超铀金属有机化学研究进展

锕系金属有机化合物因其独特的电子结构和成键性质而备受关注.锕系元素的高毒性和放射性以及对水和氧的超敏感性造成锕系金属有机化合物的合成条件及表征手段都比较苛刻.而超铀元素的获取途径更为严苛,加之极其强的放射性,超铀金属有机化合物的研究报道甚少.近年来,随着合成技术及表征技术的快速发展,一些结构新颖的超铀金属有机化合物被合成,通过对其电子结构、成键模式及理化性质的研究进一步加深了对超铀元素的认识和理解.综述了近年来超铀金属有机化合物的合成及其成键性质的研究,以期为系统地理解超铀元素的电子结构和成键规律以及合成结构新颖的超铀金属有机化合物提供指导.     

1984年有机化学回顾(下)

金属有机化合物今年,即使人们可以提出配位化学中制备不稳定分子的一些工作,如C—H活化或金属-金属多重键化合物,但与前几年相比,金属有机化学中能提出的重点工作是少了一些。Sailland和Hoffmann[J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1984,106,2006]发表了一篇有关C—H和H—H活化现象的理论论文。镧系元素的金属有机化学在不断地阔步向前,Schumann作为这一领域的     

双核有机金属化合物的光化学反应探析

有机金属化合物是指分子中至少含有一个金属-碳键（M-C键）的化合物,包括含M-C σ-键、M-Cnπ-键、ηn-M-Cn大π-键的化合物.双核金属-金属碳键的有机化合物的光化学反应包括光诱导金属-金属键的断裂、配体的离解与取代、光化学插入反应、光诱导异构化反应、歧化反应等.     

通过金属有机化合物的β-消除切断化学键

金属有机化合物的β-原子或基团的消除反应是实现选择性切断非活性化学键(包括碳-氢键、碳-碳键和碳-杂原子键)的有效方法之一.介绍了近年来金属有机化合物的β-原子或基团消除反应研究进展以及该反应在有机合成中的应用.     

精确计算化学键解离能的ONIOM-G3B3方法及其在抗氧化剂研究中的应用

通过对179个有机化合物C—H, N—H, O—H键离解能的理论计算, 系统评估了高精度组合从头算方法(ONIOM-G3B3)和密度泛函理论方法(B3LYP)在预测键离解能上的可靠性. 研究发现ONIOM-G3B3方法可以准确预测各类有机化合物的键解离能, 精度达到5.9 kJ/mol. 运用ONIOM-G3B3方法成功预测了两类重要的天然抗氧化剂维生素E族和茶多酚族的键解离能, 并进一步讨论了抗氧化活性、自由基清除机理及其构效关系.     

精确计算化学键解离能的ONIOM-G3B3方法及其在抗氧化剂研究中的应用

通过对179个有机化合物C—H,N—H,O—H键离解能的理论计算,系统评估了高精度组合从头算方法(ONIOM-G3B3)和密度泛函理论方法(B3LYP)在预测键离解能上的可靠性.研究发现ONIOM-G3B3方法可以准确预测各类有机化合物的键解离能,精度达到5.9 kJ/mol.运用ONIOM-G3B3方法成功预测了两类重要的天然抗氧化剂维生素E族和茶多酚族的键解离能,并进一步讨论了抗氧化活性、自由基清除机理及其构效关系.     

无金属条件下的肉桂酸类和酰胺的脱羧氧化偶联反应构建碳-碳键

碳-碳键的构建是有机反应中最常见的一类反应, 也是构建有机化合物骨架最常用的手段. 近些年, 通过脱羧反应来构建碳-碳键, 碳-杂原子键得到了广泛而深入的研究. 肉桂酸类化合物的脱羧偶联反应也得到了较多的关注. 这类反应一般包括两个过程, 自由基加成和羧基的脱去, 从而得到新的有机化合物. 这类反应的特点是用氧化剂产生自由基, 在反应过程产生二氧化碳和水为副产物, 相比使用卤代试剂或者有机金属试剂来说, 更为绿色. 作者在之前的研究过程基础上发现, 在无需任何金属催化剂的条件下, 只用过氧叔丁醇(有机溶剂)作为氧化剂, 肉桂酸类衍生物和酰胺类能够发生脱羧氧化偶联反应, 实现C(sp³)―C(sp³)键的生成. 该反应特点是没有用过渡金属盐作为催化剂, 符合绿色化学的发展要求.     

