吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉类化合物合成研究进展

吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉类化合物是广泛存在于天然产物和生物活性分子中一类重要的含氮杂环化合物.因而,吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉骨架,特别是取代的吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉的合成具有重要理论和实际意义.较全面总结近几十年里吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉和4,5-二氢吡咯并[1,2-a]喹喔啉类化合物的合成研究进展,对该领域所存在的问题和局限性进行了总结并对今后的发展作出展望.     

铁催化的非活化醛类和简单烯烃的选择性转移氢化偶联

正Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2016,55,6315~6318相比于使用金属类还原剂的传统还原偶联反应,氢化或转移氢化偶联反应使用氢气或廉价氢供体作为还原剂,不仅反应条件更为简单,成本低廉,而且无金属类废物.但是目前大多数已报道的氢化或转移氢化偶联反应所用的     

可见光照射下卤键引发的多氟烷基溴化物与邻二芳基异腈的自由基型插入反应

报道了一种由卤键引发的自由基型双异腈插入反应.多氟烷基溴化物作为卤键的给体,有机碱作为卤键的受体.在可见光照射下,卤键复合物发生单电子转移过程生成多氟烷基自由基,被邻二芳基异腈捕获生成2-多氟烷基化喹喔啉衍生物.该反应在室温条件下进行,产率高,底物适用性广.反应的自由基属性可以通过EPR实验验证.2-多氟烷基化喹喔啉衍生物中3-位氢源可以通过氘代实验确定,实验显示氢源来自于有机碱和溶剂,而且溶剂是最主要的氢源.     

无过渡金属或无光催化剂条件下可见光促进喹喔啉酮C(3)—H官能团化研究进展

喹喔啉酮及其衍生物是一类重要的含氮杂环化合物,这种特殊的杂环骨架广泛存在于各种天然产物、药物分子以及功能材料中.近年来,喹喔啉酮的官能团化引起了化学工作者的广泛关注,其中通过C—H官能团化构建3-官能团化的喹喔啉酮取得了重要进展.光氧化还原催化可利用绿色清洁的光能在较为温和的条件下实现有机化合物的合成与转化,因此,越来越多的光催化体系被开发用于喹喔啉酮的官能团化.简单高效的无过渡金属或无光催化剂的反应体系非常符合绿色化学和可持续发展的要求,已成为喹喔啉酮类化合物官能团化强有力的工具,同时也受到了很多学者的青睐.对近五年来无过渡金属或无光催化剂可见光促进喹喔啉酮的C(3)位官能团化领域所取得的研究进展进行了综述,对反应机理和氧化还原淬灭过程进行了总结,并对该领域所面临的挑战和机遇进行了展望和探讨.     

无催化条件下三组分一锅法合成呋喃并吡啶并喹喔啉衍生物

以芳醛、6-氨基喹喔啉和季酮酸为原料,三组分一步构建了11-芳基-8,11-二氢化呋喃并[3',4':5,6]吡啶并[3,2-f]喹喔啉-10(7H)-酮衍生物,并通过X单晶衍射分析确证了11-(4-硝基苯基)-8,11-二氢化呋喃并[3',4':5,6]吡啶并[3,2-f]喹喔啉-10(7H)-酮(4g)的结构.该方法操作简单,无需催化剂和分离中间体,为分子内同时含呋喃、吡啶和喹喔啉稠合四环杂环提供了很好的合成方法.     

2(1H)-喹喔啉系列衍生物的质谱研究

2(1H)-喹喔啉衍生物是一类重要的杂环化合物,可应用于药物,如用作受体及受体拮抗剂、杀菌剂等;还可用作植物生长调节剂、荧光探针等诸多领域.本文研究了一系列喹喔啉衍生物的电子轰击质谱,得到了一些裂解规律.     

