流动注射分光光度系统中基本的折射率梯度响应与其浓度之间的关系

本文系统研究了氯化钠溶液作为样品基体时在流动注射分光光度系统中的折射率梯度的现象，揭示了基体分别在低浓度和高浓度时，其折射率梯度响应曲线随浓度的变化规律，初步探讨了响应机理。本文得出的结论有助于全面了解当样品中的不 深度，基体的５折射率梯度响应对焊品情况。     

薯果类维生素C的分光光度法测定

为探讨分光光度测定薯果中维生素C的方法，在待测样品中加草酸处理过滤后于490nm作分光光度测定。结果表明，经分光光度扫描，生成物脎的吸收峰值为488～492nm，温度是测定过程中的重要因素。此法可用于薯果的维生素C测定，较化学方法简便。     

傅里叶变换表面等离子体共振频率对金膜表面溶液折射率响应

采用新型傅里叶变换表面等离子体共振仪（FT-SPR）,测定了NaCl、KCl和乙醇3种水溶液在不同浓度下的SPR响应值,建立了SPR响应与溶液浓度和折射率之间的定量关系R=1.53×105(n -1.3333),测定了FT-SPR 100型仪器的折射率响应常数m=1.53×105,即液体折射率每变化0.000 1,FT-SPR响应值变化为15 cm-1。 其结果为用FT-SPR直接测定液体样品的折射率提供了可能。     

差示分光光度法测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑的含量

建立了测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑含量的差示分光光度法。分别用0．01mol／L盐酸溶液和蒸馏水溶解样品，制成相同浓度的样品溶液，以前者作参比液，后者作测定液，在波长321nm处，测定吸光度差值△A。甲硝唑的浓度在6～16μg／mE范围内与吸光度差值△A呈良好的线性关系，线性相关系数r=0．9998，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0．27％，平均回收率为99．7％。     

分光光度法测定微生物发酵液中D-核糖浓度及其机理

研究了发酵液中D-核糖的分光光度测定方法。根据分光光度测定D-核糖的原理，研究了发酵液中D-核糖的测定影响因素和规律。得出最佳的测定波长为670nm、加热时间为25min、氢离子浓度为8mol/L、D-核糖浓度在10-30mg/L范围内吸光度A与D-核糖浓度有线性关系，发酵液中的非葡萄糖成分的影响可忽略。葡萄糖对D-核糖的测定影响显著，通过实验得出其变化规律。建立了分光光度法测定微生物发酵液中D-核糖浓度测定的有效方法。     

饲料和鱼肝油丸中维生素A的分光光度测定

本文介绍了饲料和鱼肝油丸中维生素A经脱水处理后的分光光度测定法。维生素A在对甲苯磺酸的作用下脱水,其最大吸收波长从326.5 nm红移到397 nm;当维生素A浓度在0～9μg/mL时,397 nm处的吸光度正比于维生素A的浓度。本法灵敏度高,精密度好,线性范围宽,相关系数为0.999,不受共存的维生素E和D及其它杂质的干扰,操作简单。均匀样品的回收率为96.5～107.3%,变异系数为1.96～3.09%,适于复杂混合物中维生素A的测定。     

测定可见光区分光光度系组成的新方法

本文报道一种测定二元分光光度系组成的新方法,原理新颖,为作者首创,采用双波长分光光度技术消除显色产物的影响,直接测定与显色剂平衡浓度相对应的吸光度,通过简单的计算即可求得产物组成。     

梯度型聚合物光纤中折射率分布的洛仑兹函数模型应用

利用洛仑兹函数对梯度型聚合物光纤(棒)中折射率分布曲线进行模拟,建立折射率分布的洛仑兹函数模型.该模型只需掺杂物的初始浓度、分子体积和聚合温度3个基本参数.利用该模型对各种高折射率的掺杂物掺杂聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)制备的梯度型聚合物光纤中的折射率分布进行了预测,发现掺杂物的折射率比分子体积对折射率梯度的影响更大;惰性掺杂物中二苯硫(DPS)掺杂效率最高;共聚掺杂物中苯甲酸乙烯酯(VB)掺杂效率最高.     

