DNA调节纳米金模拟酶活性的癌胚抗原比色检测

本文构建了一个DNA调节纳米金颗粒（AuNPs）过氧化物酶模拟酶活性的比色检测方法,用于癌胚抗原的检测。将癌胚抗原的核酸适配体及其互补链通过碱基互补配对构成双链DNA,修饰在磁性微球负载的纳米金颗粒上,制备出具有可调节过氧化物酶模拟酶活性的生物探针。癌胚抗原被生物探针上的核酸适配体捕获后,在AuNPs表面形成空间位阻效应屏蔽底物,从而抑制了AuNPs的酶活性。且为了指示纳米金颗粒的酶活性,用生物探针催化氧化色源底物3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺（TMB）显色。TMB颜色随着癌胚抗原浓度的增加而变浅,根据体系650nm处的吸光度与癌胚抗原浓度之间的反比关系实现了对癌胚抗原的测定,线性范围为2~18 ng/mL,检测限达0.375 ng/mL。此外,癌胚抗原浓度超过4.8 ng/mL时,颜色出现了可直接用肉眼判断的显著变化。为使检测更加便携,本文同时设计了倒置磁分离检测管,在管中就能完成纳米探针捕获癌胚抗原、磁分离、洗涤。最优条件下,比色检测体系回收率为99%~100%,与临床检验差异显著性分析表明,t检验低于3.182,无明显差异。     

γ-干扰素DNA传感器组装过程的表面等离子体子共振研究

自行设计并组装了一套简便实用的多波长表面等离子体子共振DNA传感装置,用于γ-干扰素DNA的检测。以人工合成γ-干扰素(interferongamma,IFN-γ)寡聚核苷酸片段作为DNA探针,用化学法标记生物素探针,利用生物素-亲和素系统相互作用在传感器表面固定DNA探针,使用该SPR传感装置实时监测了DNA探针的固定过程及DNA杂交反应的进行。用于IFN-γ寡聚核苷酸的检测,测定范围为50-400ng/mL;用于IFN-γ的聚合酶链反应(polymerasechainreaction,PCR)扩增产物的检测,其测定范围为5-40ng/mL。同时研究了DNA传感器的稳定性、可逆性及干扰情况。实验结果表明,该传感器可成功地用于检测目的DNA。     

基于丝网印刷碳纳米管电极的电化学传感检测有机磷农药

采用商品化丝网印刷碳纳米管电极(CNTSPE),并利用层层组装技术将乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)逐层依次修饰于CNTSPE表面,制备了PDDA/AChE/PDDA/AChE/PDDA修饰的CNTSPE传感器(PDDA/(AChE/PDDA)_2/CNTSPE),并以对氧磷、毒死蜱为研究模型,考察了该电化学传感器的性能并建立了对氧磷、毒死蜱的电化学传感检测方法。结果表明,电极对氧磷、毒死蜱两种农药的线性响应范围分别为50～150 ng/mL,20～150 ng/mL,检测限分别为20 ng/mL,10 ng/mL。该传感器应用于实际样品中目标农药的检测,回收率在87. 5%～90. 6%之间。     

新型"三明治"结构DNA电化学传感器对急性早幼粒细胞白血病相关融合基因的检测

基于急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)中PML/RARα融合基因的碱基序列,设计了新型的锁核酸(LNA)修饰寡核苷酸作为捕获探针和信号探针,研究出一种基于"三明治"传感模式的电化学生物传感器对PML/RARα融合相关基因进行检测.靶序列分别与捕获探针和信号探针杂交后形成"三明治"结构.将修饰电极置于含有底物3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)和过氧化氢的测定溶液中,用计时电流法检测靶序列.结果表明,该传感器可定量识别和检测溶液中人工合成的短链APL PML/RARα融合基因片段.经过条件优化,杂交前后电流值与靶标链浓度在1.0×10~(-12) ～2.5×10~(-11) mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为8.5×10~(-13) mol/L.该方法简单、特异性好,有望用于实际样品的检测.     

