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1.
Considerable lithium‐driven volume changes and loss of crystallinity on cycling have impeded the sustainable use of transition metal oxides (MOs) as attractive anode materials for advanced lithium‐ion batteries that have almost six times the capacity of carbon per unit volume. Herein, Co3O4 was used as a model MO in a facile process involving two pyrolysis steps for in situ encapsulation of nanosized MO in porous two‐dimensional graphitic carbon nanosheets (2D‐GCNs) with high surface areas and abundant active sites to overcome the above‐mentioned problems. The proposed method is inexpensive, industrially scalable, and easy to operate with a high yield. TEM revealed that the encaged Co3O4 is well separated and uniformly dispersed with surrounding onionlike graphitic layers. By taking advantage of the high electronic conductivity and confinement effect of the surrounding 2D‐GCNs, a hierarchical GCNs‐coated Co3O4 (Co3O4@GCNs) anode with 43.5 wt % entrapped active nanoparticles delivered a remarkable initial specific capacity of 1816 mAh g?1 at a current density of 100 mA g?1. After 50 cycles, the retained capacity is as high as 987 mAh g?1. When the current density was increased to 1000 mA g?1, the anode showed a capacity retention of 416 mAh g?1. Enhanced reversible rate capability and prolonged cycling stability were found for Co3O4@GCN compared to pure GCNs and Co3O4. The Co3O4@GCNs hybrid holds promise as an efficient candidate material for anodes due to its low cost, environmentally friendly nature, high capacity, and stability.  相似文献   

2.
A simple synthetic approach for graphene‐templated nanostructured MnO2 nanowires self‐inserted with Co3O4 nanocages is proposed in this work. The Co3O4 nanocages were penetrated in situ by MnO2 nanowires. As an anode, the as‐obtained MnO2–Co3O4–RGO composite exhibits remarkable enhanced performance compared with the MnO2–RGO and Co3O4–RGO samples. The MnO2–Co3O4–RGO electrode delivers a reversible capacity of up to 577.4 mA h g?1 after 400 cycles at 500 mA g?1 and the Coulombic efficiency of MnO2–Co3O4–RGO is about 96 %.  相似文献   

3.
Nitrogen‐doped hollow cobalt oxide nanofibers (Co3O4 NFs) with both glucose catalytic activity and pH sensitivity were fabricated through core‐sheath electrospinning technique, followed by calcination. The as‐developed nitrogen‐doped hollow Co3O4 NFs were thoroughly characterized using various techniques, and then employed to fabricate a dual electrochemical sensor for both pH sensing and glucose sensing. The pH sensitivity of the developed nitrogen‐doped hollow Co3O4 NFs demonstrated a Nernst constant of 12.9–15.9 mV/pH in the pH range of 3.0~9.0 and 6.8–10.7 mV/pH in the pH range of 9.0~13.0, respectively. The developed hollow cobalt oxides nanofibers sensor also possesses glucose sensitivity of 87.67 μA mM?1 cm?2, the limit of detection of 0.38 μM (S/N=3), and an acceptable selectivity against several common interferents in non‐enzymatic glucose determination. High accuracy for monitoring glucose in human serum sample was also demonstrated. These features indicate that the as‐synthesized nitrogen‐doped hollow cobalt oxides nanofibers hold great potential in the development of a unique dual sensor for both solid‐state pH sensing and superior non‐enzymatic glucose sensing.  相似文献   

4.
Heterostructure engineering of electrode materials, which is expected to accelerate the ion/electron transport rates driven by a built‐in internal electric field at the heterointerface, offers unprecedented promise in improving their cycling stability and rate performance. Herein, carbon nanotubes with Co9S8/ZnS heterostructures embedded in a N‐doped carbon framework (Co9S8/ZnS@NC) have been rationally designed via an in‐situ vapor chemical transformation strategy with the aid of thiophene, which not only acted as carbon source for the growth of carbon nanotubes but also as sulfur source for the sulfurization of metal Zn and Co. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation shows an about 3.24 eV electrostatic potential difference between ZnS and Co9S8, which results in a strong electrostatic field across the interface that makes electrons transfer from Co9S8 to the ZnS side. As expected, a stable cycling performance with reversible capacity of 411.2 mAh g?1 at 1000 mA g?1 after 300 cycles, excellent rate capability (324 mAh g?1 at 2000 A g?1) and a high percentage of pseudocapacitance contribution (87.5% at 2.2 mv/s) for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are achieved. This work provides a possible strategy for designing multicomponent heterostructural materials for application in energy storage and conversion fields.  相似文献   

