Cu-ZSM-5的NH3选择性催化还原NO性能及其稳态动力学

采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Cu载量的Cu-ZSM-5整体式催化剂.考察了该系列催化剂的NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)NO的反应特性.结果表明,当Cu质量分数为5%时,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的SCR活性最高,此时催化剂上NO最高转化率高达96.5%,并且催化剂的活性窗口较宽,催化剂在198-470℃之间NO转化率大于80%.H2O和SO2的添加仅轻微影响Cu-ZSM-5催化剂的SCR活性.当Cu载量大于5%时,Cu-ZSM-5催化剂中出现明显的CuO物相.稳态动力学结果表明,在5%Cu载量的Cu-ZSM-5上的SCR反应中,NO的反应级数接近一级,NH3的反应级数接近零级,O2的反应级数接近1/2级.该反应的表观活化能为47.7kJ·mol-1.     

整体式 Cu-ZSM-5 催化剂上 NH3 选择性催化还原 NO 活性

 采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同 Cu 含量的 Cu-ZSM-5 催化剂, 并用于 NH₃ 选择性催化还原 (SCR)NO 反应. 结果表明, 当 Cu 含量为 8%时, Cu-ZSM-5 催化剂的活性最高; 当空速为 30 000 h^–1. , 在 198~440 ^oC 反应时 NO 转化率均高于 80%, 最高可达 97%, 且空速的影响较小. 经快速水热老化后, 该催化剂活性明显优于商用 V 基催化剂. H₂O 和 SO₂ 对 Cu-ZSM-5 催化剂的 SCR 活性有所影响, 但可明显恢复. X 射线衍射和 NH3 程序升温脱附结果表明, 当 Cu-ZSM-5 中 Cu 含量为 8% 时, 进入 ZSM-5 中阳离子位的 Cu 较多, 催化剂的活性较高, 且其表面具有较多的酸中心和酸量, 从而有利于 SCR 反应.     

不同硅铝比的Cu—ZSM—5／堇青石械催化剂的NO分解反应性能

考察了原位合成的不同硅铝比的Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石械催化剂上的NO分解反应。结果表明,在573－773K的温度范围内,铝硅比分别为60,55和40的催化剂在723K下NO的转化率最高,而硅铝比小于25的催化剂上的NO转化率很低。低温有利于N2O的生成。整体式催化剂上的NO转化率低于单纯的分子筛催化剂Cu-ZSM-5,但其催化转换频率高于后者。     

MnO2-CeO2/Ti0.25Zr0.25Al0.5O1.75整体式催化剂的低温NH3选择性催化还原NO性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备了TiO2、Ti0.5Zr0.5O2(TZ)和Ti0.25Zr0.25Al0.5O1.75载体材料,并以MnO2和CeO2为活性组分,以T、TZ和TZA为载体,制备了3种整体式催化剂.对催化剂进行了低温N2吸附脱附、储氧量(OSC)、NH3-TPD和XPS的表征,并研究了3种催化剂在过量O2存在下的低温NH3-选择催化还原(NH3-SCR)活性及其抗H2O和SO2性能.结果指出,MnO2-CeO2/Ti0.25Zr0.25Al0.5O1.75(TZAC)有最大的比表面积、孔容和储氧能力、最强的表面酸性和最大的表面酸量.而这对选择催化还原(SCR)反应至关重要.活性测试结果指出,TZAC有最好的低温SCR活性和最宽的活性温度窗口.NO在102℃起燃(转化率为50%),在175～325℃之间NO转化率接近100%,而且TZAC表现出了较强的抗H2O和SO2性能.     

等离子体协同CuO/TiO2-γ-Al2O3催化CH4脱除NO

对合成的12%CuO/15%TiO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂进行了BET和XRD表征, 并结合等离子体与催化协同脱除NO的反应装置, 考察了单一等离子体、单一催化剂以及等离子体与催化协同脱除NO+CH4+O2的反应结果, 研究了上述三种条件下NO和CH4的转化率. BET表征结果表明, 15%TiO2/γ-Al2O3的孔径分布在微孔和介孔之间; XRD结果表明, 催化剂表面有CuO晶相; 反应活性数据表明, 单一等离子体存在时, NO和CH4的转化率随着等离子体的输入功率增大而逐渐增加, 反应体系引入体积分数为2.5%的O2气促进了NO和CH4的转化; 使用单一催化剂时, NO和CH4的转化率随温度升高而分别增大至30%和20%. 同时NO转化率随O2气浓度的增加先增加后降低, CH4随O2气浓度的增加转化率逐渐增大; 等离子体与催化剂协同作用NO+CH4+O2反应中, NO和CH4的转化率随O2气浓度的增加与只有催化剂存在条件下的变化趋势一致, 但是增大了NO的低温转化率, 同时CH4的转化率提高到了90%.     

