手性钙钛矿纳米材料的构筑及光电性能

金属卤化物钙钛矿纳米材料因其丰富的化学结构和优异的光电性能,已成为一种极具应用前景的半导体材料。在钙钛矿无机框架中引入有机手性分子后,能够比较容易地得到手性钙钛矿纳米材料,从而可以极大地推动智能光电材料和自旋电子器件的快速发展。本文将综述手性钙钛矿纳米材料的构筑与手性产生机理的最新研究进展,包括一维手性钙钛矿纳米线、二维及准二维手性有机-无机杂化钙钛矿纳米片、三维手性钙钛矿纳米晶、超分子组装体系中诱导的手性钙钛矿纳米晶等。值得注意的是,不同种类的手性钙钛矿纳米材料在圆二色性、圆偏振发光、铁电性、自旋电子学等方面展现出优异的光电性能及巨大的应用前景。但是,有关手性钙钛矿纳米材料的研究目前还处于初级阶段,其中很多机理还存在争议,许多基础性和应用型的工作也有待开展。     

多维CsPbX3无机钙钛矿材料的制备及其在太阳能电池中的应用

近年来全无机CsPbX₃(X=Cl、Br、I)型钙钛矿材料由于其高吸光系数、低激子束缚能、长的载流子扩散长度等优点使其在太阳能电池(PSC)器件应用方面备受关注。高效的合成方法和精准的形貌控制对无机钙钛矿的光学性质及其太阳能电池光电性能及稳定性至关重要。本文系统介绍了不同维度无机钙钛矿材料包括零维量子点、一维纳米线/棒、二维纳米片和三维纳米花的现有合成方法;比较了各种合成方法的优势;着重介绍了不同维度无机钙钛矿材料的形貌调控手段,光学性质及相应太阳能电池光电性能的优化策略;最后展望了全无机钙钛矿朝着无害化和高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池的应用前景。     

大尺寸二维卤化物钙钛矿铁电晶体的生长及偏振光电探测性能研究※

低维半导体材料, 尤其是近些年快速发展的二维卤化物钙钛矿材料, 因其固有的结构各向异性、独特的量子限域效应和优异的半导体特性, 在偏振光电探测等领域展现出巨大的应用潜力. 其中, 铁电极化所产生的体光伏效应为实现高灵敏的偏振光电探测提供了一种简单有效的途径. 然而二维卤化物钙钛矿铁电体的大尺寸晶体生长仍然是其在光电器件应用中所面临的一个科学难题. 本工作中, 利用溶液降温法生长出了厘米级尺寸的高质量二维卤化物钙钛矿(iPA)₂EA₂Pb₃I₁₀ (iPA为异戊胺, EA为乙胺)铁电单晶, 其最大晶体尺寸达15 mm×15 mm×3 mm. 实验结果表明二维钙钛矿结构赋予(iPA)₂EA₂Pb₃I₁₀晶体强的光学各向异性、窄的光学带隙(1.80 eV)和极其优异的光电特性(光电响应开关比达到10³). 更重要的是, 基于(iPA)₂EA₂Pb₃I₁₀铁电单晶组装的光电探测器在弱偏振光的照射下表现出极其优异的光电特性, 包括大二色比(2.3)、高响应度(193 mA•W^–1)和探测率(7.0×10¹¹ Jones), 超过大多数基于材料本征光学各向异性的光电探测器件. 这项工作不仅为高度各向异性卤化物钙钛矿铁电体的晶体生长指明了方向, 而且推动了铁电材料在高性能偏振光电探测器等方面的应用.     

准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

新型有机-无机杂化二维（2D）钙钛矿具有优良的光电性能、 结晶性和稳定性, 在太阳能电池领域引起广泛关注. 相比于三维（3D）钙钛矿, 由于有机间隔阳离子（OSC）的引入形成独特的层状晶体结构赋予了材料特殊性质: （1） 多层量子阱结构促成材料各项异性的光电性质; （2） 间隔阳离子改变前驱体团簇状态, 实现溶液中高质量的结晶; （3） 间隔层的疏水性质和抑制离子迁移作用, 从本源上改善了钙钛矿的稳定性. 近年来, 针对准2D钙钛矿太阳能电池（准2D-PSCs）展开了广泛研究, 并取得了一系列重要研究成果. 本文从准2D钙钛矿材料的晶体结构与取向、 相分布、 光电性质到器件的能量转化效率与稳定性等方面, 综合评述了近年来准 2D-PSCs的最新研究进展, 总结了晶体结构-材料性质-电池性能之间的作用机制, 并进一步展望了未来研究的趋势.     

