反应性复合乳液的合成、表征及其交联反应

利用种子半连续乳液聚合方法合成了核层或壳层带有环氧基以及壳层带有羧基的3种不同核/壳结构的乳胶粒子,通过物理共混带环氧基和羧基的乳胶粒子,得到了两种反应性复合乳液.利用透射电镜和激光动态光散射对乳胶粒子进行了表征,其粒径分布较窄,粒径分布的多分散系数为0.062,平均粒径约76 nm,乳胶粒子具有明显的核/壳结构.通过胶膜的凝胶率和膨胀率的测定和红外光谱分析对反应性复合乳液中乳胶粒子的扩散及交联反应进行了研究,并探讨了不同核壳结构复合乳液对涂膜机械性能的影响.研究表明,当反应性复合乳液中的环氧基和羧基分别分布在乳胶粒子的核层和壳层时,有利于聚合物分子链的充分扩散和化学交联反应的进行,从而提高涂膜的物理化学性能,当甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)含量为10 wt%时,涂膜的拉伸强度达20.3 MPa.     

SIS-PAn导电橡胶复合物的制备和性能

用原位聚合方法在SIS（苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物）橡胶基体中合成聚苯胺（PAn），可形成均匀复合的SIS－PAn导电橡胶膜．成膜后紧朝玻璃的膜面导电，而朝向空气的膜面却绝缘．膜中PAn的含量只有5．8％（质量分数）或An／SIS的投料比为0.2时，导电复合物膜的表面电阻和导电率即可分别达到300Ω／□和0.07S·cm~(－1)分析了制备条件，包括PAn含量、酸量、氧化剂用量、表面活性剂用量、交联剂用量和模具材料等因素对SIS－PAn复合物导电性能的影响．     

甲基丙烯酸对聚合物乳胶粉再分散性影响机理

采用半连续种子乳液聚合法,以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为壳层亲水功能单体,合成了丙烯酸酯原乳液,并通过喷雾干燥法制得具有可再分散性的聚合物乳胶粉.讨论了原乳液粒子粒径随pH值和MAA量的变化关系;重点研究了MAA量对乳胶粉水分散液稳定性、再分散乳液zeta电位、乳胶粒粒径分布及乳胶粉内部微观形貌的影响,并分析其作用机理.研究结果表明:原乳液粒子粒径随pH值的增大逐渐增大,且MAA含量越高,粒径增幅越大;随MAA量增加,再分散液稳定性增强,zeta电位绝对值增大,平均粒径逐渐变小,乳胶粉再分散性显著改善.透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果显示:当MAA含量较高时,乳胶粉内部出现较大孔径的中空微孔结构.中空微孔结构提供水分向乳胶粉内部扩散通道,因而优化其水分散性,再分散乳液的"绒毛结构"与较高的zeta电位赋予其优异的分散稳定性.     

核壳型聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚(苯乙烯-甲丙烯酸甲酯)乳胶粒子形态设计及模拟

在简化及限制的实验条件下，提出了一套界面张力的简化推算方法，通过计算证实了采用该简化算法所得界面张力可较为准确地预测丙苯体系复合乳胶粒子的热力学平衡形态．并且根据性能要求，通过界面自由能变化最小的热力学判据对核壳型聚丙烯酸丁酯／ 聚（ 苯乙烯 甲基丙烯酸甲酯） 复合乳胶粒子进行形态设计，采用种子半连续乳液聚合法制备复合乳胶，利用电镜对设计粒子的最终核壳形态进行了证实．     

氯丁胶乳-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合乳胶粒结构形态

以氯丁胶乳（Pa）为种子乳液,甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Pb）为第二单体,采用种子乳液聚合法,制备了氯丁胶乳-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合乳胶粒。 热力学分析表明,当Pb的体积分数Φb＜0.69时,可同时形成Pa-Pb型正核-壳和（Pa＋Pb）分离型乳胶粒,当Φb＞0.69时,形成Pb-Pa型翻转型核壳结构乳胶粒,并伴有Pa-Pb型正核-壳结构乳胶粒的形成。 动力学分析表明,引发剂类型、第二单体的加入方式、种子乳胶粒的交联、单体/聚合物质量比是影响乳胶粒形态的主要因素。 采用水溶性引发剂过二硫酸钾（KPS）,以饥饿态方式加入单体,氯丁胶乳 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PCR-PMMA)复合乳胶粒呈现正核-壳结构,以充溢态方式加入单体则不能形成明显的核-壳结构;而以油溶性偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂时,单体无论以充溢态方式加入还是饥饿态加入均倾向于形成翻转核-壳型粒子。 在种子乳胶粒中加入一定量交联剂二缩三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯,有利于形成明显的正核壳结构。 以饥饿态进料,KPS为引发剂时,随着单体用量增加,壳层变厚,仍呈正核-壳结构,与热力学分析结果相吻合;以AIBN为引发剂时,随着单体用量增加,PCR-PMMA复合乳胶粒逐渐由翻转核壳型结构变为互穿结构。     