5.
Mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheets (Co3O4‐NS) and nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐rGO) are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal approach, and the N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite is formulated through an infiltration procedure. Eventually, the obtained composites are subjected to various characterization techniques, such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, surface area analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and TEM. The lithium‐storage properties of N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composites are evaluated in a half‐cell assembly to ascertain their suitability as a negative electrode for lithium‐ion battery applications. The 2D/2D nanostructured mesoporous N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite delivered a reversible capacity of about 1305 and 1501 mAh g?1 at a current density of 80 mA g?1 for the 1st and 50th cycles, respectively. Furthermore, excellent cyclability, rate capability, and capacity retention characteristics are noted for the N‐rGO/Co3O4‐NS composite. This improved performance is mainly related to the existence of mesoporosity and a sheet‐like 2D hierarchical morphology, which translates into extra space for lithium storage and a reduced electron pathway. Also, the presence of N‐rGO and carbon shells in Co3O4‐NS should not be excluded from such exceptional performance, which serves as a reliable conductive channel for electrons and act as synergistically to accommodate volume expansion upon redox reactions. Ex‐situ TEM, impedance spectroscopy, and XPS, are also conducted to corroborate the significance of the 2D morphology towards sustained lithium storage.  相似文献   

6.
A nanostructured Mn3O4/C electrode was prepared by a one‐step polyol‐assisted pyro‐synthesis without any post‐heat treatments. The as‐prepared Mn3O4/C revealed nanostructured morphology comprised of secondary aggregates formed from carbon‐coated primary particles of average diameters ranging between 20 and 40 nm, as evidenced from the electron microscopy studies. The N2 adsorption studies reveal a hierarchical porous feature in the nanostructured electrode. The nanostructured morphology appears to be related to the present rapid combustion strategy. The nanostructured porous Mn3O4/C electrode demonstrated impressive electrode properties with reversible capacities of 666 mAh g?1 at a current density of 33 mA g?1, good capacity retentions (1141 mAh g?1 with 100 % Coulombic efficiencies at the 100th cycle), and rate capabilities (307 and 202 mAh g?1 at 528 and 1056 mA g?1, respectively) when tested as an anode for lithium‐ion battery applications.  相似文献   

7.
The synthesis of nanoporous graphene by a convenient carbon nanofiber assisted self‐assembly approach is reported. Porous structures with large pore volumes, high surface areas, and well‐controlled pore sizes were achieved by employing spherical silica as hard templates with different diameters. Through a general wet‐immersion method, transition‐metal oxide (Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO) nanocrystals can be easily loaded into nanoporous graphene papers to form three‐dimensional flexible nanoarchitectures. When directly applied as electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors, the materials exhibited superior electrochemical performances, including an ultra‐high specific capacity, an extended long cycle life, and a high rate capability. In particular, nanoporous Fe3O4–graphene composites can deliver a reversible specific capacity of 1427.5 mAh g?1 at a high current density of 1000 mA g?1 as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. Furthermore, nanoporous Co3O4–graphene composites achieved a high supercapacitance of 424.2 F g?1. This work demonstrated that the as‐developed freestanding nanoporous graphene papers could have significant potential for energy storage and conversion applications.  相似文献   

8.
Nitrogen‐doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (NHCS) consisting of hybridized amorphous and graphitic carbon were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition with pitch as raw material. Treatment with HNO3 vapor was performed to incorporate oxygen‐containing groups on NHCS, and the resulting NHCS‐O showed excellent rate capacity, high reversible capacity, and excellent cycling stability when tested as the anode material in lithium‐ion batteries. The NHCS‐O electrode maintained a reversible specific capacity of 616 mAh g?1 after 250 cycles at a current rate of 500 mA g?1, which is an increase of 113 % compared to the pristine hollow carbon spheres. In addition, the NHCS‐O electrode exhibited a reversible capacity of 503 mAh g?1 at a high current density of 1.5 A g?1. The superior electrochemical performance of NHCS‐O can be attributed to the hybrid structure, high N and O contents, and rich surface defects.  相似文献   

