固定化酶微反应器的制备及应用

固定化酶微反应器是将生物分子固定技术与生化微反应相结合制备的一种固定化催化装置。这种微型化的反应系统由于兼具固定化酶的特异性催化、可重复利用及微分析的低消耗、易分离等优点,在生命科学如蛋白质组学、酶抑制剂的筛选、生物催化等领域具有非常重要的作用。固定化酶微反应器的性能与其制作方法关系密切。本文着重从酶与固定化载体结合方式的角度,对近年来固定化酶微反应器的各种制备方法和应用进行了较为详细的评述。重点讨论了各种方法的优缺点和最新的发展情况,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

微通道反应器内"就地"合成沸石膜催化层及其性能

采用简单、新颖的沸石粒子引入方法,将NaX沸石晶种引入不锈钢微反应器的微通道内,并用流动法"就地"直接在微通道内通过沸石生长形成NaX沸石膜层,经铯离子交换处理成为CsNaX催化层,用苯甲醛和氰基乙酸乙酯的Knoevenagel缩合反应评价了该催化层的催化性能.结果表明,微通道内形成的沸石膜层连续,均匀,具有良好的催化功能.微反应器内缩合反应的结果明显优于传统反应器.     

固定化多酶级联反应器

多酶级联反应在生命活动过程中发挥着重要作用。固定化多酶级联反应器是将不同功能的酶通过物理化学或生物手段固定于特定载体上,以之模拟生物体内多种酶协同作用方式促使底物发生降解和转化等反应的新型仿生催化技术。该技术具有固定化酶的稳定性、可重复利用以及酶级联的高效协同催化等优点,近年来在生物传感、模拟生物学以及生物转化等领域得到越来越多的关注。本文从多酶级联反应原理、反应器制备、级联反应的影响因素及应用等方面对近年来固定化多酶级联反应器的进展进行详细评述,并展望其发展前景。     

基于聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3纳米颗粒的纤维素酶固定化

以聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3磁性纳米颗粒为纤维素酶固定化载体, 通过反复冻融的方法成功地实现了纤维素酶固定化. 采用透射电镜、红外光谱仪、振动样品磁强度计对固定化酶复合体进行了表征, 结果显示, 固定化酶复合体为大小约1 μm的微凝胶团, 内含10 nm左右的Fe2O3纳米颗粒. 研究影响固定化因素后发现, 当pH为6, 固定化时间为11 h, 纤维素酶/PVA质量比为4, PVA/Fe质量比为50时, 固定化纤维素酶效果最好. 通过该方法固定后酶活回收率达42%, 酶水解效率显著提高, 经过5次反应后的固定化酶相对酶活力保留50%以上. 因此, 基于聚乙烯醇/Fe2O3纳米颗粒的纤维素酶固定有利于酶的循环使用并显著提高酶的使用效率, 是一种有效固定化纤维素酶的新方法.     

纳米通道内酶组装及其催化反应研究进展

研究酶的组装和催化反应不仅有利于探索生命活动的本质,同时对开发酶在工业合成、分析检测、疾病治疗等领域的实际应用价值具有重要的指导意义. 研究发现,酶的有效固定和有序组装是保持酶活性、酶促反应的稳定性和对酶催化过程进行控制的重要途径,而在纳米通道内进行单酶或多酶的有序组装,利用纳米通道的限域效应可有效保持酶的构型进而提高酶催化反应的选择性和催化效率,增强酶级联反应的动力学进程. 本文概述了近年来基于纳米通道的酶反应器在生物传感领域的研究进展,着重描述纳米通道限域空腔内酶的组装方法、酶催化反应及其动力学机制,并展望了基于纳米通道的酶反应器的应用前景.     

MnO_2纳米粒子固载纤维素酶用于高效水解农业废弃物制备生物乙醇（英文）

纤维素酶是一种有效的纤维质类物质水解催化剂,工业应用时可通过固定化纤维素酶来降低其成本.本文将烟曲霉原变种JCF产生的纤维素酶固定在Mn O2纳米颗粒上.MnO2可提高纤维素酶的活性,并充当一个更好的载体.采用扫描电镜表征了所制MnO2纳米粒子及其负载纤维素酶的表面性质,以傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了固定在MnO2纳米粒子上纤维素酶的官能团性质.纤维素酶在MnO2纳米粒子上最大的固定化效率为75%.考察了固定化纤维素酶的活性、操作pH值、温度、热稳定性和重复使用性等性质.结果表明,所制固定化酶的稳定性比游离酶更高.固定于MnO2纳米粒子上的纤维素酶可用于纤维质类物质的水解反应,且能在较宽的温度和pH值范围内使用.表征结果证实了该催化剂具有非常高的催化纤维素类物质水解的活性.     

