学习向量量化神经网络用于胃癌组织样品分类识别的研究

将lvq神经网络(Learn ing Vector Quantization Neural Networks)用于胃癌组织样品的分类识别,根据胃癌组织及相应正常组织的FTIR光谱的主要特征吸收峰值(包括vas(CH3)、vs(CH2)、δ(CH2)、v(C-O)、vs(PO2-)、vas(PO2-)和vs(核酸,细胞蛋白及膜脂))全部或部分作为网络输入向量,对未知的胃组织样品进行分类识别,结果显示:i)以上述全部七个谱峰为输入向量时,网络经训练学习后,其平均识别正确率最高(达89.3%),表明该网络对胃癌组织样品的分类识别是满意的,完全可作为临床医学的辅助诊断手段;ii)总体上,当作为输入向量的FTIR特征谱峰越多时,则网络的平均分类识别正确率越高;iii)作为输入的FTIR特征谱峰不同时,则网络的平均分类识别正确率也不同。     

基于人工神经网络的生物组织质谱成像分类与识别方法

生物组织质谱成像技术不仅能够展示组织的生物分子信息,而且能直观地显示分子空间分布,是当今生物质谱的研究热点.如何对生物组织质谱成像的数据进行基于生物分子的有效分类与识别是该领域关注的重要问题,特别对于病变组织与其邻近非病变组织的区分与识别和生物组织功能区域的划分与鉴定具有重要的意义.本研究开发出一种新的分类与识别方法.其流程是,首先进行质谱成像数据预处理,应用无监督的自组织特征映射网络区分组织样品区与非组织区域,提取组织区域的质谱数据,应用有监督的学习向量量化网络对已知类别数据进行学习训练,建立模型;应用模型对未知样品进行识别.应用本方法对6个膀胱癌患者的膀胱癌变组织与邻近非癌变组织的质谱成像数据进行分类与识别,结果显示,癌变组织判错率低于23.38％,而非癌变组织判错率低于9.08％,表现出较高的准确度;对3片邻近的小鼠大脑切片质谱成像数据进行白质与灰质区域划分,将中间的1片用于训练,两边的2片用于验证,结果显示,自组织特征映射网络的分类结果与学习向量量化网络的预测结果不一致率低于4％.本方法基于生物分子的质谱成像组织区域分类与识别,具有较高准确度和操作简便等优点,在临床医学研究领域有大规模的应用潜能.     

基于自组织映射神经网络的中药注射剂质量快速鉴别方法

将近红外光谱分析技术与人工神经网络相结合,研究提出一种基于自组织映射神经网络的近红外光谱神经元分类模型,用于对中药注射剂产品的近红外光谱进行计算分析,可实现对注射剂质量的快速鉴别。以3个不同厂家生产的参麦注射剂为研究对象,考察本方法的分类能力,其分类正确率达到96.4%,优于参与比较的判别式偏最小二乘法(90.5%)、反向传播神经网络(88.1%)和支持向量机(90.5%)。     

自组织神经树用于判别氟化物非晶态形成条件

1人工神经网络──自组织神经树模型人工神经网络（ANN）是八十年代中期迅速兴起的一门非线性科学．它力图模拟人脑的一些基本特性，如自适应性、自组织性、容错性等，已在模式识别、数据处理及自动化控制等领域得到了初步应用，取得了相当好的效果［1，2］．1993年，Tao－Li等提出了自组织神经树网络．它是一个多层树状网络（见图1），每个输入节点与所有神经树的节点（神经元）通过权W相联系，实现对输入信号的非线性降维映射．映射中保持拓扑不变性，即把拓扑意义下相似的输入（即在高维空间中距离较近的输入向量）映射到相同子树的节…     

大鼠胰腺及癌组织红外光谱连续小波特征提取及径向基人工神经网络识别

采用水平衰减全反射(HATR)傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)测定了SD大鼠胰腺正常组织与非正常组织的谱图,提出了一种新的基于FTIR的连续小波特征提取与径向基人工神经网络分类方法以提高FTIR对早期SD大鼠胰腺癌的诊断准确率。利用连续小波多分辨率分析法提取FTIR特征量,对于提取的特征量采用径向基函数神经网络进行模式分类。对SD大鼠的胰腺正常组织、早期癌组织及进展期癌组织的FTIR,利用连续小波多分辨率分析法提取9个特征量,进行RBF神经网络分类判断。当目标误差为0.01,径向基函数的分布常数为5时,网络达到最优化,总的正确识别率为96.67%。并对影响分类结果的网络参数、目标误差和分布常数对分类样品的影响做了讨论。实验结果表明:此方法对早期胰腺癌具有较高的诊断率。     

