Mesoporous SBA-15 materials modified with PW or W active species as catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Five catalysts containing PW or W active species that anchored onto aminosilylated mesoporous silica SBA-15 by a post-grafting route were prepared and the resulting PW or W/APTES/SBA-15 hybrid materials were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption/desorption, surface area analysis, TEM, FT-IR, and ICP (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy). The names of these catalysts have been abbreviated as SBA-15m-a, SBA-15m-b, SBA-15m-c, SBA-15m-d, and SBA-15m-e according to the different active species. The PW or W active species were highly dispersed in the channels of the modified mesoporous materials. The interaction between PW or W species and amino groups grafted on the channel surface of SBA-15 led to the immobilization of PW or W species. Their catalytic activity in the epoxidation of cyclooctene with H₂O₂ as oxidant was investigated. Among them, SBA-15m-a showed the best performance, with 98.9% conversion and 98.4% selectivity. The catalyst could be reused for six times with a little decrease in activity.     

Deep oxidative desulfurization of fuels catalyzed by molybdovanadophosphoric acid on amino-functionalized SBA-15 using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant

This study reports the usage of molybdovanadophosphoric acid catalyst on amino-functionalized SBA-15(PMoV₂/SBA-15-NH₂) for the removal of sulfur from model oil (dibenzothiophene dissolved in n-hexane). To increase the tendency for adsorption of heteropoly acids, mesoporous SBA-15 silica was functionalized with amino groups by postsynthesis grafting, using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane as the coupling agent. Immobilization of molybdovanadophosphoric acid on pure SBA-15 (PMoV₂/SBA-15) was also studied for comparison and the catalysts were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. It was found that the catalysts exhibit high catalytic activities and PMoV₂/SBA-15-NH₂ is more durable than PMoV₂ impregnated on unmodified mesoporous SBA-15 silica. The results may bring about improvement for oxidative desulfurization of transportation fuels.     

Substantiating the influence of pore surface functionalities on the stability of Grubbs catalyst in mesoporous SBA-15 silica

The influence of pore surface functionalities in mesoporous SBA-15 silica on the stability of a model olefin metathesis catalyst, namely Grubbs I, is substantiated. In particular, it is demonstrated that the nature of the interaction between the ruthenium complex and the surface is strongly depending on the presence of surface silanols. For this study, differently functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 silica materials were synthesized according to standard procedures and, subsequently, the Grubbs I catalyst was incorporated into these different host materials. All of the materials were thoroughly characterized by elemental analyses, nitrogen physisorption at -196 °C, thermogravimetric analyses, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). By such in-depth characterization of the materials, it became possible to achieve models for the surface/catalyst interactions as a function of surface functionalities in SBA-15; for example, in the case of purely siliceous silanol-rich SBA-15, octenyl-silane modified SBA-15, and silylated equivalents. It was evidenced that large portions of the chemisorbed species that are detected spectroscopically arise from interactions between the tricyclohexylphosphine and the surface silanols. A catalytic study using diethyldiallylmalonate in presence of the various functionalized silicas shows that the presence of surface silanols significantly decreases the longevity of the ring-closing metathesis catalyst, whereas the passivation of the surface by trimethylsilyl groups slows down the catalysis rate, but does not affect significantly the lifetime of the catalyst. This contribution thus provides new insights into the functionalization of SBA-15 materials and the role of surface interactions for the grafting of organometallic complexes.     

Development of Amino Acids Functionalized SBA-15 for the Improvement of Protein Adsorption

Ordered mesoporous materials and their modification with multiple functional groups are of wide scientific interest for many applications involving interaction with biological systems and biomolecules (e.g., catalysis, separation, sensor design, nano-science or drug delivery). In particular, the immobilization of enzymes onto solid supports is highly attractive for industry and synthetic chemistry, as it allows the development of stable and cheap biocatalysts. In this context, we developed novel silylated amino acid derivatives (Si-AA-NH₂) that have been immobilized onto SBA-15 materials in biocompatible conditions avoiding the use of toxic catalyst, solvents or reagents. The resulting amino acid-functionalized materials (SBA-15@AA) were characterized by XRD, TGA, EA, Zeta potential, nitrogen sorption and FT-IR. Differences of the physical properties (e.g., charges) were observed while the structural ones remained unchanged. The adsorption of the enzyme lysozyme (Lyz) onto the resulting functionalized SBA-15@AA materials was evaluated at different pHs. The presence of different functional groups compared with bare SBA-15 showed better adsorption results, for example, 79.6 nmol of Lyz adsorbed per m² of SBA-15@Tyr compared with the 44.9 nmol/m² of the bare SBA-15.     