羧基功能化Fe3O4固定化酶反应器的构筑及性能研究

对固定化酶的载体进行功能化修饰,通过改善载体和酶的界面连接可使酶分子在载体表面形成高度有序的二维排列,从而提高酶的催化活性和操作稳定性.用柠檬酸修饰的Fe₃O₄磁性纳米粒子(CA-Fe₃O₄)易于磁性分离且表面富含羧基,可作为一种优良载体通过吸附法固定化氯过氧化物酶(CPO)构筑CPO@CA-Fe₃O₄酶反应器、共固定化CPO和葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx)构筑GOx&CPO@CA-Fe₃O₄级联酶反应器.将酶反应器应用于催化氧化结晶紫染料的脱色时,两种酶反应器均显示出良好的催化活性、对底物的亲和性与专一性、热稳定性,在实际水样中也有良好的应用效果.与CPO@CA-Fe₃O₄相比, GOx&CPO@CA-Fe₃O₄酶反应器因级联反应中H₂O₂的原位产生而表现出更优异的催化性能...     

基于多级孔金属有机骨架构筑HRP固定化酶反应器及其染料降解应用

以不稳定的Cu-金属有机骨架(Cu-MOF)为模板剂, 利用自组装模板法制备多级孔Zr-MOF, 再通过物理吸附法在多级孔Zr-MOF的介孔孔道中负载辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)构筑了HRP@Zr-MOF固定化酶反应器. 通过改变孔径调节剂苯甲酸(HBC)的浓度调控孔径大小, 研究了孔径对固定化酶反应器催化活性的影响; 考察了固定化体系缓冲溶液pH值、 固定化时间及温度对固定效果的影响. 以HRP催化降解结晶紫染料为模型反应, 探讨了HRP@Zr-MOF的操作稳定性和重复使用性. 结果表明, pH=3.0、 固定化时间为60 min、 固定化温度为30 ℃是固定化HRP的最佳条件, 固载量最高可达61.6 mg/g. 与游离酶相比, HRP@Zr-MOF固定化酶反应器表现出更好的热稳定性、 酸碱稳定性、 H₂O₂稳定性和储存稳定性; 重复使用10次后, HRP@Zr-MOF的催化活性仍能保持62.3%. 将HRP@Zr-MOF应用于实际水样中结晶紫染料的催化降解, 在5 min内降解率高达90%以上, 表现出非常高效的催化效率.     

醋酸纤维素膜固定化脲酶的研究

酶固定膜反应器兼具有反应和分离两种功能,是酶工程领域中较活跃的研究课题.随着酶固定化技术和水平的提高,各种固定化酶生物反应器不断涌现,其中以采用固定化脲酶技术制作的人工肾最为成功.     

MnO2纳米粒子固载纤维素酶用于高效水解农业废弃物制备生物乙醇

纤维素酶是一种有效的纤维质类物质水解催化剂,工业应用时可通过固定化纤维素酶来降低其成本。本文将烟曲霉原变种JCF产生的纤维素酶固定在MnO2纳米颗粒上。 MnO2可提高纤维素酶的活性,并充当一个更好的载体。采用扫描电镜表征了所制MnO2纳米粒子及其负载纤维素酶的表面性质,以傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了固定在MnO2纳米粒子上纤维素酶的官能团性质。纤维素酶在MnO2纳米粒子上最大的固定化效率为75%。考察了固定化纤维素酶的活性、操作pH值、温度、热稳定性和重复使用性等性质。结果表明,所制固定化酶的稳定性比游离酶更高。固定于MnO2纳米粒子上的纤维素酶可用于纤维质类物质的水解反应,且能在较宽的温度和pH值范围内使用。表征结果证实了该催化剂具有非常高的催化纤维素类物质水解的活性。     

Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity

The lipase from Candida Rugosa was immobilized to a poly(methacrylic acid) polymer brush layer, grown on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors. The hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate was used as a model reaction to study the activity of this biocatalytic system. The amount of bound lipase could be tuned by changing the polymerization time of the brush formation. The Michaelis-Menten constants and V(max) values, determined for immobilized and free lipase, are similar, demonstrating that the lipase's substrate affinity and its activity remain unchanged upon immobilization to the microchannel wall.     