活性钌、锇-配体多重键配合物研究进展

金属一配体多重键配合物的反应性研究有助人们深入理解许多重要的金属催化过程,如生物体系中的氧化和固氮及有机合成中的金属催化原子或基团转移反应．含Os=N多重键的锇（VI）氮合物在还原剂存在下发生氮偶合反应生成双核氮分子桥连配合物,为与固氮机理有关的金属氮合物氮偶合反应提供实验证据．一系列具有可调结构和氧化性含M=O,M=NR,M=CR^1R^2（M=Ru,Os）多重键的活性钌／锇氧合物,钌亚胺基配合物,钌／锇卡宾配合物（包括手性配合物）已被成功分离,其结构已通过光谱手段和x射线单晶衍射确定．这些活性金属一配体多重键配合物分别能与有机化合物发生氧原子、亚胺基、卡宾转移反应,包括烯烃环氧化、环氮化、环丙烷化、cis双羟基化,c—H键羟基化、酰胺化、卡宾插入等,从而允许直接研究相应催化过程中金属．配体多重键中间体的原子或基团转移反应,为金属催化原子或基团转移反应（包括不对称催化反应）提供重要机理信息．已发展出一系列涉及钌．配体多重键活性物种的高选择性钌催化反应,包括2,6-Cl2pyNO与烯烃的环氧化和Wacker型氧化成醛,H2O2水溶液氧化烯、炔烃和醇为羧酸或cis-二醇,PhI=NR与饱和c—H键的酰胺化,重氮化合物的卡宾偶合,分子内卡宾插入c—H键,重氮化合物、亚胺、烯／炔烃的三组分偶合,及以“PhI（OAc）2＋RNH2”为氮源的金属催化C—N键形成反应等．     

含金属-金属多重键原子簇化合物Mo2I4(NCR)4体系光谱研究

使用INDO/CI程序计算了含金属-金属多重键的钼原子簇化合物Mo₂I₄(NCR)₄(R=Me,Et,Ph)体系的电子光谱,所得波数及强度与实验符合.在谱带指认分析中,除看到已知的δ_d→δ_d^*跃迁外,还看到了新的金属多重键具有的π_d→σ_p-s(M)跃迁.说明R=Me,Et,Ph次序变化的取代基效应引起的体系第一吸收带红移.对Mo≡Mo键的性质也进行了讨论.     

基于三脚架配体构筑的锕系-配体多重键的研究进展

非水溶液体系的锕系元素化学是一个极具挑战性的前沿研究领域, 近年来在分子磁性、多重键以及小分子活化等方面获得了迅速发展. 化学键是化学科学中最重要的基本概念之一, 而金属-配体多重键是该领域重要的研究内容. 多重键的形成与锕系元素的电子结构密切相关, 相对论效应使得锕系元素的s轨道和p轨道收缩, 轨道能量降低, 收缩的s和p轨道增加了对核电荷的屏蔽效应, 从而使d和f轨道具有一定的延展性和不稳定性. 这种不稳定性降低了5f电子的结合能, 电子更容易离去, 可使锕系元素具有丰富的氧化态. 由于较高的主量子数和相对论效应, 锕系元素的5f轨道具有更大的径向延展, 在锕系元素中5f轨道的电子行为影响较大. 目前, 锕系金属-配体多重键因其独特的成键方式和电子结构特征而受到科学家的广泛关注, 在合成和分离方面存在极大的挑战, 研究锕系-配体多重键将有助于我们了解它们的电子结构和反应性. 基于口袋型拓扑结构的三脚架配体被广泛地应用于锕系-配体多重键的研究, 这为探索锕系元素的5f电子结构和锕系多重键丰富的化学行为提供了重要支撑. 本综述总结了近年来基于三脚架配体构筑的锕系-配体多重键的研究进展, 并对未来进行了展望.     

无机和金属有机多核分子树络合物

本文介绍近年来国外无机和金属有机多核分子树络合物的研究进展, 主要侧重于这类分子树络合物的设计合成、物化特性、催化反应及其应用前景。     

Tantallaaziridines: from synthesis to catalytic applications

Tantallaaziridines are a class of organometallic compounds containing three-membered rings that include a tantalum, carbon and nitrogen atom. Closely related complexes containing the related iminoacyl ligand can be used as starting materials for tantallaaziridine synthesis. Tantallaaziridines can also be synthesized by reduction of imines or β-hydrogen abstraction of amides to give stable, isolable complexes. Tantallaaziridines possess a reactive Ta-C bond that can undergo stoichiometric transformations with unsaturated organic molecules to give new organometallic products. Upon quenching of such reactions with aqueous workup, selectively substituted small molecule amines can be prepared. Tantallaaziridines have also been proposed as catalytic intermediates in the direct α-alkylation of amines, hydroaminoalkylation, by exploiting the β-hydrogen abstraction route to regenerate the catalytically active species. Recent progress and remaining challenges in the field will be discussed.     

On silsesquioxanes’ accuracy as molecular models for silica-grafted complexes in heterogeneous catalysis

The achievement of a structure–activity relationship for heterogeneous catalysts is a desirable step for improving existing catalysts or for predicting new catalytic reactions. This article reviews the use of silsesquioxanes (POSS) organometallic complexes as molecular models for silica-grafted catalytic centers. It will show that POSS complexes, within some limits, have substantially contributed to gaining better molecular-level understanding of surface reactions and catalysts activity.     

