精确计算化学键解离能的ONIOM-G3B3方法及其在抗氧化剂研究中的应用

通过对179个有机化合物C—H,N—H,O—H键离解能的理论计算,系统评估了高精度组合从头算方法(ONIOM-G3B3)和密度泛函理论方法(B3LYP)在预测键离解能上的可靠性.研究发现ONIOM-G3B3方法可以准确预测各类有机化合物的键解离能,精度达到5.9 kJ/mol.运用ONIOM-G3B3方法成功预测了两类重要的天然抗氧化剂维生素E族和茶多酚族的键解离能,并进一步讨论了抗氧化活性、自由基清除机理及其构效关系.     

高位阻烷烃的C-C和C-H键的键离解能

本文使用ONIOM-G3B3的方法计算了一系列高位阻烷烃的C-C和C-H键离解能。研究还测定了它们的几何参数,如键长,键角,分子体积等,它们中的绝大多数分子目前还没有被合成。这些几何参数表征了位阻效应对键离解能产生的影响。研究确定了键离解能的迅速减小和分子体积的增大之间的一些关系。这些关系可以帮助使用理论方法预测很多高位阻化合物的合成。     

含氮药物分子中氮a-位碳氢键离解能的理论研究

本文利用G3B3 和CBS-Q高精度理论方法检验了一系列胺类有机化合物中α-碳氢键离解能的实验测量值,在此基础上筛选出(U)BHandH/6-311++G(2df, 2p)//(U)B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法,发现其可以准确快速的预测氮α-碳氢键离解能。运用该方法研究了若干含氮药物分子,发现氮α-碳氢键离解能随药物分子结构发生明显变化。为了阐明其变化规律,系统研究单取代和双取代基效应,并解释了不同取代基效应的来源。     

两种烷基碘化物分子理论研究及其发射谱测量

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法, 对烷基碘化物分子C2H2F3I和n-C3H4F3I的C—I解离势能曲线进行了理论计算, 并采用B3LYP方法和MPn(n=2, 3, 4)方法精确计算了C—I键解离能. 解离能计算进行了零点振动能(ZPVE)校正, 并运用完全均衡校正法对基函数重叠误差(BSSE)进行校正. 利用微波放电激励方法, 对C2H2F3I和n-C3H4F3I的发射谱进行观测. 实验结果表明, 通过微波放电激励这两种分子, 均可产生1315 nm发射谱, 说明利用微波放电可使C2H2F3I和n-C3H4F3I分子的C—I键解离, 从而产生碘原子.     

环境污染物中碳氯键离解能的理论研究

利用六种密度泛函理论方法（B3LYP, B3P86, MPW1K, TPSS1KCIS, X3LYP, BMK）对碳氯键离解能进行理论计算,结果发现几种新发展的密度泛函(DFT)方法用于碳氯键离解能的计算比传统的B3LYP有较大的改善,其中对能量估算相对准确的B3P86方法对碳氯键离解能的计算精度最高,对17个分子中碳氯键离解能计算的平均绝对偏差为6.58 kJ/mol。最后运用B3P86方法对一系列环境危害较大,但可通过光化学降解和生物降解的氯代有机物的碳氯键离解能值进行预测,并讨论了影响碳氯键离解能的结构性质关系。     

芳香胺类化合物N—H键离解能的定量构效关系研究

基于启发式方法(HM)和BP人工神经网络方法建立了5个参数的定量结构性质关系(QSPR)模型, 用于预测80个芳香胺类化合物N—H键的键离解能(BDE). 通过两种方法分别建立了线性和非线性的QSPR模型, 相关系数R分别为0.823和0.976. 通过对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行比较, 发现BP人工神经网络方法能够更好地预测芳香胺类化合物N—H键的BDE值.     

密度泛函法计算C1-C14正构烃生成焓及C-C键裂解能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了费托石脑油裂解反应中涉及到C₁-C₁₄正构烃和自由基中间体的生成焓及其C-C键解离能(BDE)。 结果表明,在所有评价的密度泛函理论方法（B97-1、BB1K、B1B95、MPWB1K和MPW1B95）中,MPW1B95/6-311G(d,p)方法计算最精确。 以此方法为基准,进一步对高碳烃及其裂解产物的标准生成焓和C-C键解离能进行了预测。 与可得到的实验数据相比,MPW1B95/6-311G(d,p)方法预测的烃和自由基的平均生成焓分别为0.8和2.7 kJ/mol,C-C键解离能的平均绝对误差只有3.1 kJ/mol,表明此方法不仅可准确计算正构烃标准生成焓和C-C键解离能,而且还能正确预测C-C键解离能变化趋势。     