Evaluation of Immobilization Techniques for the Fabrication of Nanomaterial-Based Amperometric Glucose Biosensors

Eleven glucose biosensors were prepared by cross-linking, entrapment, and layer-by-layer assembly to investigate the influence of these immobilization methods on performance. The effects of separate nanozeolites combined with magnetic nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the enzyme composition on the performance of glucose biosensors were compared. Cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out on the biosensors. Acrylonitrile copolymer/nanozeolite/carbon nanotube and acrylonitrile copolymer/nanozeolite/magnetic nanoparticle electrodes prepared by a cross-linking method showed the highest electroactivity. These results indicated that a synergistic effect occurred when multiwalled carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, and nanozeolites were combined that greatly improved the electron transfer ability of the sensors. Amperometric measurements by the glucose oxidase electrodes were obtained that showed that the acrylonitrile copolymer/nanozeolite/carbon nanotube electrode was the most sensitive (10.959 microamperes per millimolar). The lowest detection limit for this biosensor was 0.02 millimolar glucose, with a linear dynamic range up to 3 millimolar. The response after thirty days was 81 percent of the initial current.     

Enzyme-immobilized microfluidic process reactors

Microreaction technology, which is an interdisciplinary science and engineering area, has been the focus of different fields of research in the past few years. Several microreactors have been developed. Enzymes are a type of catalyst, which are useful in the production of substance in an environmentally friendly way, and they also have high potential for analytical applications. However, not many enzymatic processes have been commercialized, because of problems in stability of the enzymes, cost, and efficiency of the reactions. Thus, there have been demands for innovation in process engineering, particularly for enzymatic reactions, and microreaction devices represent important tools for the development of enzyme processes. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of microchannel reaction technologies especially for enzyme immobilized microreactors. We discuss the manufacturing process of microreaction devices and the advantages of microreactors compared to conventional reaction devices. Fundamental techniques for enzyme immobilized microreactors and important applications of this multidisciplinary technology are also included in our topics.     

层叠层技术组装纳米沸石——沸石涂饰纤维和沸石空 心纤维

以纳米沸石为基元构件,通过层(layer-by-layer)组装技术在碳纤维模板上成功制备了纳米沸石涂饰纤维(zeolitecoatedfibers),焙烧除去碳纤维模板后,制微了完整的沸石空心纤维(hollowzeolitefibers),并系统研究了它们的制备条件和材料结构。发现纳米沸石胶体溶液的pH值是制备沸石涂饰纤维和空心沸石纤维的关键因素,其它条件,诸如吸附液的离子强度,每层吸附后的干燥以及每次干燥前是否用PDDA溶液预浸泡,对纤维的完美性也有影响。通过改变吸附纳米沸石的类型和层数可能调变沸石层的组成和厚度,而交替吸附不同的纳米沸石可能制备复合沸石涂饰纤维及复合空心沸石纤维。     

Development of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers immobilizing lipase highly activated by alkyl-silicate for flow-through reactors

Electrospun fibrous membranes composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fibers of approximately 1 μm in diameter, and immobilizing highly activated lipase entrapped in silicate cages with smaller dimensions than the fibers, were developed; and their feasibility as a component of flow-through reactors was studied. The electrospun PVA fibers were prepared from a mixture of PVA solution and a sol obtained from silicon alkoxide(s)—either tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) or dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMOS), or both, containing lipase. The fastest initial transesterification rate converting (s)-glycidol to glycidyl n-butyrate with vinyl n-butyrate in batchwise reactions was accomplished by treatment of lipase using the sol obtained from DMDMOS and TMOS together. The values were 4.5-, 21.8-, and 1.8-fold faster than those of systems using lipases that were either non-modified or modified using TMOS alone or DMDMOS alone, respectively. The higher activity of the lipase modified using both DMDMOS and TMOS and immobilized in PVA fibers resulted in a flow-through reactor having a higher degree of conversion at the same retention time compared with that using immobilized non-modified lipase. These results show the feasibility of flow-through reactors composed of electrospun PVA fibers immobilizing lipase highly activated by alkyl-silicate.     