二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛席夫碱的合成和除草活性研究

用二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛与苯胺、取代苯胺、氨基脲等化合物反应,合成了11种二氧化喹喔啉甲醛席夫碱和缩氨脲。用元素分析、MS,IR和1H NMR对化合物的结构进行了表征;用油菜和稗草对其进行了除草活性研究,研究结果表明二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛缩氨脲(硫脲)没有除草活性;一般二氮氧化喹喔啉甲醛席夫碱合物在500mgL-1浓度时株防效均在20%以下;化合物g和化合物h在500mgL-1浓度时的株防效可以达到50~80%。     

亮点介绍

手性二胺金属钌配合物催化1,5-苯并二氮杂(?)的不对称氢化:非手性抗衡阴离子控制的手性反转Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2012,51,5706～5710苯并二氮杂(?)是一类重要的七元杂环化合物,其中,1,5-苯并二氮杂(?)具有广泛的生理活性和药理活性,是最先被确定为"优势"结构     

光/电化学合成在喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮C—H键官能化中的应用

喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮是一类重要的含氮杂环化合物,具有很强的生物活性与化学特性,在合成化学、功能材料及药物工业等方面具有重要应用.近年来,通过C—H官能化构建3-官能化的喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮引起了很多学者的关注,并取得了重要进展.其中,基于绿色化学导向的光催化及电化学合成正成为喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮的C—H官能化的强有力工具.鉴于光电化学在合成化学中的巨大影响,总结了可见光催化与电化学合成实现喹喔啉-2(1H)-酮3位C—H官能化的研究现状,希望能促进绿色合成策略在含氮杂环官能化中的进一步发展.     

铁催化1,1-二取代烯烃的不对称硅氢化反应

<正>Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2015,54,4661~4664手性含硅化合物不仅在有机合成化学有重要的研究价值,而且在药物化学中也有重要的应用价值.通过对烯烃的不对称硅氢化反应可以直接制备该类化合物,但由于较难识别潜手性底物的选择性,对于简单1,1-二取代烯烃的高对映选择性硅氢化反应很难实现.浙江大学化学系陆展特聘研究员利用手性廉价金属铁催化剂,成功实现1,1-二取代烯烃和二苯基硅氢的不对称硅氢化反应,高产率、高选择性地得到反马氏加成的手性硅化合物.原料简单     

3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料的制备及吸放氢特性

采用高能球磨法制备了3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料, 并研究了其相结构和储氢性能. X射线衍射(XRD)显示, NaBH4和ErF3在球磨过程中未发生反应; 同步热分析(TG-DSC)测试结果表明, 3NaBH4/ErF3体系在420℃开始放氢, 比相同测试条件下纯NaBH4的放氢温度降低了约100℃, 放氢量为3.06%(质量分数). 压力-成分-温度(Pressure-Composition-Temperature, PCT)性能测试结果显示, 3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料在较低的温度(355~413℃)及平台氢压(<1 MPa)下即拥有良好的可逆吸放氢性能, 最高可逆吸氢量可达到2.78%(质量分数), 吸氢后体系重新生成了NaBH4相. 计算得吸氢焓变仅为-36.8 kJ/mol H2; 而放氢焓变为-180.8 kJ/mol H2. NaBH4在ErF3的作用下提高了热动力学性能, 并实现了可逆吸放氢.     

负载型Cu/Al2O3和Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO2加氢的原位FTIR及准原位XPS/HS-LEIS研究