碳氟键均裂解离能的密度泛函理论研究

运用6种密度泛函方法(B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, PBE1PBE, MPW1B95, MPW1K)对15个含氟有机化合物的碳氟键均裂解离能进行理论计算, 得到的理论值与实验值比较, 发现B3P86方法用于碳氟键均裂解离能的计算相对可靠. 使用验证后的理论方法对含氟杂环有机化合物和卤氟烃中的碳氟键均裂解离能进行了预测和分析, 并进一步讨论了α-取代基效应以及Hammett型取代基效应对碳氟键均裂解离能的影响.     

Mg取代对LiBH4（010）面结构和储氢性能的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,研究了Mg取代Li原子对LiBH4(010)面的晶体结构、H原子解离能及H原子迁移的影响.结果发现,Mg取代后B—H键长增大,更易于H原子的解离.氢空位的出现也使其附近H原子的解离能减小.电子结构计算结果表明,Mg取代Li原子后,减弱了B—H之间的共价作用.通过对氢原子在[BH4]单元之间扩散能垒的计算发现,Mg取代Li原子后,H原子的扩散能垒由4.84 eV降为3.01 eV,表明H原子在体相内更容易迁移.     

过渡金属催化的双齿导向基辅助的惰性C(sp~3)—H键芳基化

近年来,过渡金属催化的惰性碳氢键官能团化受到广泛关注,然而,C(sp3)—H键由于低极性、高解离能和低选择性,其选择性活化尤为困难.综述了过渡金属催化的双齿导向基辅助的C(sp3)—H键芳基化的最新研究进展,主要探讨了不同过渡金属催化下芳基化反应的底物范围、反应机理和合成应用.     

Development of an ONIOM-G3B3 method to accurately predict C-H and N-H bond dissociation enthalpies of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides

The roles of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside radicals in DNA and RNA damage cannot be properly understood in the absence of knowledge of the C-H and N-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) depicting the energy cost to generate each of these radicals. However, because the nucleoside radicals tend to be extremely short-lived and it is very difficult to separate and identify different nucleoside radicals, experimental BDEs for nucleosides have remained elusive. Herein, we developed an ONIOM-G3B3 method in order to reliably predict the BDEs of nucleosides and we carefully benchmarked this new method against over 60 experimental BDEs of diverse sizable molecules. It was found that the accuracy of the ONIOM-G3B3 method was about 1.4 kcal/mol for BDE calculations. Using the ONIOM-G3B3 method, a full scale of C-H and N-H BDEs were obtained for the first time for ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides with an estimated error bar of +/-1.4 kcal/mol. Discussions were then made about the interesting connections between these BDE values and previously reported experimental observations concerning radical-mediated DNA and RNA lesions. The significance of the work is twofold: (i) Nucleosides represent one of the most important groups of compounds in science. A full scale of reliable bond dissociation enthalpies for nucleosides is of fundamental importance. (ii) This work demonstrates the feasibility to accurately predict the bond strength of various sizable molecules ranging from nanosize molecular devices to biologically significant compounds.     

Calorimetric and computational study of the thermochemistry of phenoxyphenols

Thermodynamic properties of 3- and 4-phenoxyphenol have been determined by using a combination of calorimetric and effusion techniques as well as by high-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation in the condensed and gas states, Δ(f)H(m)°(cr or l) and Δ(f)H(m)°(g), at T = 298.15 K, of 3- and 4-phenoxyphenol were derived from their energies of combustion in oxygen, measured by a static bomb calorimeter, and from the enthalpies of vaporization or sublimation derived respectively by Calvet microcalorimetry for the 3-phenoxyphenol and by Knudsen effusion technique for the 4-phenoxyphenol. The theoretically estimated gas-phase enthalpies of formation were calculated from high-level ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the G3(MP2)//B3LYP level of theory. Furthermore, this composite approach was also used to obtain information about the gas-phase acidities, gas-phase basicities, proton and electron affinities, adiabatic ionization enthalpies, and, finally, O?H bond dissociation enthalpies. The good agreement between the G3MP2B3-derived values and the experimental gas-phase enthalpies of formation for the 3- and 4-phenoxyphenol gives confidence to the estimate concerning the 2-phenoxyphenol isomer, which was not experimentally studied, and to the estimates concerning the radical and the anion. Additionally, the experimental values of gas-phase enthalpies of formation were also compared with estimates based on the empirical scheme developed by Cox.     

