天津沿海排污河中稀土元素的地球化学特征

选择天津沿海的南、北排污河为对象，研究了城市排污河中稀土元素的某些地球化学特征。结果表明，在排污河水体中溶解态稀土含量仍很低，但与其他天然大河相比，Eu和重稀土溶解态含量明显偏高。原水中稀土元素含量较高，以悬浮态为主。轻稀土的溶解态与悬浮态分布模式随原子序递增有相反的变化趋势。沉积物与悬浮物中的稀土含量明显低于其他天然河流，而悬浮物中的稀土含量又明显低于沉积物。沉积物与悬浮物中的稀土分布模式相似，均为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、Eu正异常型。这种分布模式与其他天然河流不同，而与本地区含有机质丰富的土壤相似，表明其外源为附近土壤。排污河稀土元素地球化学特性与天然河流的差异可能主要由于其水体中含有大量有机污染物造成的。     

喷气燃料中悬浮物的分离和分析

通过过滤分离出喷气燃料中的悬浮物，并用正己烷和二氯甲烷提取，利用扫描电镜、X射线能潜仪、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪和气相色谱-质谱仪分析悬浮物的组成；得出喷气燃料的悬浮物中同时含有烃类物质．极性成分和小粒径颗粒物。实验结果为进一步研究喷气燃料中的悬浮物来源和机理奠定了基础。     

亚甲蓝光度法测定废水中硫化物

在环境分析中，硫化物指的是水溶性无机硫化物和酸溶性金属硫化物，包括溶解性的H2S、HS^-、S^2-和存在于悬浮物中的可溶性硫化物以及酸溶性金属硫化物。用亚甲蓝吸光光度法测定废水中硫化物时，由于废水中的还原性物质、带色物和悬浮物对测定有干扰，故测定前需使用适当的预处理方法将硫化物与干扰物质分离，无色透明、不含悬浮物的水样，可采用沉淀分离法进行预处理，     

微波干燥重量法测定环境水样中悬浮物的含量

采用微波干燥重量法测定环境水样中悬浮物的含量，确定了微波干燥的最佳条件。悬浮物为0．5g左右时，微波功率为540W，恒重时间为7min；悬浮物为0．2g左右时，微波功率为540W，恒重时间为5min。该法具有速度快、准确度高、操作方便、耗电量低等优点，可用于水处理过程中悬浮物的测定，也可应用于其它重量分析法。     

火力发电厂废水中悬浮物处理的影响因素探讨

对火力发电厂废水中悬浮物处理的影响因素如pH值、水温、接触介质、进水水质、混凝剂加入量等进行分析，对主要影响因素水温和混凝剂加入量进行了试验分析，制定出废水悬浮物处理的合理方案。     

滤膜法测定工业废水中悬浮物

不可滤残渣(悬浮物)是指不能通过孔径为0．45μm滤膜的固体物。依据《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)，测定悬浮物标准分析方法为滤膜法。方法中对滤膜的直径和孔径均作出明确的规定，分别为45～60mm和0．45μm，一般以5～100mg悬浮物量作为量取试样体积的实用范围Ⅲ。     

明矾絮凝修正法测定水中总氮

大量生活污水、农田排水或含氮工业废水排入水体,使水中有机和各种无机含氮化合物含量增加,造成生物和微生物大量繁殖,消耗水中溶解氧使水质恶化.湖泊、水库中含有超标的氮、磷类物质时,造成浮游植物生长旺盛,出现富营养化状态,因此,总氮是衡量水质的重要指标之一.     

水中总氮测定有关问题的探讨

大量的生活污水、农田排水或含氮工业废水排入天然水体中中,使水中有机氮和各种无机氮化物的含量增加,生物和微生物大量繁殖,消耗水中的溶解氧,使水体质量恶化。若湖泊、水库中的氮含量超标,会造成浮游植物繁殖旺盛,出现水体富营养化状态。因此,总氮是衡量水质的重要指标之一。     

柱前衍生气相色谱法测定鱼饵料中的游离蛋白氨基酸

1引言氨基酸的测定方法很多,如薄层层析法、纸层析法、高压液相色谱法和气相色谱法等,但所分析的样品多为比较洁净或透明的液体,沉淀或悬浮物较少,样品前处理较易进行。鱼饵料由细小粉末压制而成,因此要测定其中的游离蛋白氨基酸,必须先用水浸泡处理使氨基酸溶解,而水浸液出现许多固体悬浮物,即使高速离心亦难以分离,给测定造成困难。本文采用柱前衍生气相色谱法,测定了两种鱼饵料中的游离蛋白氨基酸,以鸟氨酸为内标物,采用质谱定性。方法快速、简便,效果理想。2实验部分2．1材料及试剂两种鱼铒料分别为漳州鱼饵料（国产）和海…     

喷气燃料中悬浮物有机成分的气相色谱/质谱分析

本文研究了喷气燃料中悬浮物有机成分的分离和定性分析。先通过孔径0.025μm的微孔滤膜过滤分离出喷气燃料中的悬浮物,依次用正己烷和二氯甲烷提取悬浮物中的有机成分,再利用气相色谱/质谱联用技术对悬浮物的正己烷相溶液和二氯甲烷相溶液进行定性分析,共检测出了2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、1,2-二氧芑-3-乙酸,6-十六烷基-3,6-二氢-6-甲氧基-甲基酯、5-甲基-5H-苯并[23-c]咔唑等47种成分,为研究悬浮物的形成机理提供了实验依据。     

