石墨烯载Ir催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能

用石墨烯(G)代替Vulcan XC-72炭(XC)作Ir的载体制备石墨烯载Ir(Ir/G)催化剂. 电化学的测量结果表明, Ir/G催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能优于XC炭载Ir(Ir/XC)催化剂. X射线衍射(XRD)谱测量结果表明, Ir/G和Ir/XC催化剂的Ir粒子平均粒径相似. 拉曼光谱的测量结果表明, G的石墨化程度和电导率高于XC. 因此, Ir/G催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能优于Ir/XC催化剂. 氨在Ir/G催化剂电极上氧化的电流密度与氨浓度呈很好的线性关系曲线, 相关系数R为0.99557. 因此, Ir/G催化剂电极可作为电流型电化学氨传感器的工作电极.     

大孔碳载Ir催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能

分别以大孔炭(MC)和Vulcan XC-72炭黑(XC)为载体,制备了Ir/MC和Ir/XC催化剂。 在用X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、拉曼光谱对催化剂表征的基础上,用电化学技术研究了2种炭载Ir催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能,发现氨在Ir/MC催化剂电极上,氧化峰峰电流密度比在Ir/XC催化剂电极上大38.7%左右,而且电催化稳定性明显好于Ir/XC催化剂。 由于Ir/MC和Ir/XC催化剂的Ir粒子平均粒径和相对结晶度相似,因此,这只能归结于MC有大的孔径和孔率及高的石墨化程度引起的高电导率。 所以MC是一种比XC更好的催化剂的炭载体。     

大孔碳载Ir催化剂对氧还原的电催化性能和抗甲酸能力

本文用X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、拉曼光谱和电化学等技术研究了直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)中Vulcan XC-72炭黑载Ir(Ir/XC)和大孔炭载(Ir/MC)催化剂对氧还原的电催化性能和抗甲酸的能力。发现Ir/MC催化剂对氧还原的电催化性能要优于Ir/XC催化剂,氧起始还原电位比在Ir/XC催化剂上正移0.1V,极限电流密度比在Ir/XC催化剂上大30％左右。由于Ir/MC和Ir/XC催化剂的Ir粒子平均粒径和相对结晶度相似,因此,这只能归结于MC有大的孔径和孔率及高的石墨化程度。另外2种催化剂都有很好的抗甲酸能力。因此MC是一种比XC更好的催化剂的炭载体。     

大孔炭载Pd催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

用X射线能量色散谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、拉曼光谱和电化学技术研究和比较了直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)中Vulcan XC-72炭黑载Pd (Pd/XC)和大孔炭载Pd (Pd/MC)催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能. 循环伏安曲线测量表明甲酸在Pd/XC和Pd/MC催化剂电极上主要氧化峰的峰电位基本相同, 在0.15 V左右, 但在Pd/MC催化剂电极上的峰电流密度比在Pd/XC催化剂上的大30%左右. 计时电流曲线测量表明, 在6000 s时, 在Pd/MC催化剂电极上的峰电流密度比在Pd/XC催化剂上的大38%左右, 这些结果说明Pd/MC催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性要好于Pd/XC催化剂. 由于Pd/MC和Pd/XC催化剂的Pd粒子平均粒径和相对结晶度相似, 因此, Pd/MC催化剂电催化性能好的原因只能归结于MC大的孔径和高的石墨化程度引起的高电导率.     

直接甲醇燃料电池的Ir-Fe/C 阴极催化剂性能

合成了直接甲醇燃料电池的Ir-Fe/C阴极催化剂, 用X射线衍射(XRD)谱和X射线能量色散谱(EDS)等方法对该催化剂进行表征, 研究了碳载Ir-Fe(Ir-Fe/C)催化剂对氧还原的电催化活性和抗甲醇能力. 研究发现, 氧在碳载Ir(Ir/C)和Ir-Fe/C催化剂电极上还原的起始氧还原电位分别为0.57和0.65 V. 在0.2 V下的电流密度分别为4.6和5.8 mA/cm², 表明Ir-Fe/C催化剂对氧还原的电催化性能要优于Ir/C催化剂, 而且Ir-Fe/C催化剂也有很好的抗甲醇能力.     