9.
In this article, the two‐layer sandwiched graphene@LiFe0.2Co0.8O2 nanoparticles (SG@LFCO) have been prepared and investigated as high‐rate and long‐life cathode materials for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries. The materials possess a high‐surface area (267.1 m2 g?1) and lots of void spaces. By combining various favorable conditions, such as Fe doping, coating graphene, and designing novel morphology, the as‐prepared materials deliver a specific capacity of 115 mAh g?1 at 10 C. At the 0.1 C cycling rate, the capacity retention of 97.2 % is sustained after 250 cycles and a coulombic efficiency of around 97.6 % is obtained.  相似文献   

10.
A superior Na3V2(PO4)3‐based nanocomposite (NVP/C/rGO) has been successfully developed by a facile carbothermal reduction method using one most‐common chelator, disodium ethylenediamintetraacetate [Na2(C10H16N2O8)], as both sodium and nitrogen‐doped carbon sources for the first time. 2D‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets are also employed as highly conductive additives to facilitate the electrical conductivity and limit the growth of NVP nanoparticles. When used as the cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the NVP/C/rGO nanocomposite exhibits the highest discharge capacity, the best high‐rate capabilities and prolonged cycling life compared to the pristine NVP and single‐carbon‐modified NVP/C. Specifically, the 0.1 C discharge capacity delivered by the NVP/C/rGO is 116.8 mAh g?1, which is obviously higher than 106 and 112.3 mAh g?1 for the NVP/C and pristine NVP respectively; it can still deliver a specific capacity of about 80 mAh g?1 even at a high rate up to 30 C; and its capacity decay is as low as 0.0355 % per cycle when cycled at 0.2 C. Furthermore, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also implemented to compare the electrode kinetics of all three NVP‐based cathodes including the apparent Na diffusion coefficients and charge‐transfer resistances.  相似文献   

11.
The sodium‐ion battery is a promising battery technology owing to its low price and high abundance of sodium. However, the sluggish kinetics of sodium ion makes it hard to achieve high‐rate performance, therefore impairing the power density. In this work, a fiber‐in‐tube Co9S8‐carbon(C)/Co9S8 is designed with fast sodiation kinetics. The experimental and simulation analysis show that the dominating capacitance mechanism for the high Na‐ion storage performance is due to abundant grain boundaries, three exposed layer interfaces, and carbon wiring in the design. As a result, the fiber‐in‐tube hybrid anode shows a high specific capacity of 616 mAh g?1 after 150 cycles at 0.5 A g?1. At 1 A g?1, a capacity of ca. 451 mAh g?1 can be achieved after 500 cycles. More importantly, a high energy density of 779 Wh kg?1 and power density of 7793 W kg?1 can be obtained simultaneously.  相似文献   

12.
The electrode materials with hollow structure and/or graphene coating are expected to exhibit outstanding electrochemical performances in energy‐storage systems. 2D graphene‐wrapped hollow C/Fe3O4 microspheres are rationally designed and fabricated by a novel facile and scalable strategy. The core@double‐shell structure SPS@FeOOH@GO (SPS: sulfonated polystyrene, GO: graphene oxide) microspheres are first prepared through a simple one‐pot approach and then transformed into C/Fe3O4@G (G: graphene) after calcination at 500 °C in Ar. During calcination, the Kirkendall effect resulting from the diffusion/reaction of SPS‐derived carbon and FeOOH leads to the formation of hollow structure carbon with Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in it. In the rationally constructed architecture of C/Fe3O4@G, the strongly coupled C/Fe3O4 hollow microspheres are further anchored onto 2D graphene networks, achieving a strong synergetic effect between carbon, Fe3O4, and graphene. As an anode material of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), C/Fe3O4@G manifests a high reversible capacity, excellent rate behavior, and outstanding long‐term cycling performance (1208 mAh g?1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g?1).  相似文献   

