食品接触材料类别中最常见的一种材料,其本身可能含有的潜在化学危害物质在与食品接触过程中发生吸收、溶解、扩散等迁移行为,进而造成食品污染,危害食品质量安全。采用适宜的样品前处理和检测技术对迁移物进行鉴别分析是塑料食品接触材料安全所面临的巨大挑战。该文就塑料食品接触材料的样品前处理技术和仪器分析技术进行了综述,并展望了其发展趋势和应用前景,旨在为从事塑料食品接触材料质量安全研究和检测的技术人员提供技术参考。     

基于UHPLC-QTOF MS的PLA吸管中未知物的筛查识别

该文采集了不同的PLA吸管样品,通过迁移实验模拟PLA吸管的不同使用场景,再采用超高效液相色谱－飞行时间质谱（UHPLC－QTOF MS）技术分析PLA吸管向食品模拟液中迁移的化学物质,通过靶向筛查与非靶向筛查相结合的方式共识别出30个迁移物,不同吸管样品之间以及不同食品模拟液之间的迁移物有所差异。识别的迁移物可分为低聚物和添加剂两类,其中低聚物可视为非有意添加物,主要为聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）和丁二醇－己二酸－对苯二甲酸共聚物（PBAT）,以环状结构为主;添加剂包括抗氧剂、润滑剂和增塑剂,以及与之相关的非有意添加物（原料、杂质、副反应产物等）。所有迁移物中,仅5种在GB9685－2016的肯定列表中,其余物质采用毒理学关注阈值（TTC）方法结合Cramer决策树进行危害评估,大部分被判定为Cramer Ⅲ类（高毒）物质,需予以更多关注以确保PLA吸管使用安全。     

一次性塑料餐具中风险物质的筛查

研究筛查和识别了一次性餐具（餐盒、杯子和吸管）中向食品模拟物10%乙醇和化学替代溶剂95%乙醇迁移的物质种类,以评估迁移物及一次性塑料餐具的安全风险。采用10%乙醇或95%乙醇在特定迁移条件下浸泡样品,浓缩浸泡液,用气相色谱－质谱仪（GC－MS）测定浓缩液中的物质,通过比对质谱数据库并结合红外光谱仪得到的样品信息,推测迁移物结构,并通过对比对照品或三重四极杆质谱分析方式确认。利用Cramer规则预测识别迁移物的毒性,结合测定的迁移量判断迁移物安全风险。在测试样品中识别出19种迁移物,其中有意添加物包括聚乳酸树脂及共混树脂的合成原料、润滑剂、增塑剂等,非有意添加物包括聚酯及有机硅树脂中的低聚物和增塑剂、抗氧剂中的杂质或副产物等。聚丙烯材质餐具中迁出的物质种类较少,而聚乳酸材质餐具以及无机填充聚丙烯餐具中迁出的物质种类相对较多;多数迁移物在95%乙醇中迁移量高于在10%乙醇中迁移量。安全评估结果显示,在含油脂食品模拟物中,聚乳酸或无机填充聚丙烯餐具中环状硅氧烷等低聚物和抗氧剂副产物等非有意添加物的迁出危害需引起关注。     

食品接触塑料材料中有害重金属迁移量测定方法综述

塑料在食品接触材料中占有重要地位,通过介绍食品接触塑料材料中重金属危害及来源,总结食品接触塑料材料中有害重金属安全限量,并对目前食品接触塑料材料中有害重金属的迁移测定方法进行综述。开发食品接触材料快速检测方法是今后研究的方向。     

PVC塑料包装中化学物总迁移的研究

食品包装安全是食品安全的一个重要环节.食品容器、包装等接触材料与食品长期接触会发生"迁移",分为总迁移(overall migration)和特定迁移(specific migration)[1].其中,特定迁移是指某一特定物质在食品包装或容器与食品接触过程中发生的迁移;总迁移是从塑料材料或制品样品到试验媒介的组分总体迁移量.就物质而言,有可知物与未知物,就过程而言,有包装向食品的迁移,也有食品向包装的渗透、吸收等.进行总迁移实验有助于更全面了解一种材料与食品接触会发生的总体变化,对特定迁移的研究起有辅助与补充作用.欧盟对于食品模拟物、样品及前处理[2]、迁移测试方法[3]都有相应规定[4],本实验采用整体浸泡法,研究了PVC材料中化学物在不同食品模拟物中的总迁移.1 实验部分1.1 实验试剂和器材     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品接触材料中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移量

采用高效液相色谱技术,建立了食品接触材料中多种抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂迁移水平的检测方法。该方法测定的23种目标化合物具有较好的线性关系,相关系数（r²）≥ 0.9998,检出限和定量限分别在0.01到0.22 mg/L之间和0.03到0.85 mg/L之间。依据欧盟指令（EU）No. 10/2011,考察了5种食品模拟物30 g/L乙酸、10%（v/v）乙醇、20%（v/v）乙醇、50%（v/v）乙醇和油类模拟物（异辛烷）中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移量。该方法回收率在92.8%~117.7%之间,相对标准偏差在0.95%~9.72%之间。探讨了不同实验条件对抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂回收率的影响。结果表明,该方法准确、稳定,完全满足欧盟指令（EU）No 10/2011和GB 9685-2008对食品接触材料及制品中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂特定迁移量（SML）的限量要求,并利用该方法测定了30批次食品接触材料中抗氧化剂和紫外吸收剂的迁移水平。     