高吸水性树脂的吸水机理

高吸水性树脂是三度空间网络聚合物，是高分子电介质。在高分子网络链上嵌有可电离的离子对，遇水形成离子网络。该树脂能吸收自身重量几百倍至几千倍的水，且保水性好，即使在压力下，水也不从中溢出。其吸水机理可用Ｆｌｏｒｙ－Ｈｕｇｇｉｎｓ热力学公式来解释。     

Ion Product of Pure Water Characterized by Physics-Based Water Model

Pure water has been characterized for nearly a century, by its dissociation into hydronium (H₃O)¹⁺ and hydroxide (HO)^1- ions. As a chemical equilibrium reaction, the equilibrium constant, known as the ion product or the product of the equilibrium concentration of the two ion species, has been extensively measured by chemists over the liquid water temper-ature and pressure range. The experimental data have been nonlinear least-squares fitted to chemical thermodynamic-based equilibrium equations, which have been accepted as the industrial standard for 35 years. In this study, a new and statistical-physics-based water ion product equation is presented, in which, the ions are the positively charged protons and the negatively charged proton-holes or prohols. Nonlinear least squares fits of our equation to the experimental data in the 0-100 ℃ pure liquid water range, give a factor of two better precision than the 35-year industrial standard.     

Improvement of Atmospheric Water Surface Discharge with Water Resistive Barrier

Atmospheric water surface discharge is a promising method for water treatment. The selection of discharge gap distance must take a pair of conflicting aspects into account: the chemical efficiency grows as the discharge gap distance decreases, while the spark breakdown voltage decreases as the gap distance decreases. To raise the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency of atmospheric pressure water surface discharge, resistive barrier discharge is introduced in this paper. Both the high voltage electrode and the ground electrode are suspended above water surface to form an electrode-water-electrode discharge system. The water layer plays the role of a resistive barrier which inhibits the growth rate of discharge current as voltage increases. Experiments conducted at different discharge gap distances and water conductivities indicate that both the spark breakdown voltage and the chemical efficiency are remarkably raised in comparison with traditional water surface discharge. After parameter optimization, the discharge reactor is scaled up with activated carbon fiber electrodes and advantages of water resistive barrier discharge are kept.     

Spectral Irradiance in Pond Water: Influence of Water Chemistry

Knowing the depth of UV penetration in ponds and the chemical variables that control underwater spectral irradiance is a prerequisite to predicting the influence of UV on amphibians and other pond organisms. The present study found that over 99% of UVB (280–315 nm) radiation was attenuated in the top 10–20 cm of ponds sampled on the edge of the Canadian Shield near Peterborough, Ontario. While the principal attenuating substance was, as in lakes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), neither DOC nor DOC fluorescence were useful predictors of the attenuation coefficients other than the observation that all values of DOC were high and all attenuation coefficients were also high. The lack of a reliable relationship between DOC and attenuation resulted from differences throughout the season in the fraction of the DOC capable of absorbing radiation (chromophores) and the fraction capable of fluorescing (fluorophores). Attenuation was higher than predicted from DOC during springtime when amphibians lay their eggs. Absorbance coefficients measured using a spectrophotometer proved to be reliable predictors of both UVB and UVA attenuation coefficients measured in the ponds with a spectro-radiometer. While DOC provides an effective sun screen against the direct damage of UV radiation, the high attenuation means that the photochemical activity spread over at least 15 m in the ocean is confined to only a few centimeters in ponds.     

Water vapor polarization

The characteristics of water vapor polarization were calculated, and several polarization theory equations applicable to different states of aggregation of molecular systems were obtained.     

Water trimer cation

By using density functional theory (DFT) and high-level ab initio theory, we have investigated the structure, interaction energy, electronic property, and IR spectra of the water trimer cation [(H₂O) ₃ ⁺ ]. Two structures of the water trimer cation [the H₃O⁺ containing linear (3Lp) structure versus the ring (3OO) structure] are compared. For the complete basis set (CBS) limit of coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)], the 3Lp structure is 11.9?kcal/mol more stable than the 3OO structure. This indicates that the ionization of water clusters produce the hydronium cation moiety (H₃O⁺) and the hydroxyl radical. It is interesting to note that the calculation results of the water trimer cation vary seriously depending on the calculation level. At the level of M?ller?CPlesset second-order perturbation (MP2) theory, the stability of 3OO is underestimated due to the underestimated O??O hemibonding energy. This stability is also underestimated even for the CCSD(T) single point calculations on the MP2-optimized geometry. For the 3OO structure, the MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations give closed-ring structures with a hemi-bond between two O atoms, while the DFT calculations show open-ring structures due to the overestimated O??O hemibonding energy. Thus, in order to obtain reliable stabilities and frequencies of the water trimer cation, the CCSD(T) geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are necessary. In this regard, the DFT functionals need to be improved to take into account the proper O??O hemibonding energy.     

Nmr Spectroscopic Determination of Water In Deuterium Oxide/Water Mixtures

Abstract

Deuterium oxide was determined in synthetic mixtures of 70–100 % D₂O and 90–100 % D₂O by NMR spectroscopy with a Varian A-60 NMR spectrometer using peak heights and areas. The standard deviation for the best results was 0.4 % D₂O.     

还原荧光法测定水和废水中的对硝基酚

本文用乙酸丁酯萃取水和废水中的对硝基酚,用氢氧化钠溶液反萃取,然后用硼氢化钾还原对硝基酚为对氨基酚,用荧光法进行分析测定。荧光激发波长和发射波长分别为274nm和372nm。检测限为3.0μg/L。样品加标回收率为89％～96％。