碳-硅复合介孔磺酸催化剂的制备及其在缩醛(酮)反应中的应用

采用浸渍法将糠醇负载在铝改性的SBA-15介孔孔道中,经550℃不完全碳化制备了结构规整、含多苯环的中空管状硅碳复合介孔材料.结果表明,通过温和磺酸化作用可使磺酸基团成功取代在多苯环上,其酸量随着多苯环涂层厚度变化在0.38~0.84 mmol/g范围内可控调变.相比于蔗糖作为糖源的复合固体酸,所制碳多苯环-硅酸催化剂具有中空碳纳米管堆积的类似CMK-5介孔结构,以及较大的反应空间、稳定的机械性能、较高的比表面和大量可以接触的质子酸中心,因而在大分子缩醛(酮)反应中表现了良好的催化性能.     

Direct synthesis and catalytic applications of ordered large pore aminopropyl-functionalized SBA-15 mesoporous materials

SBA-15 mesoporous silica has been functionalized with aminopropyl groups through a simple co-condensation approach of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) using amphiphilic block copolymers under acidic conditions. The organic-modified SBA-15 materials have hexagonal crystallographic order, pore diameter up to 60 A, and the content of aminopropyl groups up to 2.3 mmol g(-1). The influences of TEOS prehydrolysis period and APTES concentration on the crystallographic order, pore size, surface area, and pore volume were examined. TEOS prehydrolysis prior to the addition of APTES was found essential to obtain well-ordered mesoporous materials with amino functionality. The amount of APTES incorporated in the silica framework increased with the APTES concentration in the synthesis gel, while the ordering of the mesoporous structure gradually decreased. Analysis with TG, IR, and solid state NMR spectra demonstrated that the aminopropyl groups incorporated in SBA-15 were not decomposed during the preparation procedure and the surfactant P123 was fully removed through ethanol extraction. The modified SBA-15 was an excellent base catalyst in Knoevenagel and Michael addition reactions.     

Effect of amine functionalization of spherical MCM-41 and SBA-15 on controlled drug release

MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica materials with spherical morphology and different particle sizes were synthesized and modified by post-synthesis method with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). A comparative study of the adsorption and release of a model drug, ibuprofen, were carried out. The modified and drug loaded mesoporous materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, N₂ physisorption, thermal analysis, elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. Surface modification with amino groups resulted in high degree of ibuprofen loading and slow rate of release for MCM-41, whereas it was the opposite for SBA-15. The adsorbed drug content and the delivery rate can be predetermined by the choice of mesoporous material with the appropriate structural characteristics and surface functionality.     

巯基功能化介孔材料高效锚定钯负载型催化剂的制备及其苯酚加氢催化性能

以含巯基官能团有机硅烷修饰的介孔材料MCM-41和SBA-15为载体, 采用浸渍-氢气还原法制备了高分散和高活性的负载型Pd催化剂. X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附和透射电子显微镜表征结果显示, 所制Pd催化剂Pd-SH-MCM-41和Pd-SH-SBA-15具有很好的长程有序结构、分布均匀的孔径、高比表面积及高度分散的Pd颗粒. 苯酚加氢反应结果表明, 以Pd-SH-MCM-41和Pd-SH-SBA-15为催化剂时, 在80℃, 1.0MPa反应1h, 苯酚转化率达99%以上, 环己酮选择性为98%. 它们的催化活性为商业Pd/C催化剂的5倍, Pd/MCM-41和Pd/SBA-15催化剂的3倍. 这可归因于介孔材料表面修饰的巯基官能团对Pd的锚定作用, 避免了Pd颗粒的团聚, 使其高度分散在介孔材料上.     