悬浮-乳液复合聚合聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合粒子的颗粒特性和成粒机理

采用在苯乙烯 (St)悬浮聚合过程中滴加甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (MMA)乳液聚合组分的悬浮 乳液复合聚合方法 ,制备大粒径聚苯乙烯 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PS PMMA)复合粒子 .研究聚合物粒径分布和颗粒形态的变化发现 ,在St悬浮反应中期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分后 ,聚合体系逐渐由悬浮粒子与乳胶粒子并存向形成单峰分布复合粒子转变 ,最终形成核 壳结构完整的大粒径PS PMMA复合粒子 ;在St悬浮反应初期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分 ,St与MMA一起分散成更小液滴 ,反应后期凝并成非核 壳结构复合粒子 ;在St悬浮反应后期滴加MMA乳液聚合组分 ,PMMA乳胶粒子与PS悬浮粒子基本独立存在 .根据以上结果 ,提出了St MMA悬浮 乳液复合聚合的成粒机理 .     

聚苯乙烯磺酸掺杂聚苯胺的合成

以苯胺（An）为单体，过硫酸铵（APS）为氧化剂，在聚苯乙烯磺酸（PSSA）的水溶液中，合成了可完全溶于水的PSSA掺杂PAn。研究了An浓度，PSSA浓度，APS浓度，APS的滴加时间，反应时间及温度对An聚合反应及其产物的水溶性，导电性及特性粘度[η]的影响。结果表明：在比较宽的实验条件下，都可以合成出具有良好导电性的可溶于水的PSSA掺杂PAn；其中当An：PSSA:APS的摩尔比为1．7：2．5：1，APS溶液的滴加时间为3h，反应时间为1h，反应温度为14℃时，得到的掺杂PAn导电率最高达0．156S／cm。     

水溶性高分子分子量对其与电荷稳定的胶体分散体系的混合体系相行为的影响

利用同步辐射小角X射线散射技术,对不同相对分子质量的水溶性高分子聚氧化乙烯(PEO)与电荷稳定的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)乳胶的混合体系的相行为进行了研究。 PEO与PMMA乳胶混合体系的相行为与体系中乳胶粒子的体积分数和PEO的浓度相关。 在一定乳胶粒子体积分数下,在较低PEO浓度下,混合体系保持均匀分散性。 而当PEO浓度高于某一临界浓度时,混合体系将发生相分离,生成集团相或者形成面心立方(FCC)晶体结构。 PEO相对分子质量的大小也是影响混合体系相行为的重要因素。 当PEO的相对分子质量较高时,混合体系发生相分离所对应的临界PEO浓度较低。 除此,PEO相对分子质量对混合体系的结晶行为也有影响。 在低乳胶粒子体积分数下,较高相对分子质量的PEO容易使乳胶粒子结晶。 相反的,在较高乳胶粒子体积分数下,较低相对分子质量的PEO容易使乳胶粒子堆积形成结晶结构。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯微乳液聚合中粒子成长过程的探讨

以γ射线、过硫酸钾（ＫＰＳ）、过氧化苯甲酰（ＢＰＯ）和偶氮二异丁腈（ＡＩＢＮ）引发高单体含量的甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ＭＭＡ）微乳液聚合，观测了聚合过程中聚合物粒子大小及其分布随转化率的变化．水溶性与油溶性引发剂引发聚合有许多相似之处．聚合初期，体系内很快生成大聚合物粒子；随聚合的进行，体系中大聚合物粒子与小聚合物粒子共存；在更高的转化率下，微液滴成核都成为唯一的成核聚合方式，体系内只留有小粒子．但是两种类型的引发剂引发聚合时，也表现出明显的差别。水溶性引发剂引发聚合时，存在由均相成核到微液滴成核的转变；而油溶性引发剂引发聚合时，在较低的转化率下，聚合主要是在大聚合物粒子内进行的．     