基于磁性金属有机框架化合物-适配体探针的氯霉素仿生比色传感器研究

构建了一种基于磁性金属有机框架化合物( MOF)-适配体探针的仿生比色传感器,用于食品中氯霉素残留分析。首先将氯霉素( CAP)的适配体标记到Fe3 O4磁珠上获得捕获探针,进而采用该适配体的互补链标记到铁基MOF( Fe-MOF)上作为纳米示踪剂( MOF-cDNA),将捕获探针和示踪剂杂交结合后,可获得铁磁性仿生复合探针。当氯霉素和此类探针孵育后,其与捕获探针上的适配体结合,将纳米示踪剂释放到溶液中,并经过磁分离后进入上清液。由于Fe-MOF具有过氧化物酶的性质,可以催化TMB-H2 O2系统显色,由此构建了一种高选择性的氯霉素比色传感器。在最佳反应条件下,本法对氯霉素的检测范围在0.001~10 ng/mL之间,最低检出限为0.3 pg/mL(S/N=3),实际样品的加标回收率为86.9%~93.5%,且不受其它抗生素干扰。用此方法检测牛奶样品中氯霉素的结果与商业化ELISA方法一致。此类无酶标记仿生探针具有高催化活性且成本较酶标探针大大降低;该分析方法利用磁分离简化了前处理步骤,可用于奶制品中氯霉素的快速灵敏分析。     

基于Cu-TPA的电化学生物传感器对黄曲霉毒素B1的检测

利用对苯二甲酸铜(Cu-TPA)能产生强的电化学信号设计了一种灵敏的电化学生物传感器, 并将其用于测定黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1). 信号探针中的Cu-TPA含有可产生电化学信号的Cu(Ⅱ), 当加入一定量的AFB1后, AFB1与探针中特定的适配体结合, 使信号探针脱落, 电化学信号降低. 根据电化学信号值的变化实现了对AFB1的检测. 在最佳条件下, 该传感器的检出限为4.2×10 ^-6 ng/mL(S/N=3), 线性范围为10 ^-5~10 ng/mL. 将该传感器用于啤酒中AFB1的检测, 回收率为95%~106%.     

高灵敏ECL－RET传感器的构建及其用于血清前列腺特异性抗原检测的研究

肿瘤标志物在癌症早期诊断与预后监测中具有非常重要意义。前列腺癌作为男性泌尿生殖系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤,其血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）是最重要的早期检测指标。该研究以制备的四元Cu－Zn－In－S纳米晶（NCs）作为发光体,金纳米星（AuNSs）作为猝灭探针,利用K2S2O8作为共反应剂,发展了一种基于量子点电化学发光共振能量转移的免疫传感器（ECL－RET）用于血清中PSA的高灵敏检测。固定在传感器上的NCs表现出极强的初始ECL信号和较低的ECL电位。作为固定基底的多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）不仅加速了NCs与S2O2?8之间的反应,获得了较高的ECL信号,而且作为载体可以固定大量的抗体,提高传感器检测PSA的灵敏度。采用电化学交流阻抗法（EIS）对组装过程进行跟踪,证实了该传感器组装的可行性。采用电化学发光法研究了传感器对底液中不同浓度PSA的响应,结果显示,随着体系中PSA浓度的增加,电极上结合AuNSs的标记抗体（Ab2－AuNSs）越多,触发的猝灭效果越明显,ECL信号降低越明显。因此,该传感器表现出对PSA较好的分析性能,其线性范围为0.01～150 ng/mL,检出限为0.03 ng/mL。用于血清样品的检测,该传感器的测试结果与常用的化学发光法基本吻合,相对误差仅为-7.2%～6.0%,结果准确度良好,为临床检测PSA提供了准确可靠的新方法。     

铜离子掺杂双金属纳米球免疫传感器检测前列腺特异性抗原

以比表面积大、结合位点多的金铂纳米球杂化二氧化锡石墨烯(GS-SnO₂@Au-Pt)修饰玻碳电极,作为传感平台固定捕获抗体(Ab₁),铜离子掺杂金银纳米球(Au-Ag@Cu²⁺)与检测抗体(Ab₂)结合作为免疫探针,构建夹心型电化学免疫传感器,并用于检测前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)。基于Cu²⁺和Cu⁺之间的电子转移,以及金银双金属协同效应增强检测信号,通过方波伏安法(SWV)检测,在0.25 V处获得尖锐信号峰。结果表明,该免疫传感器具有较宽的线性范围(1 fg/mL～10 ng/mL)和较低的检出限(0.34 fg/mL),在PSA临床检测中有潜在应用前景。     