Influence of the pore structure of MCM-41 and SBA-15 silica fibers on atomic layer chemical vapor deposition of cobalt carbonyl

Mesoporous high surface area MCM-41 and SBA-15 type silica materials with fibrous morphology were synthesized and used as support materials for the ALCVD (atomic layer chemical vapor deposition) preparation of Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts. Co/MCM-41 and Co/SBA-15 catalysts were prepared by deposition of Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase onto the surfaces of preheated support materials in a fluidized bed reactor. For both silica materials, two different kinds of preparation methods, direct deposition and a pulse deposition method, were used. Pure silica supports as well as supported cobalt catalysts were characterized by various spectroscopic (IR) and analytical (X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, elemental analysis) methods. MCM-41 and SBA-15 fibers showed considerable ability to adsorb Co2(CO)8 from the gas phase. For MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, cobalt loadings of 13.7 and 12.1 wt % were obtained using the direct deposition method. The cobalt loadings increased to 23.0 and 20.7 wt % for MCM-41 and SBA-15 silicas, respectively, when the pulse deposition method was used. The reduction behavior of silica-supported cobalt catalysts was found to depend on the catalyst preparation method and on the mesoporous structure of the support material. Almost identical reduction properties of SBA-15-supported catalysts prepared by different deposition methods are explained by the structural properties of the mesoporous support and, in particular, by the chemical structure of the inner surfaces and walls of the mesopores. Pulse O2/H2 chemisorption experiments showed catalytically promising redox properties and surface stability of the prepared MCM-41- and SBA-15-supported cobalt catalysts.     

Readily accessible mesoporous silica nanoparticles supported chiral urea-amine bifunctional catalysts for enantioselective reactions

The main objective of this study is to develop readily accessible and recyclable solid catalysts for enantioselective reactions. To achieve this, magnetic MCM-41 and non-magnetic SBA-15 mesoporous supports were prepared, then mesoporous silica supported chiral urea-amine bifunctional catalysts were synthesized by grafting of chiral urea-amine ligand onto SBA-15 and magnetic MCM-41. The magnetic and non-magnetic supports and so-prepared solid catalysts were characterized by using different methods such as N₂ sorption measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (FESEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed that (1R, 2R) or (1S, 2S)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine was successively immobilized onto magnetic MCM-41 and SBA-15 pores. The heterogeneous chiral solid catalysts and their homogenous counterparts exhibited high activities both enantioselective transfer hydrogenation reaction (up to 99% conversion and 65% ee) and enantioselective Michael reaction (up to 98% conversion and 26% ee). Moreover, the SBA-15 supported solid catalysts were separated from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, whereas the magnetic MCM-41 supported solid catalysts were separated by simple magnetic decantation and reused in three consecutive catalytic experiments.     

SBA-15负载Pd催化剂的制备及其在Heck反应中的应用研究

利用水热反应制备了表面离子液体功能化的SBA-15介孔材料,在丙酮溶液中与氯化钯反应,然后使用水合肼在乙醇中还原.测试了这种催化剂在Mizoroki-Heck反应中的催化活性.与直接负载在SBA-15上的钯催化剂相比,这种表面修饰的介孔SBA-15负载催化剂表现出更高的催化活性、可回收性和反应稳定性.氮气吸脱附实验和小角XRD衍射实验表明,在合成中,材料的介孔性能并没有被破坏.透视电镜也表征了该材料的表面形貌.最后,Mizoroki-Heck反应表明该催化剂具有很高的催化活性,且循环五次后,其催化活性降低并不明显.     

负载型双噁唑啉催化剂上的不对称Diels-Alder反应

 分别以乙烷桥键磺酸官能化的有机-无机杂化介孔材料、十二钨磷酸铯、活化硅胶以及SBA-15为载体,通过非共价键作用制备了负载型双噁唑啉催化剂,并将该催化剂用于催化3-((E)-2-丁烯酰基)-1,3-噁唑啉-2-酮和环戊二烯的不对称Diels-Alder反应. 研究表明,催化剂的性能取决于载体本身以及载体表面阴离子的性质. 以SBA-15为载体时产物的对映体选择性较低,可归因于载体表面较低的羟基浓度.     