基于X射线吸收谱的不同生物组织的辨识

为了验证X射线吸收光谱法对生物组织的辨识能力,选取猪的心脏、肝、肾、胃、瘦肉以及肥肉作为实验样本,以55 k V的电压激发X射线管,利用X射线探测器获取这6类生物组织样本的X射线吸收光谱.将采集到的光谱数据分为测试集与训练集,利用主成分分析法提取光谱主成分,以训练集为输入建立径向基函数(RBF)神经网络分类预测模型,对测试集样本进行分类预测.通过交叉验证法对所有样本进行辨识的识别正确率达到90.22%.实验结果表明,X射线光谱技术结合主成分分析法和RBF神经网络能够很好地用于猪的组织分类,对将X射线光谱技术应用于生物组织辨识具有重要的指导意义.     

基于堆栈稀疏自编码融合核极限学习机的近红外光谱药品鉴别

提出一种基于堆栈稀疏自编码融合核极限学习机(Stacked sparse auto-encoders combine kernel extreme learning machine,SSAE-KELM)的近红外药品鉴别方法,通过引入核极限学习机代替SSAE的Softmax分类和BP微调阶段,减少了模型的训练步骤、训练参数以及训练时间,提高了深度学习网络的实际应用能力,核函数的引入提高了模型的分类能力。其中,SSAE用于初始化整个网络模型,并且从输入数据中学习到有用的特征,KELM用于实现分类任务。研究了SSAE-KELM模型对不同厂商生产的同一包装形式(铝塑或非铝塑)药品鉴别的预测能力、稳定性及训练时间,以实现药品的二分类和多分类的无损鉴别。同时,与ELM、SSAE、BP、SVM及随机隐退深度信念网络(Dropout-DBN)进行对比。结果表明,无论是二分类还是多分类,SSAE-KELM不仅具有更优的分类能力和稳定性、还减少了训练时间。因此,SSAE-KELM是一种有效的光谱分类建模工具。     

视觉运动感知的神经网络研究

本文涉及到视觉图象信息加工与感知过程中一个十困难的问题:视觉运动信息的神经计算。文中介绍了蝇视觉系统的图形-背景相对运动分辨网络的基本框架,集中描述了图形-背景分辨系统的空间神经生理整合作用的计算机实验结果,证明在图形-背景分辨系统中的增益控制机制、突触传递的非线性、双眼之间的相互作用,以及池细胞的方向选择性等,在空间生理整合中起着重要作用。 文中以Reichardt的相关型初级运动检测器二维阵列和Kohonen的自组织特征映射网络相结合,构成了一个视觉运动感知的自组织神经网络。计算机仿真表明,通过无监督学习,网络可以学会解决局域运动检测所带来的多义性问题。并在网络的输出层自组织生成了类似灵长类视皮层MT区的运动功能柱结构。结果表明:时空互相关、映射、合作、竞争、自适应等可能是运动感知网络的几个基本的神经原理。     

数量化理论在金银花产地分类中的应用

采用数量化理论的方法.以金银花中微量元素含量作为变量,进行了产地分类,分析结果表明,金银花按产地可分3类:新密、封丘和平邑为一类;南京为一类;昆明和桂林为一类.结果与生产实际一致.     

水平衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学法应用于三种缩叶藓属植物的分类

采用水平衰减全反射(HATR)-傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)测定了3种缩叶藓属植物齿边缩叶藓、多枝缩叶藓和中华缩叶藓的红外谱图,运用离散小波变换对吸收较为相似的3种缩叶藓属植物的红外谱图进行特征提取。通过分析比较后选择第三,四分解层进行特征向量的提取,利用所得到的特征变量进行径向基神经网络(RBF-NN)训练,再将训练出来的网络对不同产地的3种缩叶藓属植物的红外谱图离散小波提取后的特征向量进行分类。通过对120个不同样本的验证,说明能够采用基于FTIR-离散小波进行数据压缩后进行特征变量的提取及径向基神经网络分类法对3种缩叶属植物齿边缩叶藓、多枝缩叶藓和中华缩叶藓进行分类。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.