烯烃裂解中分子筛催化剂的稳定性研究进展

低碳烯烃催化裂解增产丙烯是一项新技术,高水热稳定催化剂的研究和开发是关键技术之一,硅酸铝分子筛催化剂因具有相对较好的稳定性而得到了广泛研究. 本文总结了HY, HZSM-5和 MCM-22等微孔、介孔以及具有微-介孔复合结构的新型分子筛在烯烃催化裂解反应中的稳定性,特别是水热稳定性方面的研究进展,归纳了提高酸性分子筛催化剂水热稳定性的方法,比较了不同方法制得分子筛的催化裂解性能,对高稳定性催化剂在实际应用中的问题和前景进行了探讨,为研发新一代低碳烯烃裂解催化剂提供参考.     

H-SAPO-18催化甲醇制烯烃反应机理:第一性原理计算研究

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯等)是重要的基本有机原料, 一般通过蒸汽裂解或催化裂解生成得到.基于中国的资源结构特点, 发展非石油资源路线合成低碳烯烃具有重要的战略意义. 其中从煤、天然气等资源出发, 通过甲醇合成低碳烯烃就提供了这样一条可替代的路线. 因此分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应在过去几十年获得了广泛的关注和研究. 为了获得高的产物选择性, 一般要求MTO分子筛催化材料具有较小的孔道结构以及合适的笼结构, H-SAPO-34和H-SAPO-18分子筛就具有这样的空间结构特点. 但是MTO催化反应产物分布多样复杂, 因此需要深入认识MTO催化反应机理, 从而优化设计分子筛结构和反应条件.目前已经形成的共识认为, MTO催化反应沿着烃池反应机理进行, 但是烃池活性中心的结构还存在很多争议. 我们曾系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛中多甲基苯的分布, 以及催化MTO反应的芳烃循环路线, 指出多甲基苯路线的总吉布斯自由能垒高于200 kJ/mol (673 K). 本文以四甲基乙烯(TME)作为代表性的烯烃烃池活性中心, 系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛催化MTO反应的烯烃循环路线. TME循环路线的总吉布斯自由能垒不大于150 kJ/mol, 远小于芳烃循环的总能垒. 因此, 烯烃本身有很大可能是H-SAPO-18催化MTO反应的烃池活性中心. 我们也指出了芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线的相似性, 这包括基元反应的相似性和中间体结构的相似性. 或者可以说, 芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线机理上没有区别, 关键是为了得到具有烷基(侧)链的裂解前驱体, 最后通过裂解生成低碳烯烃. 在烯烃循环路线中, 产物选择性与裂解前驱体(高碳烯烃、碳正离子等)的分布以及裂解动力学有关. 计算发现生成乙烯和丙烯的裂解基元反应能垒与裂解前驱体的碳数之间存在线性关系. 本文进一步强调了分子筛催化MTO反应中烯烃活性中心的重要性, 并且清楚指出了烯烃循环和芳烃循环的机理相似性.     

H-SAPO-18催化甲醇制烯烃反应机理:第一性原理计算研究（英文）

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯等)是重要的基本有机原料,一般通过蒸汽裂解或催化裂解生成得到。基于中国的资源结构特点,发展非石油资源路线合成低碳烯烃具有重要的战略意义.其中从煤、天然气等资源出发,通过甲醇合成低碳烯烃就提供了这样一条可替代的路线.因此分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应在过去几十年获得了广泛的关注和研究.为了获得高的产物选择性,一般要求MTO分子筛催化材料具有较小的孔道结构以及合适的笼结构,H-SAPO-34和H-SAPO-18分子筛就具有这样的空间结构特点.但是MTO催化反应产物分布多样复杂,因此需要深入认识MTO催化反应机理,从而优化设计分子筛结构和反应条件.目前已经形成的共识认为,MTO催化反应沿着烃池反应机理进行,但是烃池活性中心的结构还存在很多争议.我们曾系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛中多甲基苯的分布,以及催化MTO反应的芳烃循环路线,指出多甲基苯路线的总吉布斯自由能垒高于200 k J/mol(673 K).本文以四甲基乙烯(TME)作为代表性的烯烃烃池活性中心,系统研究了H-SAPO-18分子筛催化MTO反应的烯烃循环路线.TME循环路线的总吉布斯自由能垒不大于150 k J/mol,远小于芳烃循环的总能垒.因此,烯烃本身有很大可能是H-SAPO-18催化MTO反应的烃池活性中心.我们也指出了芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线的相似性,这包括基元反应的相似性和中间体结构的相似性.或者可以说,芳烃循环和烯烃循环路线机理上没有区别,关键是为了得到具有烷基(侧)链的裂解前驱体,最后通过裂解生成低碳烯烃.在烯烃循环路线中,产物选择性与裂解前驱体(高碳烯烃、碳正离子等)的分布以及裂解动力学有关.计算发现生成乙烯和丙烯的裂解基元反应能垒与裂解前驱体的碳数之间存在线性关系.本文进一步强调了分子筛催化MTO反应中烯烃活性中心的重要性,并且清楚指出了烯烃循环和芳烃循环的机理相似性.     