分光光度法测定废酸液中的硼含量

研究了用姜黄素分光光度法测定工厂废酸液中的硼含量。用姜黄素草酸溶液作显色剂,在波长550nm处测得硼标准系列溶液的吸光度,吸光度与浓度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数R=0.9998。该方法应用于实际样品的测定,相对标准偏差RSD0.5%,结果令人满意。     

低吸光度差示分光光度法测定油品中的铁

将一新的低吸光度差示分光光度法用于油品中铁的测定并与普通分光光度法测定结果的精密度和准确度进行了比较。结果表明，对于低吸光度样品的测定，该法较普通分光光度法准确。同时，该法克服了以前低吸光度差示分光光度法中差示吸光度与样品含量不成线性关系的不足。     

Measuring the transverse concentration gradient between adjacent laminar flows in a microfluidic device by a laser-based refractive index gradient detector

A detection scheme that probes the refractive index gradient (RIG) between adjacent laminar flows in microfluidic devices has been developed and evaluated. The behavior of low Reynolds number flows has been well documented and shows that molecular transport (mixing) between adjacent laminar flows occurs by molecular diffusion between the flow boundaries. A diode laser has been used to probe the transverse concentration gradient at a selected position along a microchannel. The concentration gradient is affected by the transverse diffusion from a flow with analyte into a flow initially without analyte. To optimize sensitivity, the RIG is probed at a position in which molecular diffusion across the boundary of the two flows has been minimal, i.e. just after the flow initially without analyte merges with the flow initially containing the analyte at a given concentration. The RIG formed causes the laser beam, impinging orthogonal to the RIG through the microchannel, to be deflected. The angle of deflection is then monitored on a position sensitive detector (PSD). Currently, this detection scheme is demonstrated to provide quantitative detection of sucrose, as a test analyte, with a concentration limit of detection (LOD) of 96 ppm (w/v) or 280 muM, corresponding to 1.3x10(-5) DeltaRI units using 3sigma baseline noise. A dynamic range of 96 ppm to 50% sucrose is obtained. This detection method provides universal detection selectivity for microfluidic analysis systems that are becoming increasingly useful in monitoring chemical systems, particularly for the polymer, pharmaceutical and life sciences fields. For a larger molecular weight analyte with a smaller diffusion coefficient, lower concentration and RI LODs were achieved since detection sensitivity is a function of analyte diffusion. For example, for the polymer poly (ethylene glycol) with a molar mass of 11 840 g mol(-1), the LOD was experimentally determined to be 56 ppm (4.7 muM), equivalent to a RI LOD of 4.5x10(-6) DeltaRI (3sigma). The detection limit for proteins was also found to be favorable. For example, with the current configuration, ribonuclease A (RNAse) had a LOD of 46 ppm (3.4 muM), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) had a LOD of 54 ppm (780 nM).     

Diffusion coefficient measurement in a microfluidic analyzer using dual-beam microscale-refractive index gradient detection. Application to on-chip molecular size determination

