稀土电解槽阳极腐蚀消耗规律研究

针对稀土电解槽阳极腐蚀消耗速率快、有效使用时间缩短、残余浪费量大等问题,以8 kA稀土电解槽为研究对象,分析不同时刻阳极电解腐蚀下的变化特征及阳极更换顺序对其腐蚀消耗的影响,以阳极及其不同更换顺序进行电解腐蚀模拟仿真分析,结合实际生产过程阳极腐蚀情况进行对比,找出阳极的腐蚀规律及改善阳极更换顺序。结果表明:阳极腐蚀消耗结果与实际生产中阳极的消耗情况基本吻合,说明在稀土电解槽的电解过程中,阳极上端和下端厚度消耗前期均快于后期,且下端消耗大于上端,液面下端阳极长度消耗则后期快于前期,同时验证了采用阳极对角更换顺序可以有效提高阳极的利用率和延长阳极的更换周期。     

大电流稀土电解槽阳极结构研究

针对大电流稀土电解槽阳极消耗速率快、阳极消耗变形导致电热场分布不合理的现象,对15 kA大电流稀土电解槽阳极的实际消耗问题进行了分析,并运用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件对阳极消耗过程和不同阳极倾角下的三维电热场进行了耦合模拟分析。结果表明:阳极消耗变形后,电解槽内上部电场分布比下部更加密集,高温区域向液面偏移;随着阳极斜向上倾角的增大,电解槽内电压降低,高温区域向槽底偏移,倾角为4°时电热场分布最为合理。最后结合现场试验,验证了试验结果和模拟结果的一致性。     

稀土氧化物电解槽流场的研究

建立了计算稀土氧化物电解槽内部流场的数学模型; 用SIMPLE方法计算了电解槽内部的流场; 根据计算结果, 可以将电解槽内部分为--阴极与阳极之间、阳极与电解槽之间、电极下表面与金属接受器之间和金属接受器内部4个区域, 对每个区域的流动情况进行了分析, 找出了影响电解槽操作和电流效率的因素.     

大电流稀土电解槽三维电场的数值仿真

以15 kA稀土电解槽为研究对象,建立了稀土电解槽三维电场的数学模型,利用COMSOL软件对稀土电解槽内部不同极间距下的电场进行了模拟计算,得出了不同极间距下的三维电场分布图,并对结果进行分析。结果表明:从阴极至阳极电势逐渐递增,圆弧处阴极与阳极间的电势线较为密集,电势高,阴极与阴极间的电势线较为稀疏,电势低,约为5.5 V,且最佳极间距75 mm。     

稀土电解槽内阳极气泡行为的数值模拟

通过混合物模型和阳极气泡聚并与破裂模型的耦合求解,引入标准湍流模型,利用流体力学计算软件FLUENT对稀土电解槽内阳极气泡进行数值仿真模拟,并对比分析了不同时间、不同阳极电流密度和不同极距下阴阳两极间的气泡对槽内流体速度场和槽内含气率分布的影响及规律。由计算结果分析可知:稀土电解槽阴阳两极间中上部区域和电解槽槽底区域表现出对称涡旋流动;阳极电流密度相同时,局部涡旋流动随电解时间逐渐增强、径向含气率逐渐增加,并且在电解后期阳极气泡表现出了聚并和破裂的运动状态;电流的增大使槽内流体的湍流强度增强、气泡的聚并和破裂加强;槽内流体的湍流强度和有效热导率在不同阳极电流密度下的分布曲线均呈现4个单峰分布;当阳极电流密度为1.5 A·cm~(-2)时,槽内流体的湍流强度和有效热导率分布较好;极距和阳极电流密度最合适匹配数值分别为82.5 mm和1.5 A·cm~(-2)。     

大电流稀土熔盐电解槽槽型研究进展

电解槽是稀土电解厂的主体设备,电解槽的结构对于电解质量和电解经济技术指标具有很大的影响.传统的电解槽大多偏向小型化,存在分布散乱、电解效率低等问题,槽体大型化是其发展趋势.综述了大电流稀土电解槽的四种主要槽型:阴阳极上插式稀土电解槽、底部阴极稀土电解槽、套筒式稀土电解槽和集群式电极垂直布置稀土电解槽.讨论分析不同槽型结...     

熔盐电解制取铈槽内电场的数值模拟

针对6 k A新型Ce电解槽结构,采用数值模拟软件建立该电解槽的电场模型。模拟了在阴、阳极高度相差一定的情况下,同时改变阴、阳极的插入深度从而分析电解槽内电场的变化情况。研究表明:随着阴、阳极插入深度的不断变化,电解槽内部电流密度和槽电压也随之发生变化,阴、阳极插入深度逐渐增加,槽电压逐渐降低,电解槽底部的电压差增加,但电流密度值却逐渐减小,产生热量也会降低,阴、阳极插入深度减少,槽电压越来越高,电解过程中由电流产生的热量就会逐渐增加,电流效率却逐渐降低,因此通过模拟后发现最佳的阴极插入深度约为0.290 m,阳极高度约为0.250 m。通过对电场的模拟,为Ce电解槽开发设计具有很重要的意义。     

稀土电解槽电场仿真与阴极结构优化

利用有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立了上插阴阳极式稀土电解槽的3-D模型,研究了稀土电解槽阴极腐蚀和安装保护套对电场分布的影响,并对阴极结构进行优化。结果表明,在阴极腐蚀后,导致腐蚀坑处电流密度集中,其电流密度高达2.4×10~6 A·m~(-2),产生大量焦耳热进一步加速了阴极的腐蚀;阴极保护套的使用会使槽电压升高,其中采用外部式保护套,槽电压升高90 mV,采用嵌入式保护套,槽电压升高150 mV;当阴极结构采用半球型时电解槽电场分布更加均匀,避免了电解槽局部过热,有利于提高电解槽的电流效率和使用寿命。     

稀土金属电解槽阳极消耗对电场的影响

电解过程中阳极的消耗会使电极尺寸和形状发生变化,进而对电场分布产生影响。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了传统6 kA上插阴阳极式稀土电解槽的3D模型,分别研究了电解过程中阳极呈均匀消耗和非均匀消耗两种形态对电场分布的影响。结果表明,随着阳极炭块消耗量的增加,电极下方电压等势线分布呈现下移趋势,且电场强度不断增加;阳极非均匀消耗时槽电压要比均匀消耗高出130 mV左右,非均匀消耗电场强度比均匀消耗电场强度的增加量呈先增加后减小趋势,在阳极消耗26 mm时增加量达到最大值,为10.45 V·m~(-1)。根据电场仿真的结果,在阳极消耗达到50 mm时进行阳极的更换较为合理,并建议在该电解条件下使阳极保持均匀消耗更有利于电解槽的稳定性。     

神经网络在稀土熔盐电解槽槽压中的应用研究

采用BP神经网络算法研究了氟化物体系稀土电解槽设计时的重要参数如极距、电流密度、槽电压等对电能效率的影响,通过对多个槽体的现场取样数据模拟测试分析,研究了一种基于BP神经网络算法的稀土电解槽槽压模型,研究表明.该模型能够较为准确地预测极距、电流密度与槽电压关系,可用于新型稀土电解槽的优化设计.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.