低温等离子体协助B2O3/γ-Al2O3 选择催化还原NO（英文）

研究了低温等离子体协助催化条件下甲烷选择性催化还原NO反应(SCR).反应气体经等离子体活化后,生成NO2,HCHO,CH3NO和CH3NO2等活性更高的中间产物.程序升温表面反应表明,这些中间产物可在等离子体后置催化装置上进一步反应,从而使NOx还原为N2.在考察的一系列催化剂(包括γ-Al2O3,Ag/γ-Al2O3,B2O3/γ-Al2O3,Ga2O3/γ-Al2O3,In2O3/γ-Al2O3等)中,B2O3/γ-Al2O3表现出最好的催化活性.当反应温度为300oC时,NOx转化率达到最高.与γ-Al2O3催化剂相比,在10wt%B2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂上,300oC时,NOx转化为N2的转化率从33.4%提高至51.0%.催化剂的酸性对于经等离子体活化后的反应气体在催化剂上的SCR反应起到重要作用.同时,催化剂上吸附态NOx对于NOx的转化也起到一定作用.     

硫化CoMo/Al2O3催化剂上H2同时催化还原SO2和NO(Ⅰ)——催化剂的制备、表征及性能

用浸渍法制备了CoMo/Al2O3催化剂,并对其进行了XRD、低温氮吸附-脱附和TPR表征.结果表明,随着Co负载量的增加,催化剂表面活性物种增加,但同时催化剂的比表面积和孔容逐渐减小;硫化后的催化剂比未经硫化处理的催化剂表面具有更多更易还原的活性物种.将所制得的催化剂硫化后用于NO分解和H2还原NO反应,NO均完全转化,但催化剂最终会因为晶格硫的大量流失而活性下降.在H2还原NO反应体系中,H2的存在使得催化剂晶格硫的流失速率极大变缓,催化剂活性下降较慢;在H2同时还原SO2和NO体系中,由于晶格硫能够得到外界源源不断的补充,因此,SO2和NO能同时在催化剂表面实现稳定的还原,反应温度、空速、进料气中H2的配比、催化剂中Co负载量以及硫化预处理方式对催化剂的活性有显著影响.活性测试结果表明,在500℃,空速12000 h-1,n(H2)/n(SO2 NO)=2时,5%Co10%Mo/Al2O3上SO2和NO转化率均为100%,单质硫产率达96.6%.     

富氧条件下Cu/Al2O3催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NO的研究

以Cu/Al2O3为催化剂,对富氧条件下C3H6为还原剂选择性催化还原NO反应进行了研究.活性评价结果表明,与高活性的Ag/Al2O3催化剂相比,Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性还原NO的活性较低,NO的最高转化率仅为40%.在所考察的温度范围(473～723K)内,红外谱图中不存在有机含氮化合物(R—ONO和R—NO2)的特征振动吸收峰.作为反应中间体—NCO的前驱体,有机含氮化合物在Cu/Al2O3催化剂表面难以生成是造成催化剂选择性还原NO活性低的直接原因.在Cu/Al2O3催化剂上,NO2吸附能够优先发生,并以NO3-物种的形式覆盖在大部分催化剂表面.动态原位红外光谱实验发现,这种NO3-表面物种与C3H6的反应性较差,使生成有机含氮化合物的关键反应难以发生,但此时的催化剂表面有利于C3H6和O2的完全氧化反应,这是导致Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性较低的根本原因.     

银催化剂用于氮氧化物的还原和分解

实验采用Ag2 O ,Ag3 0 Si70 合金和Ag离子交换的ZSM 5分子筛 ,研究了NO的直接催化分解和以CO ,NH3 等作为还原剂的选择还原反应 .结果表明 ,在合适的条件下 ,实验中采用的Ag基催化剂均具有一定的NO分解活性 .当反应温度低于 80 0K时 ,NO在AgZSM 5上的直接分解给出了近 2 0 %的N2 转化率 ;相似条件下 ,适量CO和NH3 的加入大大提高了反应的活性和催化剂寿命 .氧的存在促进了NO在催化剂表面的吸附 ,从而导致了选择还原温度的降低 .当气相中氧气大大过量 (O2 ∶H2 O =18∶1) ,反应温度为 6 0 0K时 ,NO在Ag ZSM 5催化剂上氨还原生成N2 的转化率仍能达到近 70 %     