锡基钙钛矿太阳能电池研究进展

自2009年以来,有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿因其独特的光学和电学性能,在光电材料领域受到了广泛的研究,尤其是Pb基的卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池,目前光电转换效率高达创纪录的约25.2%,显示出强大的商业化潜力。然而,Pb元素的毒性及因而导致的环境隐患问题,一直是其产业化过程中的顾虑之一。因此,寻求能替代Pb的环境友好的元素,是一个十分重要的课题。Pb基钙钛矿材料优异的光电特性来源于Pb²⁺的最外层6s2孤对电子,与Pb元素同主族的Sn元素能够形成三维钙钛矿结构且同样具有惰性5s2外层电子结构,因而是替代Pb的首选。本文系统地介绍了Sn基钙钛矿的光学和电学性质,并从薄膜制备方法和不同的器件结构方面介绍Sn基钙钛矿太阳能电池的最新进展。     

二维钙钛矿材料及其在光电器件中的应用

二维钙钛矿作为一种新型光电材料,既具有二维材料的可溶液加工、柔性、可穿戴性以及廉价容易制备等特点,又具备钙钛矿材料结晶度高、载流子迁移率高、激子束缚能低、量子效率高、吸收光谱宽、光吸收系数高和能耗损失低等特性,已经成为材料研究领域的热点而受到广泛关注。本文深入分析了二维钙钛矿材料的组成特点及结构构建规则,探究了其光电特性、能带性质以及非线性光学性质等,对二维钙钛矿光电材料常见的两大类制备方法液相法和气相法进行了归纳,总结了二维钙钛矿材料在太阳能电池、光电探测器、发光二极管、场效应晶体管和激光等光电器件领域的应用现状,最后对该类材料目前存在的主要问题及未来发展前景进行了展望,以期为设计制备高性能二维钙钛矿光电材料提供参考。     

界面钝化策略:提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性

近年来,新兴起的有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池突飞猛进,在短短十年里其光电转化效率从3.8%迅速发展到目前25.2%的认证效率,被视为最具有应用潜力的新型高效率太阳能电池之一。虽然钙钛矿太阳能电池具有很高的光电转换效率已与多晶硅薄膜电池相媲美,但是电池的长期稳定性仍是阻碍其商业化的一大挑战。钙钛矿表面和晶界存在大量的缺陷,界面钝化来提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性是非常重要且有效的策略。二维钙钛矿材料是有机胺层与无机层交替的层状钙钛矿,具有体积较大的有机铵阳离子,与传统的三维钙钛矿材料相比对于环境的稳定性较好,并且结构灵活可调,在三维钙钛矿表面修饰二维钙钛矿层钝化缺陷,在提高钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的同时又保证了稳定性,另外,合适的钝化剂分子也能够非常有效地钝化缺陷。本文总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的不稳定因素,归纳了钙钛矿太阳能电池界面钝化方面的研究进展,指出了二维钙钛矿材料发展的巨大潜力以及寻找合适钝化剂分子的原则,期望能够为获得高性能的钙钛矿太阳能电池进而实现商业化提供有益的指导。     

基于二维材料及其范德瓦尔斯异质结的光电探测器

近些年来,石墨烯、黑磷和过渡金属二硫化物以及其他二维材料受到了越来越多的关注。凭借其独特的结构和优异的电学、光学特性,这些二维材料在光电器件中得到了广泛应用,具有良好的发展潜力。本文概述了二维材料在光电探测器领域的最新研究进展,介绍了一些常见的二维材料及其制备方法,阐述了光电探测器件的基本原理和评价参数,以及回顾了二维材料及其异质结构在光电探测器中的应用,最后总结了该领域仍然面临的挑战并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