基于乙酰胆碱酯酶构建pH响应生物传感器用于Hg(Ⅱ)检测

以磁纳米颗粒和金纳米颗粒为载体,以核酸适配体和Hg~(2+)为生物识别单元,构建一种乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)联Hg~(2+)生物传感平台。分别对磁纳米颗粒进行适配体功能化,金纳米颗粒进行AChE修饰和适配体的功能化,通过目标物Hg~(2+)驱动富含碱基T的适配体形成T-Hg~(2+)-T结构,形成金-磁组装体,通过磁分离调控检测体系中AChE的浓度,AChE催化底物乙酰胆碱(ACh)水解引起反应体系的pH变化,从而实现目标物Hg~(2+)的定量检测。结果表明,方法检测范围为0.1～10 ng/mL,检出限为0.05 ng/mL。将该方法应用于自来水样品中Hg~(2+)的检测,当加标水平为0.1,1,10 ng/mL时,回收率为102.2%～113.2%,相对标准偏差为3.5%～4.1%。     

基于氢键诱导的纳米金比色传感器实时检测脂肪酶活性

以巯基乙酸甲酯(MT)修饰的纳米金(AuNPs)为探针,构建了比色生物传感器检测脂肪酶活性.在pH 6.5弱酸性条件下,脂肪酶水解MT-AuNPs上的酯键生成带负电荷的羧酸根;在pH 3.0的酸性条件下,探针间会产生强烈的氢键作用使AuNPs聚集,基于此可以检测脂肪酶活性.考察了温度、pH等因素对传感器响应信号的影响.MT-AuNPs溶液在650和520 nm处的吸光度比值A650/A520与脂肪酶活性大小在3.0×10-4 ～4.5 ×10-2 U/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限为2.25×10-4 U/mL(S/N=3).测定了5种商品化脂肪酶的活性,实验结果与恒电位滴定法测定结果一致,证明本方法具有良好的实用性.     

A new colorimetric platform for ultrasensitive detection of protein and cancer cells based on the assembly of nucleic acids and proteins

An amplified colorimetric method has been developed for the detection of protein and cancer cells based on the assembly of nucleic acids and proteins for the first time. In this process, the assembly of nucleic acids was triggered by a biotinylated DNA strand after a sandwich immunoreaction. The biotinylated DNA strand and sandwich immunocomplex were connected by streptavidin. Then, the assembly of biotinylated bovine serum albumin (Biotin-BSA) and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) occurred at a node of the assembled products of nucleic acids through the biotin-streptavidin reaction. Under the catalysis of horseradish peroxidase, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was oxidized by H₂O₂ and the oxidized product was analyzed by its UV–vis absorbance signal and sensitive colorimetric detection. This colorimetric sensor could not only achieve the quantitative determination of protein by UV–vis absorbance but could also be applied for semiquantitative determination by digital visualization. Using alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as the model target, this proposed colorimetric method showed a wide linear range from 5 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL with a detection limit of 1.95 pg/mL by the instrument, and even 5 pg/mL target protein could be distinguished simply by the naked eye. This approach was then expanded to detect cancer cells based on the recognition of folic acid receptors that were over-expressed on the cancer cells by folic acid-tethered DNA. More importantly, this strategy can be further used as a universal colorimetric method for the determination of viruses or other proteins by changing the corresponding antibodies.     

A Highly-Sensitive Colorimetric Assay Method for Antibody Array Based on an Tyramide Signal Amplification System

In this work, a highly-sensitive and cost-effective detection approach based on the integration of tyramide signal amplification with a silver enhancement method (SEM-TSA) has been developed successfully. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, human IgG as a model target protein was employed and its concentration was assayed based on colorimetric detection. The analytical parameters including the concentrations of detection antibody, streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, biotinyl tyramide, and streptavidin-nanogold were systematically optimized. The quantitative analysis was performed and a dynamic range was obtained from 0.18 ng/mL to 39.1 ng/mL, while no detectable images could be observed when the silver enhancement method (SEM) without TSA was used. The detection limits were 0.18 ng/mL and 21 ng/mL for SEM-TSA and SEM, respectively. The results showed that sensitivity of the presented colorimetric assay significantly increased by two-orders of magnitude. In addition, this method has been successfully applied in analyzing normal human serum samples. The results suggested the colorimetric detection method based on TSA-SEM has promising potential applications in biomedical analysis and clinical diagnosis.     