铜基催化剂是工业合成甲醇中常用的催化剂,其主要包含Cu,ZnO,Al₂O₃三种组分,研究各组分在催化合成甲醇过程中的本质作用及其相互间的协同作用不仅是一个催化基础科学问题,同时对于设计和合成新型高性能的铜基催化剂也有重要指导作用.以往的研究主要针对Cu和ZnO二元组分,关于Al₂O₃的作用很少有报道,主要观点认为Al₂O₃起结构助剂的作用.在Cu/Al₂O₃/ZnO(0001)-Zn模型催化体系的研究中,我们发现Al₂O₃具有稳定Cu⁺的能力.为了更接近于实际催化体系,并进一步探索铜基催化剂中载体Al₂O₃及ZnO的作用,我们制备了负载型的5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃及5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂,并通过原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(in situ FTIR)、准原位X射线光电子能谱(ex situ XPS)及高灵敏度低能离子散射谱(HS-LEIS),着重考察H₂还原及CO₂加氢过程中表面吸附物种的转变及催化剂表面结构变化,更深一步理解Cu,ZnO,Al₂O₃三组分在催化CO₂加氢过程中所起的作用及相互间的协同作用.通过XRD,BET和TEM表征,发现采用浸渍负载法制备的、经过焙烧后的5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃及5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂的结构和形貌有明显差别,Al₂O₃载体具有较大的比表面积,CuO在其表面分散性较好,而ZnO的比表面积很小、CuO颗粒也相对较大.Ex situ XPS及HS-LEIS显示,经过H2还原后,Cu在Al₂O₃表面的颗粒粒径略有增大,表面仍有较大比例的Cu⁺物种.以CO为探针分子的FTIR光谱也表明,H2还原后5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃存在一定量的Cu⁺,而5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂还原后形成Cu纳米粒子表面被ZnOx包覆,ex situ XPS及HS-LEIS的深度剖析也证实了上述结果.CO₂加氢过程中,5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃表面能够形成大量碳酸氢盐及碳酸盐物种并在升温过程中逐渐转变为甲酸盐,表面仍有一定量的Cu⁺;5 wt%Cu/ZnO表面形成的碳酸盐及碳酸氢盐物种含量相对较少,但Cu-ZnOx的协同作用形成活化H2的高活性表面,在室温下就可以生成甲酸盐物种,在随后的升温过程中甲酸盐逐渐转变为甲氧基.通过对比负载型Cu/Al₂O₃及Cu/ZnO催化剂的研究,得以更加深入地理解铜基催化剂中载体在CO₂加氢制甲醇过程中所起的作用:Al₂O₃能较好分散Cu,且能够稳定Cu⁺;相对于ZnO,Al₂O₃具有较强的吸附CO₂能力,能够在表面形成大量的碳酸氢盐物种及碳酸氢盐物种,与表面Cu作用在升温过程中能够生成大量的甲酸盐物种;对于5 wt%Cu/ZnO在H2还原和CO₂加氢过程中Cu表面被ZnOx包覆,其高度缺陷的表面结构能在室温下解离H2.这些结果表明,实际CuZnAlO催化剂上CO₂加氢制备甲醇的活性位点可能包含Cu⁺,Cu0及相邻的具有高度缺陷结构的ZnOx包覆层.     

Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of N‐Aryl Imines Derived from Acetophenones by Using Ru–Pybox Complexes under Hydrogenation or Transfer Hydrogenation Conditions in Isopropanol

The asymmetric reduction of N‐aryl imines derived from acetophenones by using Ru complexes bearing both a pybox (2,6‐bis(oxazoline)pyridine) and a monodentate phosphite ligand has been described. The catalysts show good activity with a diverse range of substrates, and deliver the amine products in very high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 99 %) under both hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation conditions in isopropanol. From deuteration studies, a very different labeling is observed under hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation conditions, which demonstrates the different nature of the hydrogen source in both reactions.     

A Reversible Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier System Based on Methanol‐Ethylenediamine and Ethylene Urea

A novel liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) system, with a high theoretical hydrogen capacity, based on the unpresented hydrogenation of ethylene urea to ethylenediamine and methanol, and its reverse dehydrogenative coupling, was established. For the dehydrogenation only a small amount of solvent is required. This system is rechargeable, as the H₂‐rich compounds could be regenerated by hydrogenation of the resulting dehydrogenation mixture. Both directions for hydrogen loading and unloading were achieved using the same catalyst, under relatively mild conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal the likely pathway for H₂‐lean compounds formation.     

Umpolung Reactivity of Imine Ester: Visible-Light Mediated Transfer Hydrogenation of α-Aryl Imino Esters by Phenylsilane and Water

A visible-light mediated chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of α-aryl imino esters was demonstrated. The methodology allowed the efficient and practical preparation of α-amino acid esters. The mechanism of the reaction was probed by DFT calculations, and deuteration experiments indicated deuterium was introduced into amino acid esters efficiently (up to 99 % D ratio), enabling a feasible way to obtain deuterated amino acids using D₂O as a cheap deuterium source.     

Selective iron-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of terminal alkynes

A novel iron-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of alkynes to the corresponding alkenes applying formic acid as a hydrogen donor is reported. An in situ combination of Fe(BF(4))(2)·6H(2)O and tetraphos allows for highly selective hydrogenation of a broad range of aromatic and aliphatic alkynes tolerating different functional groups.     