烃类催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂

在探索替代传统的蒸气热裂解制取低碳烯烃的诸多研究中,烃类催化裂解制低碳烯烃是最具有发展前景的方法之一,其中研究和开发具备良好催化性能的催化剂是该项技术的关键。本文综述了近年来烃类催化裂解制低碳烯烃的催化剂体系,包括分子筛催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂和复合催化剂;比较了各类催化剂的特点并对其今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

FCC汽油催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的研究

利用小型固定流化床实验装置研究了催化裂化（FCC）汽油在专门开发的多产低碳烯烃催化剂上的裂解性能。研究表明,反应温度对原料转化率、总低碳烯烃产率的影响最大,剂油比和水油比对低碳烯烃的产率影响较小,而随着重时空速的增大,总低碳烯烃产率略有降低;确定了FCC汽油催化裂解制低碳烯烃的实验室最优反应条件,即反应温度、剂油比、重时空速和水油比分别为660℃、12、15h^-1和0.8。根据反应条件与裂解产物的关系提出了催化裂解反应深度函数,并建立裂解产物产率与催化裂解反应深度函数之间的关联模型。随催化裂解反应深度函数的增加,乙烯产率持续增加,而丙烯和丁烯产率出现最大值,利用此模型可以对产物产率进行预测。     

改性H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷催化转化制低碳烯烃

比较了几种典型的沸石分子筛在氯甲烷转化制乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等低碳烯烃反应中的催化性能, 发现H-ZSM-34具有较佳的催化活性和选择性. 经乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂H₂EDTA)水溶液处理, 并经离子交换及焙烧后, H-ZSM-34上氯甲烷转化制低碳烯烃的催化性能显著改善. 当Na₂H₂EDTA浓度为0.1 mol/L, 反应温度为673 K, CH₃Cl分压9.2 kPa时, C₂-C₄烯烃选择性和收率分别达82%和61%. 研究还发现, Ce修饰H-ZSM-34催化剂同样可改善氯甲烷制低碳烯烃的选择性和收率. 表征结果表明, Na₂H₂EDTA处理和Ce修饰均降低了H-ZSM-34的酸性. 酸性的降低可抑制低碳烯烃的氢转移反应, 继而避免了其进一步转化为低碳烷烃.     

甲醇／丙烷在ZSM－5分子筛上偶合转化过程的研究

考察了甲醇／低碳烷烃在ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上偶合转化为芳烃和低碳烯烃的反应过程。对特定的催化体系，存在一最佳原料配比，使反应的热效应近似为零。偶合转化时甲醇完全转化，低碳烷烃的转化率低；不同催化剂上偶合转化产物分布差别极大，与ＨＺＳＭ－５相比，Ｇａ改性后可获得较高的芳烃和低碳烯烃收率。     

甲醇／丙烷在ZSM—5分子筛上偶合转化过程的研究

考察了甲醇／低碳烷烃在ＺＳＭ－５分子筛上偶合转化为芳烃和低碳烯烃的反应过程。对特定的催化体系，存在一最佳原料配比，使反应的热效应近似为零。偶合转化时甲醇完全转化，低碳烷烃的转化率低；不同催化剂上偶合转化产物分布差别极大，与ＨＺＳＭ－５相比，Ｇａ改性后可获得较高的芳烃和低碳烯烃收率。     

Al-MCM-48中Al含量对高密度聚乙烯催化裂解的影响

本文用常温合成方法合成了不同硅铝比的Al-MCM-48,并研究了硅铝比不同对Al-MCM-48催化裂解高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的影响.发现Al-MCM-48存在的催化裂解可以提高HDPE的转化率和液体收率;硅铝比的变化对转化率和液体收率有较明显的影响,转化率和液体收率随硅铝比的增加而增加,当硅铝比达到100时达最大值,然后液体收率和转化率开始逐步下降;液体产物中的烯烃的含量随硅铝比的增加而增加;重复实验表明Al-MCM-48具有较好的稳定性,不易结焦.     