超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法同时测定塑料食品接触材料中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂的特定迁移量

建立了超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱同时测定塑料食品接触材料中多种光稳定剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量的方法。采用30 g/L乙酸、体积分数分别为10%、20%、50%的乙醇和油类模拟物(异辛烷)这5种食品模拟物对塑料食品接触材料进行处理,对处理液进行超高效液相色谱/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱分析,外标法定量。该方法测定的40种目标化合物在相应的范围内均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998,定量限为0.01~1.00μg/L。考察了上述5种食品模拟物中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂的特定迁移量,平均加标回收率为81.46%~94.53%,相对标准偏差为3.25%~9.99%。应用该方法对市售塑料食品接触材料进行了测定,结果在部分样品中检出了不同含量的光稳定剂和抗氧化剂。该方法灵敏度高,定量限低,满足塑料食品接触材料中光稳定剂和抗氧化剂特定迁移量的检测要求。     

食品包装材料中双酚A在食品模拟物中迁移规律的研究

食品塑料包装材料的安全是保障食品安全的重要一环,包装材料中的双酚A潜在迁移性对人体健康的危害已引起社会的关注. 分别选取蒸馏水、3%乙酸(体积分数)和10%乙醇(体积分数)3种食品模拟物,浸泡已知双酚A含量的食品包装材料,在一定的时间点测试浸泡液中双酚A含量,研究迁移量与模拟物之间的关系. 结果表明,在不同食品模拟物下包装材料中双酚A的迁移量不同,其特定迁移量顺序为10%乙醇溶液>3 %乙酸溶液>蒸馏水. 并研究了温度、时间及微波作用影响食品包装材料中双酚A向食品中的迁移量,结果表明,双酚A向食品中迁移量随接触时间的延长、温度的升高而增加,微波作用能显著提高包装材料中双酚A向食品中的迁移量.     

The effect of ionizing radiation on microbiological decontamination of medical herbs and biologically active compounds

Several thousand tons of medical herbs are produced annually by pharmaceutical industry in Poland. This product should be of highest quality and microbial purity. Recently, chemical methods of decontamination are recognized as less safe, thus irradiation technique was chosen to replace them in use. In the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology the national program on the application of irradiation to the decontamination of medical herbs is in progress now. The purpose of the program is to elaborate, on the basis of research work, the facility standards and technological instructions indispensable for the practice of radiation technology.     

Irritant and Defense Substances of Higher Plants—A Chemical Herbarium

All living organisms respond to stimulation, reacting more or less sensitively and more or less typically to a wide variety of energy forms such as light, heat, gravity, pressure (sound), electricity—and chemicals. A living organism responds to an irritation by releasing irritants which—as potential defense substances—are directed against the attacker or assist the organism endogenously in an intrinsic defense reaction. Often very small energy changes perceived by the plant are enough to induce a series of physiological processes ultimately manifested as a glandular reaction or even movement. The irritants involved in these processes act on membranes as defense substances in the presence of an attacker, or as endogenous factors in their own cellular environment. These chemically very diverse low-molecular active principles have been found in many parts of plants and in many plant families. For this reason alone we could speak of a chemical herbarium, but the case is even stronger because, in this botanical documentation, not only the individual chemicals are considered in context but also whole sets of interacting substances, since it is only in these sets that optimal activity is found (just as one considers not only the parts of a plant but also the whole plant in botany).     

Colominic acid: a novel chiral selector for capillary electrophoresis of basic drugs

Capillary zone electrophoresis was used for characterising nine samples of natural organic matter (NOM) using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 7) and various modifiers; methanol (50 mM), acetonitrile (10%,v/v), dimethyl sulfoxide (5%,v/v), and urea (5 M). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine whether the electrophoretic profiles can be utilised as fingerprints for tracing the NOM samples to their source and/or type of location. It was found that all modifiers except methanol affect the electropherograms. Furthermore, it was found that the PCA analysis carried out on the electrophoretic profiles recorded in buffer solution modified by urea gave the best results for fingerprinting. The distribution of the fingerprints suggests a model for the humic substances in which all samples can be regarded as mixtures between two endmembers: autochtonous and allocthoneous NOM.     