Dual-readout test strips platform for portable and highly sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase in human serum samples

In this work, a very simple dual-readout lateral flow test strip (LFTS) platform was developed for sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) based on a portable device. In this assay, quantum dots (QDs) conjugated with bovine serum albumin (QDs-BSA) were chosen as fluorescence signal labels. In the absence of ALP, MnO₂ nanosheets aggregate on the test line and exhibit an obvious brown color, which can be observed by naked eyes to realize semi-qualitative analysis. Meanwhile, fluorescence intensity of QDs-BSA can also be effectively quenched by MnO₂ nanosheets due to inner-filter effect. Correspondingly, in the presence of ALP, ALP can catalyze the hydrolysis of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AAP) to generate L-ascorbic acid (AA), which can reduce MnO₂ into Mn²⁺, accompanying with the obvious fluorescence recovery of the QDs. By simply monitoring the change of colorimetric and fluorescent signal on the test line, trace amount of ALP can be quantitatively detected. Under the optimal conditions, measurable evaluation of ALP was reached in a linear range from 1 U/L to 20 U/L with a detection limit of 0.7 U/L based on fluorescence signal. Furthermore, this colorimetric/fluorescent dual-readout assay was successfully applied to monitor ALP in human serum samples, showing its great potential as a point of care biosensor for clinical diagnosis.     

Lanthanide‐Doped LiLuF4 Upconversion Nanoprobes for the Detection of Disease Biomarkers

Lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have shown great promise in bioapplications. Exploring new host materials to realize efficient upconversion luminescence (UCL) output is a goal of general concern. Herein, we develop a unique strategy for the synthesis of novel LiLuF₄:Ln³⁺ core/shell UCNPs with typically high absolute upconversion quantum yields of 5.0 % and 7.6 % for Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺, respectively. Based on our customized UCL biodetection system, we demonstrate for the first time the application of LiLuF₄:Ln³⁺ core/shell UCNPs as sensitive UCL bioprobes for the detection of an important disease marker β subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) with a detection limit of 3.8 ng mL⁻¹, which is comparable to the β‐hCG level in the serum of normal humans. Furthermore, we use these UCNPs in proof‐of‐concept computed tomography imaging and UCL imaging of cancer cells, thus revealing the great potential of LiLuF₄:Ln³⁺ UCNPs as efficient nano‐bioprobes in disease diagnosis.     

Au/In2O3 Nanocubes Based Label-free Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive and Rapid Recognition of Cardiac Troponin I

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is a preferred biomarker to diagnose acute myocardial infarction which is one of the leading risks to health globally due to its short term. However, clinical analyzers are difficult to achieve its on-site quantitative detection. A novel label-free aptasensor was constructed to realize ultrasensitive and rapid recognition of cTnI. A nanocubic AuNPs/In₂O₃ composite was designed to provide synergistic effects of abundant active sites and signal magnification for aptamers grafting. Relying on a conductance-dependence strategy, this aptasensor can achieve the quantitative detection within 10 min, which is much faster than state-of-the-art analyzers, as well as exhibiting an ultrawide linear range of 0.1–1000 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 0.06 ng/mL with an excellent selectivity in the analysis of human serum.     

Electro‐nano Diagnostic Platforms for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Cancer Biomarkers

In this study, a bimetallic nanomaterial‐based electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) cancer biomarkers at the same time. CEA and VEGF biomarkers are indicators for colon and breast cancers and stomach cancers, respectively. During the study, gold nanoparticle (AuNp), lead nanoparticle (PbNp), copper nanoparticle (CuNp) and magnetic gamma iron(III)oxide (γFe₂O₃ Np) were synthesized, characterized and used together for the first time in the structure of an electrochemical biosensor based on anti‐CEA and anti‐VEGF. For this purpose, Au SPE based sandwich immunosensor was fabricated by using labeled anti‐CEA (labeled with Pb⁺²) and labeled anti‐VEGF (labeled with Cu⁺²). As a result, CEA and VEGF biomarkers were detected following the oxidation peaks of label metals (Pb⁺² and Cu⁺²) by using differential pulse voltammetry. After the experimental parameters were optimized, the linear range was found in the concentration range between 25 ng/mL and 600 ng/mL with the relative standard deviation (RSD) value of (n=3 for 600 ng/mL) 3.33 % and limit of detection (LOD) value of 4.31 ng/mL for CEA biomarker. On the other hand, the linear range was found in the concentration range between 0.2 ng/mL and 12.5 ng/mL with the RSD value of (n=3 for 12.5 ng/mL) 5.31 % and LOD value of 0.014 ng/mL for VEGF biomarker. Lastly, sample application studies for synthetic plasma sample and interference studies with dopamine, ascorbic acid, BSA, cysteine and IgG were carried out.     