正庚烷在HZSM-5催化剂上的催化裂解行为

以正庚烷为轻质直馏石脑油中烷烃的模型化合物,研究了它在HZSM-5催化剂上的裂解反应,并与1-庚烯裂解反应进行了对比,考察了水热处理和载体性质对裂解反应的影响.结果表明:正庚烷裂解产物中的氢气、甲烷和乙烷等小分子烷烃的含量远高于1-庚烯裂解的情况,推测主要由烷烃独特的单分子裂解路径造成,并且液化气(LPG)中丙烯、丁烯等低碳烯烃含量低;催化剂经水热处理后,酸量急剧减少,并且强B酸(Bronsted acid)的相对含量减少,导致催化剂的活性显著降低,氢转移反应减少,裂化气中烯烃度显著提高.同时,产物中C3/C4的摩尔比降低,推测裂解反应中单分子路径的几率减少.载体对于正庚烷的裂解反应行为也有较大的影响,载体中L酸(Lewis acid)的存在,对于正庚烷的转化有促进作用,提高了双分子裂解路径在初始反应中所占的比例.总体来说,与烯烃分子相比,烷烃具有较低的反应活性和烯烃选择性,因此对于在分子筛类催化剂上的催化裂解反应以生产低碳烯烃来说,并不是一种理想的原料.     

Experimental and kinetic study of catalytic cracking of heavy fuel oil over E-CAT/MCM-41 catalyst

The catalytic cracking of heavy fuel oil was investigated over the equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (E-Cat) as a base component with the mesoporous MCM-41 as an additive. The catalytic performance of the E-Cat/MCM-41 system was assessed in a fixed-bed MAT unit. The reaction was performed at temperatures of 500, 530, 550 and 600°C and the product distributions in both gaseous and liquid phases were studied. The yields of products including light olefins, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, dry gas, coke and also the conversions obtained over different temperatures were reported and some generalities discussed. The maximum yield of propylene (17.5%) was obtained at 550°C whereas the highest conversion and gasoline yield was gained at 530°C. An eight-lump kinetic model containing 11 kinetic parameters was considered. Those parameters were estimated based on experimental data at specific temperatures by fourth order Runge–Kutta algorithm and the least square method. In addition, Arrhenius equation was used to calculate apparent activation energies. The calculated data of the product yields were in a close agreement with the experimental data.     

FCC轻汽油催化裂化生产丙烯反应规律的研究

在提升管实验装置和脉冲色谱装置上，采用ZSM-5催化剂，考察了不同条件下FCC轻汽油和2M1C5＝的裂化。结果表明,催化裂化过程添加ZSM 5催化剂可提高汽油中C5＝、C6＝的质量分数。轻汽油裂化生产丙烯的性能优于重汽油和全馏分汽油，在相对低的温度下瞬时反应能得到较高的丙烯收率。在脉冲色谱装置上，反应温度和载气流量对轻汽油和2M1C5＝裂化生产丙烯的影响一致，即反应温度升高，载气流量降低，丙烯收率增加。提高反应温度，延长停留时间可以提高丙烯对丁烯的比例。轻汽油在ZSM-5催化剂上反应，催化剂结焦失活速度开始较快，后来减缓。ZSM-5催化剂结焦失活对丙烯生成的抑制作用大于对丁烯的抑制作用，ZSM-5的强酸中心多则更有利于生成丙烯。     

Production of Low-carbon Light Olefins from Catalytic Cracking of Crude Bio-oil

Low-carbon light olefins are the basic feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Catalytic cracking of crude bio-oil and its model compounds (including methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and phenol) to light olefins were performed by using the La/HZSM-5 catalyst. The highest olefins yield from crude bio-oil reached 0.19 kg/(kg crude bio-oil). The reaction conditions including temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and addition of La into the HZSM-5 zeolite can be used to control both olefins yield and selectivity. Moderate adjusting the acidity with a suitable ratio between the strong acid and weak acid sites through adding La to the zeolite effectively enhanced the olefins selectivity and improved the catalyst stability. The production of light olefins from crude bio-oil is closely associated with the chemical composition and hydrogen to carbon effective ratios of feedstock. The comparison between the catalytic cracking and pyrolysis of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the bio-oil conversion to light olefins was also discussed.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue on a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for the production of light olefins

Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins. The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%. The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%, and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature. The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil, respectively. The optimal reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃, 15 and 0.75, respectively.     