助剂对Pd/γ-Al2 O3催化剂上NO选择催化还原的影响

研究了含氧条件下钯催化剂上进行丙烯选择催化还原NO的反应,考察浸渍法制备的Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂中加入碱(土)金属或稀土氧化物助剂对NO转化率的影响,并对催化剂进行了XRD表征及在氧化气氛中饱和吸附NO后的TPD研究.结果表明,助剂CeO2、 Li2O能较大幅度提高催化剂的低温活性,使NO的最高转化率增加1～3.5倍.Pd/CeO2-Al2O3、 Pd/Li2O-Al2O3催化剂有较高的Pd分散度及较强的NO解离吸附能力.并讨论了NO、 N2O、 NO2-和NO3-等吸附态物种在催化剂表面的形成及脱附特性对催化剂选择催化还原NO性能的影响.     

Phase relations in the K2W2O7-K2WO4-KPO3-Bi2O3 system and structure of K6.5Bi2.5W4P6O34

The phase relations in the cross-section of the K₂W₂O₇-K₂WO₄-KPO₃ containing 15 mol% Bi₂O₃ were undertaken using flux method. Crystallization fields of K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄, K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄), Bi₂WO₆, KBi(WO₄)₂ and their cocrystallization areas were identified. Novel phase K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: sp. gr. P−1, a=9.4170(5), b=9.7166(4), c=17.6050(7) Å, α=90.052(5)°, β=103.880(5)° and γ=90.125(5)°. It has a layered structure, which contains {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers stacked parallel to ab plane and sheets composed by potassium atoms separating these layers. Sandwich-like {K₇Bi₅W₈P₁₂O₆₈}_∞ layers are assembled from [W₂P₂O₁₃]_∞ and [BiPO₄]_∞ building units, and are penetrated by tunnels with K/Bi atoms inside. FTIR-spectra of K₂Bi(PO₄)(WO₄) and K_6.5Bi_2.5W₄P₆O₃₄ were discussed on the basis of factor group theory.     

KCl-KBO2-K2CO3, K2MoO4-KBO2-K2CO3, and K2WO4-KBO2-K2CO3 ternary systems

phase diagrams of KCl-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, K₂MoO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃, and K₂WO₄-KBO₂-K₂CO₃ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined to be E ₁: 622°C, 8.5 mol % KBO₂, 56.5 mol % KCl, and 35 mol % K₂CO₃; E ₂: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂MoO₄; E ₃: 710°C, 23 mol % KBO₂, 43 mol % K₂CO₃, and 34 mol % K₂WO₄. The specific heats of melting of the eutectics were determined.     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.     

Solubility in the Na2Cr2O7-(NH4)2Cr2O7-K2Cr2O7-H2O system

Solubility in the Na₂Cr₂O₇-(NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇-K₂Cr₂O₇-H₂O four-component water-salt system at 25, 50, and 75°C was studied for the first time. Phase field boundaries for individual salts and potassium and ammonium dichromate solid solutions, monovariant lines, and invariant points were determined. Experimental data were used to optimize the looped isohydric process of potassium dichromate preparation involving additional salts.     

Li2SO4-Na2SO4-H2O和Li2SO4- K2SO4-H2O溶液的体积性质

本文用高精度数字式振荡管密度计测定了288K至318K温度范围内Li₂SO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O和 Li₂SO₄ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O三元体系的密度。混合溶液的离子强度范围从0.1到4.5 mol.kg_–1,混合溶液中Na₂SO₄和K₂SO₄的离子强度分数为0.2,0.4,0.6和0.8。用密度实验值拟合得到了不同温度下Pitzer离子相互作用模型混合参数θ_V和 ψ_V,模型的计算值与实验值的偏差在±0.002 g.cm_–3以内。用Pitzer模型计算了不同离子强度下三元体系的混合体积。     

NaBO2-NaCl-Na2CO3, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaMoO4, NaBO2- Na2CO3-NaWO4, and NaBO2-NaCl-Na2WO4 ternary systems

The phase diagrams of the NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂CO₃, NaBO₂-Na₂CO₃-Na₂MoO₄, NaBO₂- Na₂CO₃-Na₂WO₄, and NaBO₂-NaCl-Na₂WO₄ ternary systems were studied by a calculation-experimental method and differential thermal analysis. The coordinates of ternary eutectics were determined: E ₁: 612°C, 16 mol % NaBO₂, 42 mol % NaCl, and 42 mol % Na₂CO₃; E ₂: 568°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 28 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 60 mol % Na₂MoO₄; E ₃: 575°C, 12 mol % NaBO₂, 32 mol % Na₂CO₃, and 56 mol % Na₂WO₄; E ₄: 628°C, 8 mol % NaBO₂, 20 mol % NaCl, and 72 mol % Na₂WO₄; and E ₅: 655°C, 9 mol % NaBO₂, 53 mol % NaCl, and 38 mol % Na₂WO₄.     

