钯氮共掺杂TiO2的制备与表征及其可见光催化活性

在空气气氛和N₂中热处理表面均匀分散有尿素和氯化钯的纳米管钛酸,制备了两个系列Pd/N共掺杂的TiO₂光催化剂,并对所得样品进行了X射线衍射、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱和电子自旋共振等表征.结果表明,焙烧气氛对样品的形貌、晶体结构、光谱吸收、生成的氧空位浓度和可见光光催化性能的影响很大,其中在空气气氛中制备的样品光催化性能优于在N₂中制备的样品.在可见光(λ≥420nm)照射下,以丙烯为模型污染物考察了样品的光催化活性,发现在空气中400℃下焙烧的样品具有最佳的可见光催化活性.另外,讨论了Pd/N共掺杂TiO₂光催化剂具有可见光响应的机理,认为掺杂的Pd/N元素和制备过程中生成的氧空位是影响可见光催化性能的重要因素.     

酸催化水解法制备可见光响应N掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂

 以TiCl4为钛源,采用酸催化水解法合成了TiO2前驱体,在NH3/N2气氛中经程序升温处理制得不同N掺杂量的TiO2可见光响应催化剂. 以苯酚为模型物,考察了催化剂在可见光及紫外光区的催化活性. 采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜和低温氮物理吸附对光催化剂的晶相结构、光谱特征和表面结构进行了表征. 结果表明,掺杂N后锐钛矿TiO2的可见光催化活性显著提高,在500 ℃焙烧5 h制得的催化剂在可见光区及紫外光区均表现出最高的光催化活性. N掺杂对TiO2的晶粒大小、比表面积和晶相结构影响不大. 适量N掺杂可在TiO2表面形成Ti-O-N键,形成了新的能级结构,使催化剂的吸收带边红移至490～550 nm; 同时该结构也可有效提高TiO2的紫外光催化活性.     

N、F共掺杂可见光响应介孔TiO2光催化剂:纤维素模板剂合成及活性

以纤维素为模板剂,TiCl4为钛源,采用液相水解-沉淀法制备了浅黄色的N、F共掺杂可见光响应介孔TiO2催化剂(TiONF)。以苯酚为模型物,考察了TiONF在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下催化活性;采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重/量热扫描(TG/DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)及低温N2物理吸附-脱附等技术对TiONF催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,以纤维素为模板剂合成适量N、F共掺杂的TiONF催化剂在紫外光区、可见光区及太阳光下均表现出较高的活性,且高于无模板剂合成的TiONF催化剂的活性。N、F共掺杂提高了TiO2表面羟基数量和锐钛矿相TiO2向金红石相转变的温度;N掺杂形成新的能级结构,诱发TiO2可见光催化活性;F掺杂促进TiO2粒子表面氧空穴产生,致使TiO2粒子表面酸度和Ti3+增加。另外,纤维素的加入可减小TiONF颗粒平均尺寸,改善催化剂分散性,提高催化剂比表面积。     

蛋氨酸改性TiO2空心纳米盒高效可见光催化RhB分解和NO氧化

由高能面 TiO2纳米片 (TiO2-NSs) 组装成的 TiO2空心纳米盒 (TiO2-HNBs)显示出比单独 TiO2-NSs 更强的光催化性能, 但是 TiO2-HNBs 依然属于紫外光催化剂, 无法充分利用太阳能. 因此, 开发具有可见光响应的由高能面 TiO2-NSs 组装而成的 TiO2-HNBs 具有重要意义. 本文将立方体 TiOF2与含有 N 和 S 元素的生物分子蛋氨酸混合, 通过一步焙烧制备了具有可见光响应活性的 N 和 S 元素共掺杂的 TiO2-HNBs(掺杂催化剂标记为 TMx, 未掺杂催化剂标记为 Tx, x 代表焙烧温度).由立方体 TiOF2到锐钛矿相 TiO2空心纳米盒的转变是一个自模板转化过程. 氟离子的存在降低了 TiO2高能面(001)面的表面能, 从而使得高能面 TiO2纳米片的形成变得可能. 因此, 热处理立方体 TiOF2可得到由高能面 TiO2纳米片组装的 TiO2空心纳米盒.本文系统研究了焙烧温度 (300-500 ℃) 对所制 TiO2-HNBs 结构与光催化性能的影响. 结果发现, 在 350 ℃下焙烧, TiOF2完全转化成锐钛矿相 TiO2-HNBs. 但是焙烧蛋氨酸与 TiOF2的混合物, 需 400 ℃才能完全实现 TiOF2到锐钛矿相TiO2-HNBs 的转变. 这说明蛋氨酸的加入阻碍了 TiOF2向锐钛矿相 TiO2-HNBs 的转变. XPS 结果显示, 经过 400 ℃焙烧的蛋氨酸改性样品 (TM400), N 和 S 元素成功掺入了 TiO2-HNBs 晶格, 使其产生可见光催化活性.相对于 400 ℃焙烧 TiOF2所得样品 T400, 蛋氨酸改性的 TM400 催化剂可见光降解罗丹明 B 染料 (RhB) 和 NO 氧化的性能分别提升了 1.55 倍和 2.0 倍, 这与其更强的可见光吸收性能和光生载流子分离效率有关. 400 ℃焙烧的蛋氨酸改性的 TM400 可见光催化活性稳定, 连续 5 次可见光催化 RhB 降解后, 其活性没有明显改变, 显示了潜在的应用前景.     