无机手性纳米结构的可控构筑及其催化研究进展

具有强烈光学活性的无机手性结构因其具有独特的物理化学性质, 可将手性信号扩展至可见和近红外区域, 对于手性的检测与分析、手性合成、手性传感及相关光电领域的研究具有重要意义. 在过去的二十年里, 人们对无机手性结构进行了大量的研究, 从合成方法、手性起源理论到实际应用都取得了长足的进展. 重点聚焦具有手性催化应用潜力的无机手性纳米材料, 首先介绍了单个无机手性纳米粒子独特的手性效应、常用的构筑方法和手性起源机理, 并简要概述了无机纳米粒子作为构筑单元形成手性多级纳米结构的组装方法. 重点关注了无机手性纳米材料在手性催化领域的应用, 讨论了手性金属纳米结构、手性半导体纳米结构、手性陶瓷纳米结构及手性磁性纳米粒子用于手性催化的相关机理, 并对有代表性的最新进展进行了分析. 最后, 梳理了目前无机手性结构及其催化性能存在的不足和面临的挑战, 并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

含钒无机有机杂化材料的合成、结构与性质

含钒无机有机杂化材料的结构复杂多样,在吸附、氧化还原、电化学、催化、光学、磁学以及多孔、手性材料研究等方面应用前景广阔,引起人们广泛关注。本文综述了含钒无机有机杂化材料研究的最新进展,介绍了合成含钒无机有机杂化材料的主要方法,按照有机组分与无机骨架作用的方式分类总结了含钒无机有机杂化材料的结构,介绍了其在离子交换、电化学、磁学、光学、催化等方面的应用,并展望了该类材料的研究前景和意义。     

Chiral Hybrid Germanium(II) Halide with Strong Nonlinear Chiroptical Properties

Due to the pronounced anisotropic response to circularly polarized light, chiral hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides have been regarded as promising candidates for the application in nonlinear chiroptics, especially for the second-harmonic generation circular dichroism (SHG-CD) effect. However, designing novel lead-free chiral hybrid metal halides with large anisotropy factors and high laser-induced damage thresholds (LDT) of SHG-CD remains challenging. Herein, we develop the first chiral hybrid germanium halide, (R/S-NEA)₃Ge₂I₇⋅H₂O (R/S-NGI), and systematically investigated its linear and nonlinear chiroptical properties. S-NGI and R-NGI exhibit large anisotropy factors (g_SHG-CD) of 0.45 and 0.48, respectively, along with a high LDT of 38.46 GW/cm²; these anisotropy factors were the highest values among the reported lead-free chiral hybrid metal halides. Moreover, the effective second-order nonlinear optical coefficient of S-NGI could reach up to 0.86 pm/V, which was 2.9 times higher than that of commercial Y-cut quartz. Our findings facilitate a new avenue toward lead-free chiral hybrid metal halides, and their implementation in nonlinear chiroptical applications.     

Unprecedented Chiral Three-dimensional Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskitoids

Chiral three-dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (3D HOIPs) would show unique chiroptoelectronic performance due to the combination of chirality and 3D structure. However, the synthesis of 3D chiral HOIPs remains a significant challenge. Herein, we constructed a pair of unprecedented 3D chiral halide perovskitoids (R/S-BPEA)EA₆Pb₄Cl₁₅ ( 1-R/S ) (R/S-BPEA=(R/S)-1-4-Bromophenylethylammonium, EA=ethylammonium), in which the large chiral cations can be contained in the big “hollow” inorganic frameworks induced by mixing cations. Notably, 3D 1-R/S shows natural chiroptical activity, as evidenced by its significant mirror circular dichroism spectra and the ability to distinguish circularly polarized light. Moreover, based on the unique 3D structure, 1-S presents sensitive X-ray detection performance with a low detection limit of 398 nGy_air s⁻¹, which is 14 times lower than the regular medical diagnosis of 5.5 μGy_air s⁻¹. In this work, 3D chiral halide perovskitoids provide a new route to develop chiral material in spintronics and optoelectronics.     