We report a microchip-based detection scheme to determine the diffusion coefficient and molecular mass (to the extent correlated to molecular size) of analytes of interest. The device works by simultaneously measuring the refractive index gradient (RIG) between adjacent laminar flows at two different positions along a microchannel. The device, referred to as a microscale molecular mass sensor (micro-MMS), takes advantage of laminar flow conditions where the mixing of two streams occurs essentially by diffusion across the boundary between the two streams. Two flows merge on the microchip, one containing solvent only, referred to as the mobile phase stream and one which contains the analyte(s) of interest in the solvent, i.e. the sample stream. As these two streams merge and flow parallel to each other down the microchannel a RIG is created by the concentration gradient. The RIG is further influenced by analyte diffusion from the sample stream into the mobile phase stream. Measuring the RIG at a position close to the merging point (upstream signal) and simultaneously a selected distance further down the microchannel (downstream signal) provides real-time data related to the extent a given analyte has diffused, which can be readily correlated to analyte molecular mass by taking the ratio of the downstream-to-upstream signals. For the dual-beam RIG measurements, a diode laser output is coupled to a single mode fiber optic splitter with two output fibers. Light from each fiber passes through a graded refractive index (GRIN) lens forming a collimated beam that then passes through the microchannel and then on to a position sensitive detector (PSD). The RIG at both detection positions deflects the two collimated probe beams. The deflection angle of each beam is then measured on two separate PSDs. The micro-MMS was evaluated using polyethylene glycols (PEGs), sugars, and as a detector for size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Peak purity can be readily identified using the micro-MMS with SEC. The limit of detection was 0.9 ppm (PEG at 11 840 g/mol) at the upstream detection position corresponding to a RI limit of detection (LOD) (3sigma) of 7-10(-8) RI. The pathlength for the RIG measurement was 200 microm and the angular LOD was 0.23 micro(rad) with a detection volume of 8 nl at both positions. The average molecular mass resolution was 9% (relative standard deviation) for a series of PEGs ranging in molecular mass from 106 to 22 800 g/mol. With this excellent mass resolution, small molecules such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and so on, are readily distinguished. The sensor is demonstrated to readily determine unknown diffusion coefficients.     

流动注射—氢化物生成—石墨炉原子吸收法测定砷,锑,铋

本文首次将流动注射、氢化物生成和石墨炉原子吸收联机操作,成功地测定了砷、锑、铋,检出限为pg级。     

流动注射-电感耦合等离子体质谱法的基体效应

研究了流动注射小体积进样,电感耦合等离子体质谱法的在体效应,并与连续进样作了比较,流动注射小体积（１００μＬ）进样时,电离电位较高的Ａｓ和Ａｕ基体对分析元素的信号表现为增强效应,分析元素的质量数越大,所受增强效应越小。了电位较低的Ｃｕ、Ｉｎ、Ｌｉ、Ｎａ和Ｐｂ基体对分析元素的信号则表为抑制效应,基体元素的质量数越大,对分析元素的抑制效应也越大;质量数较大的分析元素,所受的抑制效应较;对质量数相近的分析元素,电离电位较高者受的抑制较大,与连续进样相比,流动注射小体积进样时,基体元素对分析元素的抑制效应较弱,而增强效应较强。     

Determination of 0.1 to 1000 μ g/ml cadmium in a hydrometallurgical zinc refining process stream by a flow injection technique with computer controlled injection method

A computer-controlled flow injection system was developed for the determination of cadmium in a hydrometallurgical zinc refining process stream. An anion-exchange method in acidic potassium iodide medium was used for the on-line separation of cadmium from the matrix zinc. 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-3-(4-phenylazophenyl)triazene (Cadion) was used as the chromogenic reagent for the spectrophotometric detection of cadmium. In order to expand the dynamic range of the flow injection - spectrophotometry, a computer-aided time-based variable-volume injection method has been employed for the introduction of the sample into the flow injection system. Samples ranging from 0.56 to 350 microl can be delivered by controlling the time period of the sample introduction valve and the flow rate of the carrier solution. The system permits a throughput of 5 samples per hour. The reproducibility has been proven to be satisfactory with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.2% (sample injected: 0.56 microl of 850 microg Cd/ml; n=100) and 5.0% (350 microl of 0.14 microg Cd/ml; n=5). The determination limit was 20 microg Cd/ml with 0.56 microl sample injection and 0.05 microg Cd/ml with 350 microl sample injection (the absolute amount of cadmium injected into the system was 11 ng and 17.5 ng, respectively).     

Rapid determination of gold in geological samples using flow injection solid-phase chemiluminescence.

The solid-phase chemiluminescence analysis of gold on the surface of an anion-exchange resin was studied. A method for the fast determination of gold using flow injection was established. The anion-exchange resin was used as an adsorbent of gold ion in the form of AuCl4-. The cation-exchange resin was used for the on-line separation of cations in the matrix. To obtain the best results, the preconcentration and separation conditions, chemiluminescence conditions, interfering ions and their elimination conditions were optimized. The linear range of the calibration curve of AuCl4- is from 0 microg ml(-1) to 5.00 microg ml(-1). The detection limit of AuCl4- is 0.012 microg ml(-1). The method has been used for the determination of gold in geological samples (standard ores). The results are in agreement with certified value of gold standard samples with relative standard deviation from 2.22% to 8.97%. Through the use of flow injection, the preconcentration and separation can be performed automatically.     