采用Pd／树脂催化剂的轻汽油临氢醚化反应研究

研究了催化裂化轻汽油临氢醚化工艺,以降低催化裂化汽油的烯烃含量并提高辛烷值,制备了Pd负载D005阳离子交换树脂催化剂,该催化剂具有同时催化二烯烃选择性加氢和步碳烃与甲醇醚化的功能。考察了遗金属负载量和反应择醚收率的影响,在反应温度343K、压力1．5Mpa,n（甲醇）/ n(叔碳烯烃）比＝1．1、n（氢）／n（二烯）比＝2、液时空速3/h的条件下,醚收率达55．32％。2016h的寿命试验表明,该催化剂活性稳定,可以长周期使用。     

Effects of Calcination Temperature on the Acidity and Catalytic Performances of HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalysts for the Catalytic Cracking of n-Butane

The acidic modulations of a series of HZSM-5 catalysts were successfully made by calcination at different treatment temperatures, i.e. 500, 600, 650, 700 and 800 ℃, respectively. The results indicated that the total acid amounts, their density and the amount of B-type acid of HZSM-5 catalysts rapidly decreased, while the amounts of L-type acid had almost no change and thus the ratio of L/B was obviously enhanced with the increase of calcination temperature (excluding 800 ℃). The catalytic performances of modified HZSM-5 catalysts for the cracking of n-butane were also investigated. The main properties of these catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, N2 adsorption at low temperature, NH3-TPD, FTIR of pyridine adsorption and BET surface area measurements. The results showed that HZSM-5 zeolite pretreated at 800 ℃ had very low catalytic activity for n-butane cracking. In the calcination temperature range of 500-700 ℃, the total selectivity to olefins, propylene and butene were increased with the increase of calcination temperature, while, the selectivity for arene decreased with the calcination temperature.The HZSM-5 zeolite calcined at 700 ℃ produced light olefins with high yield, at the reaction temperature of 650 ℃ the yields of total olefins and ethylene were 52.8% and 29.4%, respectively. Besides, the more important role is that high calcination temperature treatment improved the duration stability of HZSM-5zeolites. The effect of calcination temperature on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of HZSM-5 for cracking of n-butane was explored. It was found that the calcination temperature had large effects on the surface area, crystallinity and acid properties of HZSM-5 catalyst, which further affected the catalytic performance for n-butane cracking.     

Catalytic cracking of C<Subscript>5</Subscript> raffinate to light olefins over NaOH-treated ZSM-5

A series of ZSM-5 catalysts (ZSM-5 (X)) treated with different NaOH concentration (X = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 M) were prepared for use in the production of light olefins (ethylene and propylene) through catalytic cracking of C₅ raffinate. The effect of NaOH concentration on their physicochemical properties and catalytic activity was investigated. It was found that textural and physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 (X) catalysts were strongly influenced by the NaOH concentration. Mesopore volume of ZSM-5 (X) catalysts increased with increasing NaOH concentration, while acidity of the catalysts decreased with increasing NaOH concentration. Conversion of C₅ raffinate and yield for light olefins (ethylene and propylene) showed the volcano-shaped curves with respect to NaOH concentration (X). This implies that NaOH treatment of ZSM-5 was an efficient method to produce light olefins through catalytic cracking C₅ raffinate, and that optimal NaOH concentration was required for maximum production of light olefins. Among the catalysts tested, ZSM-5 (0.05) catalyst showed the best catalytic performance due to its favorable porosity and acidity.     

C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进展

从催化剂类型、裂解工艺、催化裂解的影响因素和裂解机理4个方面对国内外C4／C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进行了综述。催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂主要采用ZSM-5分子筛系列催化剂，在此基础上发展了酸改性或水热改性高硅ZSM系列分子筛及介孔MCM41分子筛。总结了国内外C4／C5烃的裂解工艺，认为影响催化裂解的主要因素是裂解原料、催化剂类型及工艺条件。目前，裂解机理主要是自由基与碳正离子机理相结合的机理。并简述了本课题组目前有关C4烷烃催化裂解的主要研究进展。     

C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进展

从催化剂类型、裂解工艺、催化裂解的影响因素和裂解机理4个方面对国内外C4/C5烃催化裂解制低碳烯烃的研究进行了综述。催化裂解制低碳烯烃催化剂主要采用ZSM-5分子筛系列催化剂,在此基础上发展了酸改性或水热改性高硅ZSM系列分子筛及介孔MCM-41分子筛。总结了国内外C4/C5烃的裂解工艺,认为影响催化裂解的主要因素是裂解原料、催化剂类型及工艺条件。目前,裂解机理主要是自由基与碳正离子机理相结合的机理。并简述了本课题组目前有关C4烷烃催化裂解的主要研究进展。