Integrating Achiral and Chiral Organic Ligands in Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Metal Halides to Boost Circularly Polarized Luminescence

Chiral zero-dimensional hybrid metal halides (0D HMHs) could combine excellent optical properties and chirality, making them promising for circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). However, chiral 0D HMHs with efficient CPL have been rarely reported. Here, we propose an efficient strategy to achieve simultaneously high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and large dissymmetry factor (g_lum), by integrating achiral and chiral ligands into 0D HMHs. Specifically, three pairs of chiral 0D hybrid indium-antimony chlorides are synthesized by combing achiral guanidine with three types of chiral methylbenzylammonium-based derivatives as the organic cations. These chiral 0D HMHs exhibit near-unity PLQY and large g_lum values up to around ±1×10⁻². The achiral guanidine ligand is not only essential to crystallize these hybrid indium-antimony chlorides to achieve near-unity PLQYs, but also greatly enhances the chirality induction from organic ligands to inorganic units in these 0D HMHs. Furthermore, the choice of different chiral ligands can modify the strength of hydrogen bonding interactions in these 0D HMHs, to maximize their g_lum values. Overall, this study provides a robust way to realize efficient CPL in chiral HMHs, expanding their applications in chiroptical fields.     

Dimensional Reduction of Cs2AgBiBr6: A 2D Hybrid Double Perovskite with Strong Polarization Sensitivity

By dimensional reduction of the 3D motif of Cs₂AgBiBr₆, a lead‐free 2D hybrid double perovskite, (i‐PA)₂CsAgBiBr₇ ( 1, i‐PA=isopentylammonium), was successfully designed. It adopts a quantum‐confined bilayered structure with alternating organic and inorganic sheets. Strikingly, the unique 2D architecture endows it highly anisotropic nature of physical properties, including electric conductivity and optical absorption (the ratio α_b/α_c=1.9 at 405 nm). Such anisotropy attributes result in the strong polarization‐sensitive responses with large dichroic ratios up to 1.35, being comparable to some 2D inorganic materials. This is the first study on the hybrid double perovskites with strong polarization sensitivity. A crystal device of 1 also exhibits rapid response speed (ca. 200 μs) and excellent stabilities. The family of 2D hybrid double perovskites are promising optoelectronic candidates, and this work paves a new pathway for exploring new green polarization‐sensitive materials.     

Turn-on Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Indium Chlorides by 5s2 Metal Centers

Introducing chirality into the metal-halide hybrids has enabled many emerging properties including chiroptical activity, spin-dependent transport, and ferroelectricity. However, most of the chiral metal-halide hybrids to date are non-emissive, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show a new strategy to turn on the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in chiral metal-halide hybrids. We demonstrate that alloying Sb³⁺ into chiral indium-chloride hybrids dramatically increases the photoluminescence quantum yield in two new series of chiral indium-antimony chlorides. These materials exhibit strong CPL signals with tunable energy and a high dissymmetry factor up to 1.5×10⁻². Mechanistic studies reveal that the emission originates from the self-trapped excitons centered in 5s² Sb³⁺. Moreover, near-ultraviolet pumped white light is demonstrated with a polarization up to 6.0 %. Our work demonstrates new strategies towards highly luminescent chiral metal-halide hybrids.     

Electrically Amplified Circularly Polarized Luminescence by a Chiral Anion Strategy

The development of circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) is currently hampered by the high difficulty and cost in the syntheses of suitable chiral materials and the notorious chirality diminishment issue in electrical devices. Herein, diastereomeric Ir^III and Ru^II complexes with chiral (±)-camphorsulfonate counteranions are readily synthesized and used as the active materials in circularly polarized light-emitting electrochemical cells to generate promising CPELs. The addition of the chiral ionic liquid (±)-1-butyl-3-methylimidazole camphorsulfonate into the active layer significantly improves the device performance and the electroluminescence dissymmetry factors (≈10⁻³), in stark contrast to the very weak circularly polarized photoluminescence of the spin-coated films of these diastereomeric complexes. Control experiments with enantiopure Ir^III complexes suggest that the chiral anions play a dominant role in the electrically-induced amplification of CPELs.     