Flow injection method for the rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand based on microwave digestion and chromium speciation in flame atomic absorption spectrometry

The present paper describes a new flow injection method for the determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). This method consists of a first digestion step, where the sample is heated by microwave radiation, a second one where an anionic exchange resin retains the Cr(VI) that has not been reduced by the organic matter of the sample and a third one where Cr(VI), after being eluted, is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The microwave power applied, the sulphuric acid concentration, the liquid flow in the digestion step and the sample volume were the variables studied. The recovery and precision obtained with this method are similar to those obtained using a standard semi-micro method, whereas the throughput is much higher (up to 50 determinations per hour). As regards sensitivity, by changing the sample loop volume and the concentration of dichromate, one can analyze samples with Chemical Oxygen Demand values between 25 and 5000 mg/l. The limit of detection is about 7 mg/l COD. An interesting feature of the new method, which is not shared by most other flow injection methods of Chemical Oxygen Demand determination, is that there is no matrix effect in the determination step.     

On‐line synergistic stacking in capillary zone electrophoresis featuring field‐amplified sample stacking and micelle to cyclodextrin stacking in the determination of two alkaloids in complicated matrix samples

A novel on‐line synergistic proconcentration strategy coupling field‐amplified sample stacking and micelle to cyclodextrin stacking for cationic analytes in capillary zone electrophoresis has been proposed and applied for the separation and determination of two alkaloids, matrine, and oxymatrine in complicated matrix samples. The approach was performed by the long injection of sample in a low‐conductivity sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate solution followed by the injection of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin solution in higher conductivity. The stacking mechanism of this method has been expounded and parameters affecting stacking effect have been optimized in our study. Under the optimum experimental conditions, 169‐ and 218‐fold sensitivity improvements were achieved for matrine and oxymatrine when compared with normal injection. Analytical indicators including linearity, limits of detection, and reproducibility (intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations) were evaluated. Moreover, sample matrix effect was studied using compound flavescent sophora and salicylic acid powder and spiked urine samples. The developed method is an attempt for the combination of micelle to cyclodextrin stacking with other stacking methods. It could be a good alternative choice for the determination of alkaloids in a complex sample matrix.     

Effect of the injection velocity on the spatial localization of the mixture dissipation in a flow microcalorimeter

Summary The effect of the injection velocity in the chemical calibration of a flow microcalorimeter is studied in this article. The experimental measures show a parabolic variation of the sensitivity in terms of the injection flow. The considered hypothesis is that the maximum of the sensitivity curve is produced when the spatial area in which the mixture dissipation takes place is centred with regard to the detector system. When increasing the injection flow, this mixture zone moves till it goes out of the detection area making the sensitivity diminish. It has been defined a time constant _mix which is related to the establishment time of the homogeneous mixture and with the length occupied by the mixture dissipation. A study has been carried out with three liquid mixtures that have different behaviours; within these mixtures, _mix has been determined in terms of the injection flow and the considered hypothesis has been confirmed.     

Determination of heavy metal ions by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection after field-amplified sample injection.

A method has been developed for determining of heavy metal ions by field-amplified sample injection capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. The effects of the 2-N-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid/histidine (MES/His) concentration in the sample matrix, the injection time and organic additives on the enrichment factor were studied. The results showed that MES/His with a low concentration in the sample matrix, an increase of the injection time and the addition of acetonitrile improved the enrichment factor. Four heavy metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) were dissolved in deionized water, separated in a 10 mM MES/His running buffer at pH 4.9 and detected by contactless conductivity detection. The detection sensitivity was enhanced by about three orders of magnitude with respect to the non-stacking injection mode. The limits of detection were in the range from 5 nM (Zn2+) to 30 nM (Cu2+). The method has been used to determine heavy metal ions in tap water.