PMMA/P(AN-MMA)纳米复合粒子的制备与形貌表征

采用种子乳液聚合的方法制备PMMA／P(AN-MMA)纳米复合粒子,在第二阶段聚合过程中分别采用水溶性引发剂、油溶性引发剂以及氧化还原引发体系,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)来观察复合乳胶粒子的形态结构,得到的PMMA／P(AN-MMA)纳米复合粒子为半球形结构,与热力学理论预测结果一致。     

聚苯胺水基胶体分散液及其复合物的研究 Ⅱ紫外光谱及导电性能

利用紫外可见光谱研究了聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）在水基胶体分散液中掺杂与脱掺杂过程，证实了ＰＡｎ的掺杂与脱掺杂是完全可逆的过程．当ｐＨ＝３５时，开始脱掺杂，当ｐＨ＝６０时，脱掺杂已基本结束．ＰＡｎ颗粒的大小也对紫外光谱有影响．当聚苯胺颗粒尺寸达到纳米量级时（１００ｎｍ），复合膜光谱吸收峰明显兰移，表现出了表面效应和量子尺寸效应．聚苯胺／聚乙烯醇复合膜的电导率不仅受聚苯胺含量的影响，同时也受复合膜中聚苯胺颗粒聚集状态的影响．较小的聚苯胺颗粒，使复合膜具有较低的渗滤阈值．     

聚苯胺水基胶体分散液及其复合物的研究 Ⅰ制备、表征及复合物的表观形貌、力学性能

以聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）为稳定剂（ｓｔｅｒｉｃｓｔａｂｉｌｉｚｅｒ）利用分散聚合（ｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉ ｚａｔｉｏｎ）的原理，成功地制备出了稳定的聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）水基胶体分散液．聚苯胺颗粒的大小受聚合条件如稳定剂浓度、单体浓度、温度以及搅伴状态等的影响．ＰＶＡ通过物理作用吸附在ＰＡｎ颗粒的表面，起到阻止ＰＡｎ颗粒进一步团聚的作用．但这种作用力较弱．ＰＡｎ颗粒的原始尺寸大小约为２０ｎｍ．由此原始颗粒组成了尺寸在１００ｍｍ～２００ｍｍ左右的稳定颗粒     

用共混和共聚法改性聚苯胺及其电流变液的研究

通过共混和表面接枝共聚两种方法改性聚苯胺，制备聚苯胺（ＰＡｎ）复合粒子并用它们组成活性较高的电流变（ＥＲ）液．研究了ＰＡｎ复合粒子的结构与ＥＲ液性能的关系．结果表明在ＰＡｎ粒子表面涂覆聚乙烯醇或接枝聚丙烯酰胺等与ＰＡｎ能形成氢键或有化学键连接的绝缘物质可以既提高其ＥＲ液的电诱导屈服应力又降低漏电流密度．     

Kinetics and mechanism of intramolecular carboxylic acid participation in the hydrolysis of N-methoxyphthalamic acid

The rate of formation and disappearance of phthalic anhydride (PAn) intermediate in the aqueous cleavage of N-methoxyphthalamic acid (NMPA) under acidic pH was studied spectrophotometrically in mixed CH3CN-H2O solvents. The rate of formation of PAn from NMPA is almost independent of the change in acetonitrile content from 20 to 70% v/v in mixed aqueous solvents. The rate constants for the formation of PAn from NMPA are approximately 10-fold smaller than the corresponding rate constants for the formation of PAn from o-carboxybenzohydroxamic acid (OCBA). These observations are ascribed to the consequence of the occurrence of slightly different mechanisms in these reactions.     

单分散空心SiO2纳米微球的合成与表征

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)功能化的聚苯乙烯(PS)粒子在SiO2包覆的同时被乙醇/氨水介质溶解, 得到了单分散空心SiO2纳米微球. 该空心SiO2纳米微球的尺寸和形态可以通过PVP, NH4OH和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)的用量来调节. PVP用量增加导致PS粒子变小, 从而得到较小的空心SiO2纳米微球; NH4OH用量增加, 空心SiO2纳米微球表面变得粗糙; TEOS用量增加, 空心SiO2纳米微球的壳层厚度增加. 包覆(溶解)温度是控制空心SiO2纳米微球形成的最有效手段. 在70 ℃的包覆(溶解)温度下可以获得全部空心的SiO2纳米微球.     