Functionalized SBA-15 and its Catalytic Applications in Selective Organic Transformations

Ordered, mesoporous SBA-15 functionalized with organic and inorganic moieties exhibits efficient catalytic activity in a variety of organic transformations. In this account, reviewing our own work, three-sets of surface-modified SBA-15 materials have been investigated. The first-set of materials consists of SBA-15 modified with organo-acidic (propyl thiol and propyl sulfonic acid) and basic (propyl amine and propyl adenine) moieties. The second-set of materials was prepared by grafting Mn complexes to the organo-functionalized SBA-15. The third-set composes of nanocrystalline metal oxides supported on SBA-15. All these catalysts have been characterized by structural and spectroscopic techniques. Catalytic activities of the first-set of solid materials have been investigated in acid/base-catalyzed reactions viz., ring-opening of epoxides with amines (producing β-amino alcohols), esterification, three-component-Mannich reactions and cycloaddition of CO₂ to epoxides. The Mn complexes grafted on organofunctionalized SBA-15 are efficient catalysts for the chemo-, regio- and stereoselective aerial oxidation of monoterpenes at ambient conditions. TiO_x, VO_x, MoO_x and WO_x supported on SBA-15 catalyzed biomimetic oxyhalogenation of aromatic compounds. In all these reactions, the functionalized SBA-15 showed high selectivity.     

Embedded palladium nanoparticles on metal–organic framework/covalently sulfonated magnetic SBA-15 mesoporous silica composite: As a highly proficient nanocatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction in amino acid-based natural deep eutectic solvent

In this project, the main aim is the design and present a novel and unique heterogeneous nanocatalyst based on a metal–organic framework/covalently sulfonated magnetic SBA-15 mesoporous silica composite with the emphasis on promoting clean and green synthetic transformations and increasing the catalytic properties. In more detail, initially, SBA-15 containing magnetic nanoparticles was functionalized by a 1,3-propane sultone ligand. In the next step, the functionalized mesoporous substrate was used as a scaffold for the growth and synthesis of the zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals. The obtained composite was further applied as a suitable support for the immobilization of Pd nanoparticles via a post-modification procedure and the generation of heterogeneous catalysts. The prepared Fe₃O₄@SBA-15-SO₃H@ZIF-8@Pd was incorporated as a heterogeneous and green catalyst in the Suzuki coupling reaction in the natural deep eutectic solvent with efficient recyclability.     

Efficient heterogeneous asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones using highly recyclable and accessible silica-immobilized Ru-TsDPEN catalysts

[reaction: see text] Chiral Ru-TsDPEN [N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine]-derived catalysts were first successfully immobilized onto amorphous silica gel and mesoporous silicas of MCM-41 and SBA-15 by an easily accessible approach. The catalyst immobilized on silica gel demonstrated remarkably high catalytic activities and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) for the heterogeneous asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various ketones. Particularly, the catalyst could be readily recovered and reused in multiple consecutive catalytic runs (up to 10 uses) with the completely maintained enantioselectivity.     

表面含磷酸的介孔分子筛P-SBA-15的合成及其性能评价

采用后合成法，将磷酸固载在纯硅介孔分子筛SBA-15表面上。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）、氮气吸附 脱咐法（BET）分析方法表征催化剂的物理性能。结果表明，催化剂P-SBA-15在高温焙烧后保持了稳定的介孔分子筛SBA-15结构，该催化剂的比表面积和孔径分别为605.45m2/g和5.576nm（磷硅摩尔比5%）。选用十一碳烯酸与异丙醇的酯化反应对催化剂P-SBA-15的催化反应性能进行评价，同时与其他几种微孔沸石分子筛催化剂催化性能相比表明，磷酸改性的介孔分子筛P SBA 15是合成十一烯酸异丙酯较为理想的固体酸催化剂，考察了催化剂的稳定性。     