Development of Monoclonal Antibody-based Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay to the Estrogen Diethylstilbestrol

Diethylstilbestrol （DES） is a synthetic estrogen that has ever been used worldwide. Polyclonal antibodies （PAbs） were used in immunoassay for detection of DES residues in environmental and agricultural samples in previous paper. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （icELISA） was developed based on monoclonal antibody （MAb） for the determination of diethylstilbestrol. Mono-o-carboxypropyldiethylstilbestrol （DES-CP） and mono-o-carboxymethyldiethylstilbestrol （DES-CME） were synthesized to be haptens. DES-CP was coupled to bovine serum albumin （BSA） to be an immunogen in BALB/c female mouse for MAb production. The MAb was characterized for specificity and affinity to DES in icELISA. Under the optimum condition, the icELISA showed an ICs0 of 9.8 ng/mL, the limit of detection （IC20） of 2.3 ng/mL and a working range of 2-42 ng/mL. Hexestrol and dienestrol exhibited cross-reactivity values were 44% and 27%, respectively. Cross-reactivity of natural estrogen 17β-estradiol was less than 0.1%. The influences of some factors such as salt concentration, pH and organic solvent concentration on the assay were evaluated. The concentrations of DES in the fortified water samples determined by the assay were correlated well with the fortification levels. The results were conf＇m＇ned with analysis by HPLC.     

A new colorimetric assay for amylase based on starch-supported Cu/Au nanocluster peroxidase-like activity

In this paper, we present a new colorimetric technique as a novel assay for the easy and direct detection of α-amylase activity. This detection system utilizes the interaction of α-amylase with starch that is supporting copper/gold (Cu/Au) nanoclusters. The Cu/Au nanoclusters are synthesized using starch as a stabilizing agent at room temperature. These nanoclusters show robust peroxidase-like activity and are able to catalyze the oxidation of TMB (3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), leading to the generation of a blue-colored solution. The α-amylase detection mechanism is based on the digestion of the starch by α-amylase, which results in nanocluster aggregation, leading to increased nanoparticle size and thus decreased peroxidase-like activity of the Cu/Au NCs. Experiments showed that the gradual addition of α-amylase causes the peroxidase activity to decrease step by step in a linear fashion. Using this method, colorimetric sensing of α-amylase was achieved with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.04 U/mL and a linear range of 0.1–10 U/mL. This method is significantly selective for α-amylase and could be affordably and conveniently applied to the detection of α-amylase in blood serum.

Graphical Abstract

     

Rapid and sensitive RP-LC method with amperometric detection for pharmacokinetic assessment of propafenone in human serum of healthy volunteers

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography method with amperometric detection has been developed for the determination of propafenone in serum. Sample preparation based on single extraction with dichloromethane using bupivacaine hydrochloride as internal standard. The compounds were separated on C-18 reversed-phase analytical column with the mobile phase composed of methanol-acetonitrile-10 mM K₂HPO₄ (45: 25: 30, v/v/v). Analytes were detected electrochemically with the use of amperometric detector. The quantification limit for propafenone in serum was 10 ng/mL. Linearity of the method was confirmed in the range of 10–500 ng/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) ranged from 0.27 to 11.9% and intra-day RSD equalled from 1.1 to 9.7%. The newly developed method was applied for the monitoring of the drug in blood levels with 18 healthy volunteers taking tablet with propafenone.     

Determination of Benzidine and its Congeners by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

High performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) method has been developed for the determination of benzidine and its related congeners in wastewater at the low ng/mL level. With a µ-Bondapak C₁₈ column, 53% acetonitrile (pH 4.7), and electrochemical detection at +1.0 V applied potential, the detection limits range from 3 ng/mL for benzidine to 10 ng/mL for 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine, assuming a 100 µL injection. The detection limits can be further lowered to the sub-ng/mL level by incorporating a short precolumn into the HPLC system for on-line sample enrichment. Recoveries are generally greater than 80% — except for benzidine and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine which give 50–70% recoveries. Industrial wastewater samples from a coke-plant and a plant producing 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine based dyes were successfully studied via this method.