Investigation of the influence of the architectures of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymers made via the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates mechanism on the stabilization of suspension polymerizations

Linear, star, and block copolymers based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were synthesized with the macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) process for use as potential stabilizers in suspension polymerization. The design of the leaving group of the dithioxanthate‐based transfer agent was shown to be key to the successful preparation of well‐defined PVP architectures. A linear correlation of the monomer conversion and molecular weight was found in the synthesis of star polymers, whereas the molecular weight distribution remained narrow (polydispersity index < 1.3). Significant side reactions, which typically broaden the molecular weight distribution when R‐designed MADIX agents are used, were absent. The living behavior of the PVP polymerization was furthermore confirmed via chain extension with vinyl acetate, which resulted in the formation of PVP–PVAc block copolymers [where PVAc is poly(vinyl acetate)]. The prepared polymers were used as stabilizers in suspension polymerization to prepare crosslinked poly(vinyl neodecanoate)/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate microspheres. The ratio of the interfacial tension of the aqueous and monomer phases and the overall viscosity were found to have an effect on the diameter of the particles, with PVP star polymers as stabilizers resulting in smaller particles. A smaller interfacial tension, measured when star polymers and block copolymers were used, resulted in the appearance of smaller particles, probably because of more breakup events of the monomer droplets and the enhanced stabilization of the particle surface area. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4372–4383, 2006     

Synthesis of Poly（N-vinylpyrrolidone） Nanofibers Containing Gold Nanoparticles via Electrospinning Technique

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)(PVP)nanofibers containing gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrospinning method.This simple route was used to prepare composites on a large scale,and the syntheses are simple.The optical property of gold nanoparticles in PVP aqueous solution was investigated by UV-Visible absorption spectra.The morphology of the fibers and the distribution of particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy.The structure of the composite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene/Nanosilica Organic-Inorganic Hybrid

IntroductionIn the past two decades, because of its potentialindustrial applications, organic-inorganic compositeshave attracted the attention of both researchers andacademicians. Organic-inorganic hybrids offer the pos-sibility to combine both the advant…     

Study of the formation of biodegradable polycaprolactone particles using solvent evaporation method

Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), an aliphatic polyester paved the way in the formation of biodegradable and biocompatible polymer particles in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. The factors affecting in the preparation of PCL particles such as influences of the concentration of PCL, molecular weight and concentration of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) stabilizer, and the reaction time on the characteristics of PCL particles were investigated. In the fabrication of PCL particles, size, morphology and stability of the polymer particles were tailored by varying the type and concentration of the stabilizer to the polymer, reaction time and stirring speed of the reaction. Additionally, formation of particles was also related to the amount of PCL and PVP concentration. The PCL particles possessed a spherical shape with the size ranges of 5-20 micron and stability increases with higher concentration of PVP while coagulation observed when PCL particles prepared with the low concentration of PVP. The change in the morphology and sizes of the PCL particle at different reaction conditions were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.     

Morphology and size-controlled synthesis of silver nanoparticles in aqueous surfactant polymer solutions

We have employed a number of reducing and capping agents to obtain Ag(0) metallic nanoparticles of various sizes and morphologies. The size and morphology were tuned by selecting reducing and capping agents. Spherical particles of 15 and 43 nm diameter were obtained when 1 wt% aqueous starch solution of AgNO₃ precursor salt was reduced by d(+)-glucose and NaOH, respectively, on heating at 70 °C for 30 min. Smaller size particles obtained in the case of d(+)-glucose reduction has been attributed to the slow reduction rate by mild reducing agent d(+)-glucose compared to strong NaOH. Conducting the reduction at ambient temperature of silver salt in liquid crystalline pluronic P123 and L64 also gave spherical particles of 8 and 24 nm, respectively, without the addition of any separate reducing agent. NaOH reduction of salt in ethylene glycol (11 g)/polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP; 0.053 g) mixture produced large self-assembled cubes of 520 nm when smaller (26–53 nm) star-shaped sharp-edged structures formed initially aggregated on heating the preparation at 190 °C for 1 h. Increasing the amount of PVP (0.5 g) in ethylene glycol (11 g) and heating at 70 °C for 30 min yielded a mixture of spherical and non-spherical (cubes, hexagons, pentagons, and triangle) particles without the addition of an extra reducing agent. Addition of 5 wt% PVP to 1 wt% aqueous starched solution resulted in the formation of a mixture of spherical and anisotropic structures when solution heated at 70 °C for 1 h. Homogeneous smaller sized (29 nm) cubes were synthesized by NaOH reduction of AgNO₃ in 12.5 wt% of water-soluble polymer poly(methyl vinyl ether) at ambient temperature in 30 min reaction time.