13.
Hollow ZnV2O4 microspheres with a clewlike feature were synthesized by reacting zinc nitrate hexahydrate and ammonium metavanadate in benzyl alcohol at 180 °C for the first time. GC–MS analysis revealed that the organic reactions that occurred in this study were rather different from those in benzyl alcohol based nonaqueous sol–gel systems with metal alkoxides, acetylacetonates, and acetates as the precursors. Time‐dependent experiments revealed that the growth mechanism of the clewlike ZnV2O4 hollow microspheres might involve a unique multistep pathway. First, the generation and self‐assembly of ZnO nanosheets into metastable hierarchical microspheres as well as the generation of VO2 particles took place quickly. Then, clewlike ZnV2O4 hollow spheres were gradually produced by means of a repeating reaction–dissolution (RD) process. In this process, the outside ZnO nanosheets of hierarchical microspheres would first react with neighboring vanadium ions and benzyl alcohol and also serve as the secondary nucleation sites for the subsequently formed ZnV2O4 nanocrystals. With the reaction proceeding, the interior ZnO would dissolve and then spontaneously diffuse outwards to nucleate as ZnO nanocrystals on the preformed ZnV2O4 nanowires. These renascent ZnO nanocrystals would further react with VO2 and benzyl alcohol, ultimately resulting in the final formation of a hollow spatial structure. The lithium storage ability of clewlike ZnV2O4 hollow microspheres was studied. When cycled at 50 mA g?1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3 V, this peculiarly structured ZnV2O4 electrode delivered an initial reversible capacity of 548 mAh g?1 and exhibited almost stable cycling performance to maintain a capacity of 524 mAh g?1 over 50 cycles. This attractive lithium storage performance suggests that the resulting clewlike ZnV2O4 hollow spheres are promising for lithium‐ion batteries.  相似文献   

14.
Multi‐wall Sn/SnO2@carbon hollow nanofibers evolved from SnO2 nanofibers are designed and programable synthesized by electrospinning, polypyrrole coating, and annealing reduction. The synthesized hollow nanofibers have a special wire‐in‐double‐wall‐tube structure with larger specific surface area and abundant inner spaces, which can provide effective contacting area of electrolyte with electrode materials and more active sites for redox reaction. It shows excellent cycling stability by virtue of effectively alleviating pulverization of tin‐based electrode materials caused by volume expansion. Even after 2000 cycles, the wire‐in‐double‐wall‐tube Sn/SnO2@carbon nanofibers exhibit a high specific capacity of 986.3 mAh g?1 (1 A g?1) and still maintains 508.2 mAh g?1 at high current density of 5 A g?1. This outstanding electrochemical performance suggests the multi‐wall Sn/SnO2@ carbon hollow nanofibers are great promising for high performance energy storage systems.  相似文献   

15.
Herein, mesoporous sodium vanadium phosphate nanoparticles with highly sp2‐coordinated carbon coatings (meso‐Na3V2(PO4)3/C) were successfully synthesized as efficient cathode material for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries by using ascorbic acid as both the reductant and carbon source, followed by calcination at 750 °C in an argon atmosphere. Their crystalline structure, morphology, surface area, chemical composition, carbon nature and amount were systematically explored. Following electrochemical measurements, the resultant meso‐Na3V2(PO4)3/C not only delivered good reversible capacity (98 mAh g?1 at 0.1 A g?1) and superior rate capability (63 mAh g?1 at 1 A g?1) but also exhibited comparable cycling performance (capacity retention: ≈74 % at 450 cycles at 0.4 A g?1). Moreover, the symmetrical sodium‐ion full cell with excellent reversibility and cycling stability was also achieved (capacity retention: 92.2 % at 0.1 A g?1 with 99.5 % coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles). These attributes are ascribed to the distinctive mesostructure for facile sodium‐ion insertion/extraction and their continuous sp2‐coordinated carbon coatings, which facilitate electronic conduction.  相似文献   

16.
Lithium‐rich layered oxides are promising cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and exhibit a high reversible capacity exceeding 250 mAh g−1. However, voltage fade is the major problem that needs to be overcome before they can find practical applications. Here, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (LLMO) oxides are subjected to nanoscale LiFePO4 (LFP) surface modification. The resulting materials combine the advantages of both bulk doping and surface coating as the LLMO crystal structure is stabilized through cationic doping, and the LLMO cathode materials are protected from corrosion induced by organic electrolytes. An LLMO cathode modified with 5 wt % LFP (LLMO–LFP5) demonstrated suppressed voltage fade and a discharge capacity of 282.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity retention of 98.1 % after 120 cycles. Moreover, the nanoscale LFP layers incorporated into the LLMO surfaces can effectively maintain the lithium‐ion and charge transport channels, and the LLMO–LFP5 cathode demonstrated an excellent rate capacity.  相似文献   