单分散磁性纳米粒子固定化猪胰脂肪酶的研究

借助溶热法制备了一种亲水及生物相容良好的Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子,用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷直接对所得磁性粒子表面改性,然后用戊二醛偶联法制得了固定化猪胰脂肪酶.表征研究显示,所得磁性粒子粒径约200 nm,具有良好的单分散性和磁响应性.考察了戊二醛浓度、给酶量和反应时间对脂肪酶固定化过程的影响,并通过游离酶与固定化酶的比...     

Hydrolysis of 1,2-diacetoxypropane by Immobilized Lipase on Cellulose Acetate-TiO2 Gel Fiber Derived from the Sol-Gel Method

Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was entrap-immobilized on cellulose acetate-TiO₂ gel fiber by the sol-gel method. This fiber-immobilized lipase was stable in a phosphate buffer solution and easy to handle. The enantioselective hydrolysis of 1,2-diacetoxypropane catalyzed by this immobilized lipase could be performed in buffer solution unlike the lipase immobilized on an alginate matrices. The enantioselectivity was improved in presence of this fiber-immobilized lipase compared with the hydrolysis catalyzed by the native lipase. This finding indicates that the active site structure of lipase immobilized on fiber was retained to some extent, though the enzyme conformation may become flexible in presence of water. We also compared the properties of this fiber-immobilized lipase with native lipase and commercially available immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, viz., Lipozyme.     

Silk-Fiber Immobilized Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Emulsified Sunflower Oil

Lipase was immobilized in silk fibers through glutaraldehyde cross-linking to a maximum loading of 59 U/g silk-fiber and the immobilized lipase was utilized for the hydrolysis of sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus). The hydrolytic activity of the lipase, which was poor in biphasic oil in water system, was increased significantly when the sunflower oil was emulsified in aqueous medium. The hydrolytic activities of the immobilized lipase were 48.73 ± 1.26 U, 36.11 ± 0.96 U, and nil when the substrate sunflower oil was used as emulsion created by a rhamnolipid biosurfactant, Triton X100, and ultrasonication, respectively. Although the efficiency of the immobilized lipase was less than 12% than the corresponding free lipase, the immobilized lipase could be reused for the biosurfactant-mediated hydrolysis of sunflower oil up to third cycle of the reaction. The yield of the fatty acids in the second, third, and fourth cycles were 49.45%, 22.91%, and 5.09%, respectively, of the yield obtained in the first cycle.     

功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化Burkholderia cepacia脂肪酶

采用含不同碳链长度咪唑环的烷基功能化离子液体修饰介孔材料SBA-15,并通过X-射线衍射、元素分析、N2吸附-脱附、红外光谱和扫描电镜等方法研究了离子液体修饰对SBA-15结构的影响.以三乙酸甘油酯的水解为探针反应,考察了甲基、丁基、辛基等不同链长烷基取代咪唑类离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化Burkholderia cepacia脂肪酶(BCL)的酶活、最适反应条件及稳定性等酶学性质.结果表明,离子液体修饰后材料保持了原有的介孔结构,其固定化酶对温度及低pH的敏感度降低,比活力及稳定性均显著提高.其中甲基功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化酶的比活力最高,是原粉SBA-15固定化酶的2.4倍;辛基功能化离子液体修饰的SBA-15固定化酶的热稳定性、储存稳定性、重复使用性及有机溶剂耐受性最佳.     

亲水梳状环氧聚合物载体柔性固定化脂肪酶

以氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球载体为大分子引发剂,以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和亲水性丙烯酰胺为共聚接枝单体,以氯化亚铜及2,2'-联吡啶为催化体系,采用原子转移自由基聚合法接枝合成了具有柔性链的亲水梳状环氧聚合物载体PS-acyl-P(AM-co-GMA),并将其用于耐有机溶剂YCJ01脂肪酶的共价柔性固定化.结果表明,固定化酶催...