Significant effects of phosphorylation on relative stabilities of DNA and RNA sugar radicals: remarkably high susceptibility of h-2' abstraction in RNA

The roles of nucleic acid radicals in DNA and RNA damage cannot be properly understood in the absence of knowledge of the C-H bond strengths depicting the energy cost to generate each of these radicals. However, previous theoretical studies on the relative energies of different nucleic acid radicals are not fully convincing mainly because of the use of oversimplified model compounds. In the present study we chose nucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphates as model compounds for DNA and RNA, in which the effects of both the nucleobase and phosphorylation were taken into consideration. Using the newly developed ONIOM-G3B3 methods, we calculated the gas-phase bond dissociation enthalpies and solution-phase bond dissociation free energies of all the carbohydrate C-H bonds in the model compounds. It was found that the monoanionic phosphate group (OPO3H-) was a better radical stabilization group than the OH group by 1.3 kcal/mol, whereas the neutral phosphate group (OPO3H2) was a significantly worse radical stabilization group than OH by 4.4 kcal/mol. Due to these reasons, the relative thermodynamic susceptibility of H-abstraction from deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides varied considerably depending on the phosphorylation state and the charge carried by the phosphate groups. Strikingly, the bond dissociation free energy of C2'-H in ribonucleotides was dramatically lower than that of all the other C-H bonds by 5-6 kcal/mol regardless of the phosphorylation state and the charge carried by the phosphate group. This explained the previous experimental finding that radiation damage of RNA occurs mainly via H-abstraction at H-2'. A model study suggested that the strength of the hydrogen bonding interaction between the 2'-OH and 3-phosphate groups should dramatically increase from ribonucleoside 3',5'-bisphosphate to its C2' radical. The strengthened hydrogen bonding stabilized the C2' radical, rendering the C2'-H bond of RNA extraordinarily vulnerable to H-abstraction.     

Validation of the M-C/H-C bond enthalpy relationship through application of density functional theory

Density functional theory has been used to calculate H-C and M-C bond dissociation enthalpies in order to evaluate the feasibility of correlating relative M-C bond enthalpies Delta H(M-C)rel with H-C bond enthalpies Delta H(H-C) via computational methods. This approach has been tested against two experimental correlations: a study of (a) Rh(H)(R)(Tp')(CNCH2CMe3) [R = hydrocarbyl, Tp' = HB(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)3] (Wick, D. D.; Jones, W. D. Organometallics 1999, 18, 495) and (b) Ti(R)(silox)2(NHSit-Bu3) (silox = OSit-Bu3) (Bennett, J. L.; Wolczanski, P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 10696). We show that the observation that M-C bond enthalpies increase more rapidly with different substituents than H-C bond enthalpies is reproduced by theory. Quantitative slopes of the correlation lines are reproduced within 4% of the experimental values with a B3PW91 functional and with very similar correlation coefficients. Absolute bond enthalpies are reproduced within 6% for H-C bonds, and relative bond enthalpies for M-C bonds are reproduced within 30 kJ mol(-1) for Rh-C bonds and within 19 kJ mol(-1) for Ti-C bonds. Values are also calculated with the BP86 functional.     

Theoretical study of the nitroalkane thermolysis. 1. Computation of the formation enthalpy of the nitroalkanes, their isomers and radical products

The gas phase enthalpies of formation of mono-, di-, tri-, tetranitromethane and nitroethane, as well as of their nitrite and aci-form isomers were calculated using different multilevel (G2, G3, G2M(CC5)) and density functional theory (DFT)-based (B3LYP, MPW1B95 and MPWB1K) techniques. The enthalpies of the C-N bond dissociation and isomerization of these nitroalkanes were also calculated. The calculated values of the formation and reaction enthalpies were compared with the experimental data when these data were available. It was found that only the G3 procedure gave accurate (within 1 kcal/mol) results for the formation enthalpy of nitroalkanes, their isomers, and radical products. The G3 procedure and two new hybrid meta DFT methods proposed by Truhlar's group (Zhao, Y.; Truhlar, D. J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 6908) showed good results for the reaction enthalpies of the nitromethane isomerization and the C-N bond dissociation. Our calculation results were used to analyze thermodynamics of the dissociation and isomerization reactions of the poly nitro-substituted methanes.     

Are cyclopentadienyl complexes more stable than their pyrrolyl analogues?