Relation of Microbes to Blood-Group Active Substances

Substances with blood-group ABH(0) specificity are not confined to human red blood cells. Rather, such substances are ubiquitous antigenic surface structures which Nature has preserved throughout the phylogenetic development from microbes to man. — It could be shown experimentally that so-called “pre-existing natural” antibodies can result from inapparent immunization by these widely distributed antigens. — The blood-group specific structures of bacteria are chemically closely related to the determinant structures of the human blood-group ABH(0) glycoproteins. The situation is more complicated for the blood-group active substances from higher plants; these give extraordinary immunochemical reactions and two of their blood-group specific monosaccharides precipitate antibodies. — Recently the nature of the M and N blood-group antigens of erythrocyte surfaces has been elucidated. They are the main antigens of the second of at least 14 human blood-group systems. These substances, which are glycoproteins, are also excellent myxovirus receptors and inhibitors. The NN antigen is the first reported physically homogeneous, chemically defined and highly blood-group active cell surface structure of human origin. As surface structures, blood-group active substances appear to be frequently endowed with receptor properties in addition to those for blood-group antibodies.     

Volatile flavoring substances in foodstuffs

The odor of most foods is produced by mixtures of many volatile flavoring substances. Over the past century, numerous food flavors have been analyzed in sufficient detail to allow a survey of the classes of substances responsible, the formation of individual flavoring substances, and their fixation in the foods. In addition to special biosynthetic pathways, the breakdown of fats and the Maillard reaction have been found to be particularly important to the formation of flavoring substances.     

Distribution of humic substances dissolved and particulated in water column in Ross Sea, Antarctica

Dissolved (DFA) and particulate (PFA) fulvic acids were studied in some areas of the Ross Sea (Antarctica) characterised by different water masses. Our interest was focused on their distribution in the water column. Moreover, their correlation with fluorescence data and structural characterisation in relation to the water masses was also studied. We found that PFA concentration was mainly influenced by the primary production in surface layers and by stratification of water masses along the water column. Conversely, the DFA are less influenced by primary production and by the stratification of the water masses. An early stage of the humification process can be hypothesised for PFA related to DFA as shown by elemental analyses and spectroscopic data. PFA collected in the bottom depths of the water column showed a relationship with age of water mass (the highest concentration was found for the oldest circulating water mass (CDW)). This relationship was not observed for DFA. Moreover, any significant difference in structure was found in the DFA and PFA extracted from samples collected at bottom depths.     

DSC studies on the polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism of pharmaceutical substances

A complex system including thermoanalytical methods, infrared spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction for studying physico-chemical behaviour of binary mixtures is described. This system has been tested by investigating binary mixtures of amphetamine hydrochloride salts.These studies have proved that among the selected compounds the primary and secondary amine hydrochloride salts exhibit conglomerate forming tendency, while the tertiary amine hydrochloride salts form molecular compounds (racemates). For thep-fluoro amphetamine hydrochloride the existence of two polymorphic modifications has been detected.The authors are grateful to D. Kozma (Department of Organic Chemical Technology) for the thermoanalytical data of compound III, to Prof. E. Fogassy for the fruitful discussion.     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品包装材料中16种全氟烷基类化合物

建立了使用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)同时检测食品包装材料中16种全氟烷基类化合物(PFAS)的方法。分别对样品前处理方法、质谱条件等进行了比较和优化,样品用甲醇超声提取,经Oasis WAX固相萃取小柱净化后,用Atlantis T3 C₁₈色谱柱分离,以乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测(MRM)负离子模式扫描,同位素内标法和外标法结合定量。16种PFAS在0.5~20.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r²)均大于0.99。加标回收率为68.6%~109.2%,RSD为2.5%~18.1%(n=6)。检出限为0.2~0.5 μg/kg,定量限为0.5~1.0 μg/kg。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于食品包装材料样品中PFAS的检测。     

Phytoalexins,Chemical Defense Substances of Higher Plants?

Phytoalexins are defense substances with antimicrobial properties which are produced by plants after infection. They include various groups of natural substances (e.g. isoflavonoids, terpenoids, polyacetylenes and dihydrophenanthrenes). Induction of phytoalexin formation can be caused not only by living microorganisms but also by products of microbial origin (elicitors) or by stress treatment (cold, UV light). The elicitor from the mycelial walls of the fungus Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae (Pms) is a β-1,3-glucan with branches at C-6. In some cases the basic features of the biosynthesis of the phytoalexins are known. The activity of the enzymes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis is increased by the action of the elicitor on plant tissues. The ability of some microorganisms to chemically modify the phytoalexins may be related to their pathogenicity. The role of phytoalexins as defense substances is not yet fully clear.     

Behavior of surface-active substances in aqueous solution and on solid surfaces

The interactions of cationic (CSA), anionic (ASA), and nonionic surfactants (NSA) with each other in aqueous solution and on solid surfaces are studied. To establish the mechanism of the adsorption of ASA and NSA from aqueous solutions onto layered silicates, modified with CSA, data on the interaction of corresponding surfactants in aqueous solutions of binary mixtures were used. It was shown that interactions between CSA and ASA led to the formation of cationic surfactants both in solution and on the surfaces of modified aluminosilicates. It was concluded that by analogy with solutions of binary mixtures of NSA on modified silicate surfaces, interaction occurs only with physically adsorbed CSA. With cations of modifier, chemically bonded to the active centers of the silicates, NSA reacts via a hydrophobic mechanism. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 180–184, May–June, 2009.