Structural chemistry of Sr3Cr2WO9, Ca3Cr2WO9, and Ba3Cr2WO9

We have studied the preparation and crystallographic structure of three perovskite-type compounds: Sr₃Cr₂WO₉, cubic, the lattice parameter of which is a = 7.812Å; Ca₃Cr₂WO₉, tetragonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.408 Å and c = 7.635Å; and Ba₃Cr₂WO₉, hexagonal, the lattice parameters of which are a = 5.691 Å and c = 13.957Å. We have compared these three structures and shown the relationship between the dimensions of the alkaline-earth metal and the existence of the different structures.     

Extension of the La7Mo7O30 structural type with La7Nb3W4O30 and La7Ta3W4O30 compounds

Two compounds of formula La₇A₃W₄O₃₀ (with A=Nb and Ta) were prepared by solid-state reaction at 1450 and 1490 °C. They crystallize in the rhombohedric space group R-3 (No. 148), with the hexagonal parameters: , and , . The structure of the materials was analyzed from X-ray, neutron and electronic diffraction. These oxides are isostructural of the reduced molybdenum compound La₇Mo₇O₃₀, which are formed of perovskite rod along [111]. An order between (Nb, Ta) and W is observed.     

Theoretical study of polyoxide clusters B20O30, Al20O30, V20O50, Si20O30H20, and Si20O30F20

The structural, electronic, and vibrational characteristics and energies of the isolated polyoxide clusters B₂₀O₃₀, Al₂₀O₃₀, V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀ and their complexes with the H⁻ ion and ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ have been calculated by the density functional theory B3LYP method with different basis sets. The computation results show that the symmetric closo structure I _h with oxygen bridges located above the centers of the faces of an empty [M₂₀] dodecahedron is more favorable for V₂₀O₅₀, Si₂₀O₃₀H₂₀, and Si₂₀O₃₀F₂₀. For B₂₀O₃₀, the cage closo isomer is also more favorable than the other isomers, but its structure is severely distorted as compared to a dodecahedron and has a symmetry close to C ₃ . For Al₂₀O₃₀, the I _h structure corresponds to a high-lying local minimum of the potential energy surface. For Al₂₀O₃₀, a set of unusual puckshaped isomers of symmetry C _i , with different numbers of four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and three-coordinate atoms ^IIIO, was localized; these structures are more than 90 kcal/mol more favorable than the dodecahedron I _h . The most favorable isomer of Al₂₀O₃₀ contains twelve four-coordinate atoms ^IVAl and four five-coordinate atoms ^VAl. The energies of dissociation of the most favorable M₂₀O₃₀ clusters into the M₂O₃ (C _2v ) and M₄O₆ (T _d ) fragments and, in the case of Al₂₀O₃₀, also into the Al₈O₁₂ (O _h ) and Al₁₂O₁₈ (D _3d ) fragments, have been estimated. The conclusion has been drawn that these clusters can, in principle, exist and can be experimentally detected in the isolated state. Analogous calculations have been performed for ammonia complexes Al₂₀O₃₀ · nNH₃ with n varying from 1 to 20. The effect of solvation on the relative stability of the dodecahedral and puckshaped isomers of the Al₂₀O₃₀ cluster is observed. The isomers with ammonia molecules in their first coordination sphere become much closer to one another on the energy scale; however, the dodecahedron remains a considerably less favorable intermediate. Original Russian Text ? O.P. Charkin, N.M. Klimenko, D.O. Charkin, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 624–635.     

SnSbBiS4-SnS and SnSbBiS4-Sn2Sb6S11 sections of the SnS-Sb2S3-Bi2S3 ternary system

SnSbBiS₄-SnS and SnSbBiS₄-Sn₂Sb₆S₁₁ sections were studied by physicochemical methods (DTA, X-ray powder diffraction, microstructure observation, and microhardness measurements). These sections were found to be eutectic quasi-binary sections of the SnS-Sb₂S₃-Bi₂S₃ ternary system. Solid solution regions based on the initial components were found on either side of the sections. Alloys in the solid solution region are p-type semiconductors.