Metal-η⁵-cyclopentadienyl (M-Cp) and metal-η⁵-pyrrolyl (M-pyr) bond dissociation enthalpies in group 4 complexes were determined from DFT/B3LYP calculations with a VTZP basis set. Thermochemical cycles involving calculated enthalpies of ligand exchange reactions and experimental values of ligand electron affinities and M-Cl bond dissociation enthalpies were applied to [M(η⁵-X)Cl₃] piano stool complexes (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; X = pyr, Cp), allowing a comparative study of those metal-ligand bond strengths. The results indicate that both ligands establish weaker bonds with Ti than with the heavier elements, Zr and Hf. Very similar bond dissociation enthalpies were obtained for pyrrolyl and cyclopentadienyl (within 1 kcal mol⁻¹), suggesting that the well known difference in reactivity between those families of complexes should derive from kinetic rather than thermodynamic causes.     

Hetero‐π‐systems from 2 + 2 cycloreversion,part 2.1Ab initio thermochemical study of heterocyclobutanes 2 + 2 cycloreversion to form heteroethenes H2C=X (X=NH,O, SiH2, PH,S)

Ab initio and DFT thermochemical study of diradical mechanism of 2 + 2 cycloreversion of parent heterocyclobutanes and 1,3‐diheterocyclobutanes, cyclo‐(CH₂CH₂CH₂X), and cyclo‐(CH₂XCH₂X), where X = NH, O, SiH₂, PH, S, was undertaken by calculating closed‐shell singlet molecules at three levels of theory: MP4/6‐311G(d)//MP2/6‐31G(d)+ZPE, MP4/6‐311G(d,p)//MP2/6‐31G (d,p)+ZPE, and B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)+ZPE. The enthalpies of 2 + 2 cycloreversion decrease on going from group 14 to group 16 elements, being substantially higher for the second row elements. Normally endothermic 2 + 2 cycloreversion is predicted to be exothermic for 1,3‐diazetidine and 1,3‐dioxtane. Strain energies of the four‐membered rings were calculated via the appropriate homodesmic reactions. The enthalpies of ring opening via the every possible one‐bond homolysis that results in the formation of the corresponding 1,4‐diradical were found by subtracting the strain energies from the central bond dissociation energies of the heterobutanes CH₃CH₂—CH₂XH, CH₃CH₂—XCH₃, and HXCH₂—XCH₃. The latter energies were determined via the enthalpies of the appropriate dehydrocondensation reactions, using C—H and X—H bond energies in CH₃XH calculated at G2 level of theory. Except 1,3‐disiletane, in which ring‐opening enthalpy attains 69.7 kcal/mol, the enthalpies of the most economical ring openings do not exceed 60.7 kcal/mol. The 1,4‐diradical decomposition enthalpies found as differences between 2 + 2 cycloreversion and ring‐opening enthalpies were negative, the least exothermicity was calculated for ⋅ CH₂SiH₂CH₂CH₂. The only exception was 1,3‐disiletane, which being diradical, CH₂SiH₂CH₂SiH₂, decomposed endothermically. Since decomposition of the diradical containing two silicon atoms required extra energy, raising the enthalpy of the overall reaction to 78.9 kcal/mol, 1,3‐disiletane was predicted to be highly resisting to 2 + 2 cycloreversion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:704–720, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20377     

Thermochemical studies on 3-methyl-quinoxaline-2-carboxamide-1,4-dioxide derivatives: enthalpies of formation and of N-O bond dissociation

The standard molar enthalpies of formation of the 3-methyl-N-R-2-quinoxalinecarboxamide-1,4-dioxides (R = H, phenyl, 2-tolyl) in the gas phase were derived using the values for the enthalpies of combustion of the crystalline compounds, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry, and for the enthalpies of sublimation, measured by Knudsen effusion, at T = 298.15 K. These values have also been used to calibrate a computational procedure that has been employed to estimate the gas-phase enthalpies of formation of the corresponding 3-methyl-N-R-2-quinoxalinecarboxamides and also to compute the first, second, and mean N-O bond dissociation enthalpies in the gas phase. It is found that the size of the substituent almost does not influence the computed N-O bond dissociation enthalpies; the maximum enthalpic difference is approximately 5 kJ.mol-1.     

Density functional calculations of the physicochemical properties of formamidyl radicals

The geometric, spectroscopic, and thermodynamic parameters of the HNC(O)H radical were studied by the DFT B3L YP/6-311++G(3df, 3pd) method. The structure of its conformers was established. Electron and spin density distributions were analyzed. The potential function of internal hindered rotation was calculated. The enthalpies of dissociation were determined for the O-H bond in HNC(OH)H and N-H bond in H₂NC(O)H.