Enhanced Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Reorganized Chiral Emitters on the Skeleton of a Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework

A chiral zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) showing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has been successfully constructed by blending binapthyl‐derived chiral emitters with ZIF‐8 rhombic dodecahedron nanoparticles. This approach solves a major trade‐off in CPL‐active materials: the large luminescence dissymmetry factor (g_lum) always suffers from suppression of luminescence efficiency. Compared to the optical properties of chiral emitters, the obtained chiral ZIF nanomaterials showed an enhanced fluorescence efficiency while the |g_lum| value is significantly amplified by one order of magnitude. Additionally, enantioselective fluorescence sensing in response to α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids has been enhanced in chiral ZIFs. Reorganization and conjunction of chiral emitters to the skeleton of ZIF nanoparticles can greatly improve both the luminescence quantum yield and circularly polarization, which facilitates the design of more efficient chiroptical materials.     

Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of Hexafluorobenzene-Intercalated Phenethylammonium Tin Iodide 2D Perovskite

Tin halide perovskites are potential alternatives of lead halide perovskites. However, the easy oxidation of Sn²⁺ to Sn⁴⁺ brings in a challenge. Recently, layered two-dimensional hybrid tin halide perovskites have been shown to partially resist the oxidation process because of the presence of hydrophobic organic molecules. Consequently, such layered hybrid perovskites are being explored for optoelectronic applications. The optical properties of layered tin halide perovskites depend on the interlayer separation and the dielectric mismatch between the organic and inorganic layers. Intercalation (insertion) of a molecular species between the layers modifies the interlayer interactions affecting the optical properties of layered hybrid perovskites. We investigated the effect of hexafluorobenzene (HFB) intercalation in phenethylammonium tin iodide [(PEA)₂SnI₄] using temperature-dependent (6 K to 300 K) photoluminescence (PL). HFB intercalation increases the bandgap. A strong PL quenching is observed in pristine (PEA)₂SnI₄ below 150 K, probably because of the presence of non-emissive states. HFB intercalation suppresses the influence of such non-emissive states resulting in an increase in PL intensity at the cryogenic temperatures. Our results highlight that a simple molecular intercalation (non-covalent interaction) into layered hybrid perovskites can significantly tailor the electronic and optical properties.     

A Photo- and Thermo-Driven Azoarene-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescence Molecular Switch in a Liquid Crystal Host

The development of chiral optical active materials with switchable circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signals remains a challenge. Here an azoarene-based circularly polarized luminescence molecular switch, (S, R, S)-switch 1 and (R, R, R)-switch 2 , are designed and prepared with an (R)-binaphthyl azo group as a chiral photosensitive moiety and two (S)- or (R)-binaphthyl fluorescent molecules with opposite or the same handedness as chiral fluorescent moieties. Both switches exhibit reversible trans/cis isomerization when irradiated by 365 nm UV light and 520 nm green light in solvent and liquid crystal (LC) media. In contrast with the control (R, R, R)-switch 2 , when switch 1 is doped into nematic LCs, polarization inversion and switching-off of the CPL signals are achieved in the resultant helical superstructure upon irradiation with 365 nm UV and 520 nm green light, respectively. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of the system is basically unchanged during this switching process. In particular, these variations of the CPL signals could be recovered after heating, realizing the true sense of CPL reversible switching. Taking advantage of the unique CPL switching, the proof-of-concept for “a dual-optical information encryption system” based on the above CPL active material is demonstrated.     

TADF-Sensitized Fluorescent Enantiomers: A New Strategy for High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence**

A promising strategy of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitized circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) has been proposed for improving the electroluminescence efficiencies of circularly polarized fluorescent emitters. Compared with chiral TADF emitters which suffer from the dilemma of small ΔE_ST accompanied by small k_r, the TADF-sensitized CPL (TSCP) strategy using TADF molecules as sensitizers and CP-FL molecules as emitters might be the most promising method to construct high-performance circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs). Consequently, by taking advantage of the theoretically 100 % exciton utilization of TADF sensitizers, especially, by designing CP-FL emitters with high PLQY, narrow FWHM and large g_lum values, TSCP-type CP-OLEDs with excellent overall performances can be realized.