二氧化钛载Ir催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能

用同一方法制备了Ir含量相同而载体TiO2-晶体结构不同的TiO2-载Ir（Ir/TiO2）催化剂,研究了TiO2-晶体结构对Ir/TiO2催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能的影响,发现具有金红石结构的TiO2-载Ir（Ir/TiO2-R）催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能远好于具有锐钛矿型结构的TiO2-载Ir（Ir/TiO2-A）催化剂。 物理化学和电化学的表征揭示了Ir/TiO2-R催化剂对氨氧化的电催化性能好的可能原因归结于Ir纳米粒子在TiO2-R上的均匀分布。     

炭载Ir-Co催化剂的制备及其对氨氧化的电催化性能

通过液相化学还原法制备了炭载Ir-Co(Ir-Co/C)催化剂。 X射线衍射测试表明,Co原子进入了金属Ir的晶格中,形成了Ir-Co合金,并导致了Ir晶格收缩。 透射电子显微镜观察表明,Ir-Co纳米颗粒均匀分散在炭载体表面,没有出现Ir/C催化剂中金属Ir严重团聚的现象。 电化学测试表明,与炭载Ir(Ir/C)催化剂相比,NH3在Ir-Co/C催化剂电极上氧化的起始电位负移,峰电流密度增大,增加了检测灵敏度和降低了检出限,表明Ir-Co/C催化剂对NH3氧化的电催化性能明显优于Ir/C催化剂。 Ir-Co/C催化剂在电化学氨气传感器中有良好的应用前景。     

炭载Ir金属催化剂的制备及其对氨氧化的电催化性能

利用乙醇-水二元体系制备含质量分数为30%Ir的碳载Ir(Ir/C)催化剂.X射线衍射(XRD)谱和电化学测试分别表明,该催化剂Ir粒子的平均粒径约为2.2 nm.在NaC lO4电解液中,Ir/C催化剂对氨氧化的电催化活性与纯Ir催化剂的相似,但稳定性有明显增加.同时,NH3氧化的电流密度与NH3浓度呈现良好的线性关系,有望在定电位电解型NH3传感器中得到应用.     

碳化钨和Vulcan XC-72炭黑载钯催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

研究了碳化钨(WC)和Vulcan XC-72炭黑(XC)作混合载体的Pd/WC-XC催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能.发现Pd/WC-XC催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能优于Pd/XC催化剂.而且,Pd/WC-XC催化剂的电催化性能与WC和XC的质量比有关,当质量比为3:1时,催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性最好,当质量比为2:1时,催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化稳定性性最好.     

磷钨酸对甲酸在碳载Pt催化剂上电氧化的促进作用

用X射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和电化学等测试技术研究了电解液中的磷钨酸(PWA)对甲酸在碳载Pt(Pt/C)催化剂电极上氧化的促进作用。 结果表明,PWA不但能提高甲酸在Pt/C催化剂电极上氧化的电催化活性,而且也能提高其电催化稳定性。 这种促进作用与电解液中PWA的浓度有关,当电解液中PWA的质量浓度为0.10 g/L时,这种促进作用最佳。 这主要是由于电解液中PWA质量浓度＞0.10 g/L时,吸附到电极表面的PWA的量太多,占据了Pt/C催化剂电极中Pt表面的部分活性位点,从而降低了催化剂的电催化性能。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。     

微量钙的测定方法研究进展

介绍了1995-2006年期间测定微量和痕量钙的方法,如电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法以及离子色谱法等的工作原理和特点,并说明了其测定微量钙的应用领域。并对微量钙的测定技术进行了展望(引用文献55篇)。