Selective Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes with H2O (D2O) as the H (D) Source over a Pd-P Cathode

We reported a selective semihydrogenation (deuteration) of numerous terminal and internal alkynes using H₂O (D₂O) as the H (D) source over a Pd-P alloy cathode at a lower potential. P-doping caused the enhanced specific adsorption of alkynes and the promoted intrinsic activity for producing adsorbed atomic hydrogen (H*_ads) from water electrolysis. The semihydrogenation of alkynes could be accomplished at a lower potential with up to 99 % selectivity and 78 % Faraday efficiency of alkene products, outperforming pure Pd and commercial Pd/C. This electrochemical semihydrogenation of alkynes might proceed via a H*_ads addition pathway rather than a proton-coupled electron transfer process. The decreased amount of H*_ads at a lower potential and the more preferential adsorption of the Pd-P to C≡C π bond than C=C moiety resulted in the excellent alkene selectivity. This method was capable of producing mono-, di-, and tri-deuterated alkenes with up to 99 % deuterium incorporation.     

Hydrogen transfer reaction on the surface of an oxide catalyst

RuO2(110) exposes two kinds of active surface species (acidic and basic centers) that govern the interaction of the gas phase in contact with the catalyst's surface. Here we will elucidate the cooperative interplay of these two active surface sites for a simple model reaction, namely the water formation over RuO2 catalysts when supplying hydrogen and oxygen from the gas phase. The bridging O atoms harvest the hydrogen from the gas phase, while the on-top O atoms pick up those adsorbed hydrogen atoms from the bridging O atoms to form water. This mechanism of hydrogen transfer is mediated by a strong hydrogen bond. Hydrogen transfer is expected to play a vital role for the whole class of catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions of hydrocarbons over RuO2.     

Homogeneous catalytic reduction of dioxygen using transfer hydrogenation catalysts

Solutions of Cp*IrH(rac-TsDPEN) (TsDPEN = H2NCHPhCHPhN(SO2C6H4CH3)-) (1H(H)) with O2 generate Cp*Ir(TsDPEN-H) (1) and 1 equiv of H2O. Kinetic analysis indicates a third-order rate law (second order in [1H(H)] and first order in [O2]), resulting in an overall rate constant of 0.024 +/- 0.013 M(-2) s(-1). Isotopic labeling revealed that the rate of the reaction of 1H(H) + O2 was strongly affected by deuteration at the hydride position (k(HH2)/k(DH2) = 6.0 +/- 1.3) but insensitive to deuteration of the amine (k(HH2)/k(HD2) = 1.2 +/- 0.2); these values are more disparate than for conventional transfer hydrogenation (Casey, C. P.; Johnson, J. B. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 1998-2001). The temperature dependence of the reaction rate indicated DeltaH = 82.2 kJ/mol, DeltaS = 13.2 J/mol K, and a reaction barrier of 85.0 kJ/mol. A CH2Cl2 solution under 0.30 atm of H2 and 0.13 atm of O2 converted to H2O in the presence of 1 and 10 mol % of H(OEt2)2BAr(F)4 (BAr(F)4- = B(C6H3-3,5-(CF3)2)4-). The formation of water from H2 was verified by 2H NMR for the reaction of D2 + O2. Solutions of 1 slowly catalyze the oxidation of amyl alcohol to pentanal; using 1,4-benzoquinone as a cocatalyst, the conversion was faster. Complex 1 also catalyzes the reaction of O2 with RNH2BH3 (R = H, t-Bu), resulting in the formation of water and H2. The deactivation of the catalyst 1 in its reactions with O2 was traced to degradation of the Cp* ligand to a fulvene derivative. This pathway is not observed in the presence of amine-boranes, which were shown to reduce fulvenes back to Cp*. This work suggests the potential of transfer hydrogenation catalysts in reactions involving O2.     

二苯并噻吩在分散型钼催化剂和原位产生的氢存在下的加氢脱硫 Ⅰ.产物分布和反应网络

研究了水/甲苯乳化液中二苯并噻吩(硫芴,DBT)在分散型钼酸和磷钼酸催化剂存在下的加氢脱硫反应.反应在高压釜中于340℃及经水煤气转换反应(WGSR)产生的原位氢存在下进行.用GC和GC-MS 鉴定、分析了气体和液体产物的组成.结果表明:在反应过程中部分加氢的中间产物1,2,3,4-四氢硫芴(4H-DBT)和1,2,3,4,10,11-六氢硫芴(6H-DBT)的浓度相当高,但二联苯的浓度相对较低,说明加氢路径与氢解路径相当.提出的硫芴加氢脱硫反应网络包含两个反应途径:噻吩环先直接氢解脱硫,紧接着苯环加氢途径;苯环先加氢,然后噻吩环氢解脱硫途径.同时,还包含环烷环的异构化反应.