高度有序介孔氧化硅材料SBA-15：高浓度氨基官能化及氨基及氨基团的可利用性

采用简单的方法合成高浓度氨基修饰的高度有序氧化硅材料并深入研究氨基官能化材料的孔结构以及氨基的存在状态和可利用性。结果表明,氨基基团共价连接到SBA-15的孔表面,即使初始合成体系中的APTES（氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷）浓度高达30mol%时材料依然保持高度的有序性。合成体系中APTES浓度为20％的样品还保持良好的介孔结构,比表面积为680 m²·g^-1,孔容为0.89 cm³·g^-1,此介孔结构中的氨基官能团对镍离子表现出很强的亲和力,Ni²⁺的吸附量高达1.88 mmol·g^-1,相比之下未官能化的SBA-15对Ni²⁺没有吸附作用。当初始合成体系中APTES的浓度进一步增大到30％时,修饰到介孔氧化硅材料的氨基含量也随之增大,但由于材料的孔隙度急剧降低,这些氨基的可利用性也降低。     

A novel inorganic–organic nanohybrid material SBA-15@triazine/H<Subscript>5</Subscript>PW<Subscript>10</Subscript>V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>40</Subscript> as efficient catalyst for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of multisubstituted pyridines

A novel inorganic–organic nanohybrid material SBA-15@triazine/H₅PW₁₀V₂O₄₀ (SBA-15@ADMPT/H₅PW₁₀V₂O₄₀) was prepared and used as an efficient, eco-friendly, and highly recyclable catalyst for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of multisubstituted pyridines from the reaction of aldehydes, cyclic ketones, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate with good to excellent yields (77–97%). The nanohybrid catalyst was prepared by the chemical anchoring of Keggin heteropolyacid H₅PW₁₀V₂O₄₀ onto the surface of SBA-15 mesoporous silica modified with 2-APTS -4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (ADMPT) linker. Standard characterization data such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, EDX, and DTA-TGA spectroscopy confirmed that the heteropolyacid H₅PW₁₀V₂O₄₀ is well dispersed on the surface of the solid support and its structure is preserved after immobilization on the SBA-15 mesoporous silica modified with ADMPT. Furthermore, the nanocatalyst can be recovered easily and reused five times without considerable loss of catalytic activity. In general, these advantages highlight this protocol as an attractive and useful methodology, among the other methods reported in the literature, for the eco-friendly and rapid synthesis of biologically active multisubstituted pyridines.     

Nanoscale organization of thiol and arylsulfonic acid on silica leads to a highly active and selective bifunctional, heterogeneous catalyst

Ordered mesoporous silicas functionalized with alkylsulfonic acid and thiol group pairs have been shown to catalyze the synthesis of bisphenols from the condensation of phenol and various ketones, with activity and selectivity highly dependent on the distance between the acid and thiol. Here, a new route to thiol/sulfonic acid paired catalysts is reported. A bis-silane precursor molecule containing both a disulfide and a sulfonate ester bond is grafted onto the surface of ordered mesoporous silica, SBA-15, followed by simultaneous disulfide reduction and sulfonate ester hydrolysis. The resulting catalyst, containing organized pairs of arylsulfonic acid and thiol groups, is significantly more active than the alkylsulfonic acid/thiol paired catalyst in the synthesis of bisphenol A and Z, and this increase in activity does not lead to a loss of regioselectivity. The paired catalyst has activity similar to that of a randomly bifunctionalized arylsulfonic acid/thiol catalyst in the bisphenol A reaction but exhibits greater activity and selectivity than the randomly bifunctionalized catalyst in the bisphenol Z reaction.     

苯基磺酸官能化中孔硅基材料的制备及催化性能研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制得了苯基聚硅氧烷, 进一步磺化制备了苯基磺酸官能化的中孔硅基催化材料, 并通过BET, SEM和固体核磁技术对其进行了表征. BET结果表明, 该催化剂比表面积为722 m²/g, 平均孔径为9.06 nm, 孔容0.59 mL/g. ¹³C CPMAS NMR和²⁹Si CPMAS NMR表征显示磺酸基键合于苯环间位, 苯基以共价方式进入无机-有机杂化硅基材料的内部结构. 该固体酸的活性中心磺酸基在表面呈均匀分布, 在芳族羧酸和取代酚的直接酯化反应中表现出优异的催化性能.