The effect of solvent upon the rates and mechanisms or organometallic rections. : I. General aspects

The data reported to date on the effect of solvent upon the rates and mechanisms of organometallic reactions have been analysed and discussed and indicate that the effect is very complex. The analysis also shows that there is no overall explanation for the effect and that indeed such an explanation seems at present to be non-existent.It is suggested that the problem may be successfully approached through a study of the effect of the solvent upon the redistribution of organic groups between organometallic molecules. In these reactionis, not only the kinetics of the reactions in various solvents should be studied but also identification of the organometallic complexes is essential as well as the electronic structures and geometries of the complexes in the crystalline phase and in solution.     

Chiral organometallic half-sandwich complexes with defined metal configuration

Chiral organometallic half-sandwich complexes with stereogenic metal atoms are close relatives of chiral organic compounds with stereogenic carbon atoms. Similarities and differences between these two classes of compounds are outlined. Some representative metal complexes are discussed in an introductory section followed by a more detailed treatment of the available strategies to control the metal configuration by means of chiral auxiliaries. Special sections are devoted to the discussion of the configurational stability of chiral-at-metal complexes and their applications in stoichiometric and catalytic stereoselective reactions.     

Reactive Organometallic Compounds Obtained from Metallocenes and Related Compounds and Their Synthetic Applications

Progress in the synthesis of organometallic compounds via the partial or total degradation of metallocenes and related compounds under mild reaction conditions is reviewed. These degradation reactions permit highly reactive organo-transition metal complexes to be prepared which can in turn be used in a wide range of synthetic reactions. Examples include catalytic reactions such as the cobalt-catalyzed hydrogenation of benzene and the manganese-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of butadiene as well as stoichiometric syntheses of mono- and polynuclear transition metal complexes, some of which have novel structural features.     

Synthesis and Reactivity of Paramagnetic Nickel Polypyridyl Complexes Relevant to C(sp2)–C(sp3)Coupling Reactions

A number of new transition metal catalyzed methods for the formation of C(sp²)–C(sp³) bonds have recently been described. These reactions often utilize bidentate polypyridyl‐ligated Ni catalysts, and paramagnetic Ni^I halide or aryl species are proposed in the catalytic cycles. However, there is little knowledge about complexes of this type. Here, we report the synthesis of paramagnetic bidentate polypyridyl‐ligated Ni halide and aryl complexes through elementary reactions proposed in catalytic cycles for C(sp²)–C(sp³) bond formation. We investigate the ability of these complexes to undergo organometallic reactions that are relevant to C(sp²)–C(sp³) coupling through stoichiometric studies and also explore their catalytic activity.     

Methods for the Synthesis of μ-Hydrocarbon Transition Metal Complexes without Metal–Metal Bonds

Transition metal complexes in which hydrocarbons serve as σ,σ-, σ,π- or π,π-bound bridging ligands are currently of great interest. This review presents efficient and directed syntheses for such compounds, which often have very aesthetic structures. These reactions are among the most important reaction types in modern organometallic chemistry. They can be a useful aid for the synthesis of tailor-made compounds, for example, for models of catalytic processes and, specifically, for the construction of heterometallic compounds. We will discuss reactions of electrophilic complexes with nucleophilic ones, numerous transformations of (functionalized) hydrocarbons with metal complexes, the currently very topical complexes with bridging acetylide and carbide ligands, and organometallic polymers, which can be expected to have interesting and novel materials properties. Chisholm

1 M. H. Chisholm, Polyhedron 1988 , 7, 757–1077.

has described the importance of these complexes as follows: “Central to the development of polynuclear and cluster chemistry are bridging ligands and central to organometallic chemistry are metal–carbon bonds. Thus bridging ligands hold a pivotal role ins the development of Binuclear and polynuclear organometallic chemistry”.     

Large Isotope Effects in Organometallic Chemistry

The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is key to understanding reaction mechanisms in many areas of chemistry and chemical biology, including organometallic chemistry. This ratio of rate constants, k_H/k_D, typically falls between 1–7. However, KIEs up to 105 have been reported, and can even be so large that reactivity with deuterium is unobserved. We collect here examples of large KIEs across organometallic chemistry, in catalytic and stoichiometric reactions, along with their mechanistic interpretations. Large KIEs occur in proton transfer reactions such as protonation of organometallic complexes and clusters, protonolysis of metal–carbon bonds, and dihydrogen reactivity. C−H activation reactions with large KIEs occur with late and early transition metals, photogenerated intermediates, and abstraction by metal-oxo complexes. We categorize the mechanistic interpretations of large KIEs into the following three types: (a) proton tunneling, (b) compound effects from multiple steps, and (c) semi-classical effects on a single step. This comprehensive collection of large KIEs in organometallics provides context for future mechanistic interpretation.     

Design of organometallic group IV heteroallylic complexes and their catalytic properties for polymerizations and olefin centered transformations

The use of metallocenes in many stoichiometric and catalytic processes has been the impetus for the development of new organometallic complexes, especially those containing early transition metals. The formation of coordinative unsaturated complexes using allylic, benzamidinate and aminopyridine families is presented. The synthesis and structural parameters of the new complexes, their activation and use in the polymerization of alpha-olefins and dienes, in the dehydrogenative coupling of silanes and in the hydroamination reactions comprise the objectives of this review.