17.
In this work, hybrid porous Co3O4–CeO2 hollow polyhedrons have been successfully obtained via a simple cation‐exchange route followed by heat treatment. In the synthesis process, ZIF‐67 polyhedron frameworks are firstly prepared, which not only serve as a host for the exchanged Ce3+ ions but also act as the template for the synthesis of hybrid porous Co3O4–CeO2 hollow polyhedrons. When utilized as electrode materials for supercapacitors, the hybrid porous Co3O4–CeO2 hollow polyhedrons delivered a large specific capacitance of 1288.3 F g?1 at 2.5 A g?1 and a remarkable long lifespan cycling stability (<3.3 % loss after 6000 cycles). Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device based on hybrid porous Co3O4–CeO2 hollow polyhedrons was assembled. The ASC device possesses an energy density of 54.9 W h kg?1, which can be retained to 44.2 W h kg?1 even at a power density of 5100 W kg?1, indicating its promising application in electrochemical energy storage. More importantly, we believe that the present route is a simple and versatile strategy for the preparation of other hybrid metal oxides with desired structures, chemical compositions and applications.  相似文献   

18.
Binary metal oxides have been deemed as a promising class of electrode materials for high‐performance lithium ion batteries owing to their higher conductivity and electrochemical activity than corresponding monometal oxides. Here, NiFe2O4 nanoplates consisting of nanosized building blocks have been successfully fabricated by a facile, large‐scale NaCl and KCl molten‐salt route, and the changes in the morphology of NiFe2O4 as a function of the molten‐salt amount have been systemically investigated. The results indicate that the molten‐salt amount mainly influences the diameter and thickness of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates as well as the morphology of the nanosized building blocks. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements have been conducted to evaluate the lithium storage properties of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates prepared with a Ni(NO3)2/Fe(NO3)3/KCl/NaCl molar ratio of 1:2:20:60. A high reversible capacity of 888 mAh g?1 is delivered over 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g?1. Even at a current density of 5000 mA g?1, the discharge capacity could still reach 173 mAh g?1. Such excellent electrochemical performances of the NiFe2O4 nanoplates are contributed to the short Li+ diffusion distance of the nanosized building blocks and the synergetic effect of the Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions.  相似文献   

19.
Flexible lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have recently attracted increasing attention with the fast development of bendable electronic systems. Herein, a facile and template‐free solvothermal method is presented for the fabrication of hybrid yolk–shell CoS2 and nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) sheets. The yolk–shell architecture of CoS2 encapsulated with NG coating is designed for the dual protection of CoS2 to address the structural and interfacial stability concerns facing the CoS2 anode. The as‐prepared composite can be assembled into a film, which can be used as a binder‐free and flexible electrode for LIBs that does not require any carbon black conducting additives or current collectors. When evaluating lithium‐storage properties, such a flexible electrode exhibits a high specific capacity of 992 mAh g?1 in the first reversible discharge capacity at a current rate of 100 mA g?1 and high reversible capacity of 882 mAh g?1 after 150 cycles with excellent capacity retention of 89.91 %. Furthermore, a reversible capacity as high as 655 mAh g?1 is still achieved after 50 cycles even at a high rate of 5 C due to the yolk–shell structure and NG coating, which not only provide short Li‐ion and electron pathways, but also accommodate large volume variation.  相似文献   

20.
Owing to the high specific capacity and energy density, metal oxides have become very promising electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, poor electrical conductivity accompanied with inferior cycling stability resulting from large volume changes are the main obstacles to achieve a high reversible capacity and stable cyclability. Herein, a facile and general approach to fabricate SnO2, Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/SnO2 fibers is proposed. The appealing structural features are favorable for offering a shortened lithium‐ion diffusion length, easy access for the electrolyte and reduced volume variation when used as anodes in LIBs. As a consequence, both single and hybrid oxides show satisfactory reversible capacities (1206 mAh g?1 for Fe2O3 and 1481 mAh g?1 for Fe2O3/SnO2 after 200 cycles at 200 mA g?1) and long lifespans.  相似文献   

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