镍离子表面处理对二氧化钛光催化活性的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出纳米TiO2和TiO2-Ni催化剂. 光催化降解对氯苯酚实验证明, TiO2-Ni催化剂的紫外、可见光催化活性均高于TiO2. FTIR和Raman结果表明, Ni2+离子被化学吸附在TiO2表面形成ONiOO表面物种. SPS的结果表明, TiO2-Ni表面ONiOO物种的表面态能级在价带上方2.84 eV. 该能级既能产生可见光响应, 又有效地促进了光生载流子的分离, 使催化剂紫外、可见光催化活性提高.     

N,S共掺杂纳米TiO_2:水解-溶剂热法合成及可见光催化活性

采用简单的两相分离的水解-溶剂热法,以硫脲为非金属原料,可控地制备了N,S共掺杂的纳米TiO2。所获得的纳米TiO2平均粒径为10 nm、粒径分布集中,且分散性好。N,S共掺杂拓展了纳米TiO2对可见光的响应范围。气氛可控的表面光电压谱(SPS)的测试结果表明,N,S共掺杂引起的表面态能够捕获光生空穴,进而有利于光生电荷分离。在可见光催化氧化水产氧及降解污染物乙醛的过程中,共掺杂的纳米TiO2表现出了高的活性,甚至优越于N掺杂的。这主要归因于N,S共掺杂的纳米TiO2分散性好、可见光吸收强和光生电荷分离高。     

N掺杂富含(001)晶面TiO_2纳米片的制备及N掺杂浓度对可见光催化活性的影响(英文)

采用水热法制备了富含(001)晶面的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米片,并通过改变热处理过程中NH3流速制备不同N掺杂浓度的TiO2纳米片.运用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电镜、高分辨率透射电子显微镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、X射线光电子能谱和荧光光谱对光催化剂进行了结构和性能表征,并以罗丹明B为目标降解物,考察了N掺杂浓度对TiO2纳米片可见光催化活性的影响.结果表明,NH3流速为40ml/min时制备的N掺杂TiO2纳米片具有最低的光生电子-空穴复合速率,最高的OH产生能力并表现出最高的光催化活性.同时,讨论了N掺杂浓度对TiO纳米片可见光催化活性影响的机理.     

一步低温法制备可见光响应的棕色纳米TiO2及其光催化性能

光催化作为一种具有前景的技术,被广泛运用于有机物降解、废水处理、空气净化、抗菌、太阳能电池等领域.在众多的光催化材料中,纳米TiO2因具有性质稳定、耐腐蚀、廉价和无毒等优点而受到广泛关注.但纳米TiO2禁带宽度较大(3.2 eV)、只对紫外光有响应及电子-空穴对易复合等特性限制了它的应用.因此,提高纳米TiO2的可见光响应一直是研究的热点.本文发展了一种在低温下制备棕色纳米TiO2的改良溶胶-凝胶法.该法以钛酸四丁酯为钛源,无水乙醇为溶剂,形成溶胶后无需陈化和高温高压,在简单温和的条件下即可制备出棕色纳米TiO2.比较了低温干燥和高温焙烧两种处理方法,结果表明,随着制备温度的升高,样品的粒子尺寸增大,比表面积减小,颜色从白色转变为棕色,在更高的温度又变浅.样品的可见光吸收在180℃时达到最大,随后减弱.在优化温度180℃下制备的TiO2-180℃纳米粒子不仅具有较小的粒径(5.0 nm),较大的比表面积(213.45 m2/g),且在整个紫外-可见光区都具有较强的吸收,其禁带宽度低至1.84 eV.X-射线光电子能谱结果表明,TiO2粒子表面的–OH/H2O含量随制备温度升高而先增加后下降.Raman光谱中Eg峰的移动和变宽表明TiO2晶格可能存在缺陷或氧空位,而TiO2-180℃纳米粒子的电子顺磁共振图谱的g值在2.003左右,对应氧空位中的未成对电子,验证了以上推测.其中TiO2-180℃纳米粒子呈现为最强的EPR信号,表明其晶格内存在最高浓度的氧空位,这是其具有强可见光吸收的原因.光催化实验结果表明,在可见光照射下,TiO2-180℃可高效降解亚甲基蓝(MB).当C(MB)=10 mg/L,pH=4,催化剂添加量为0.07 g时,TiO2-180℃催化剂的光催化活性达到最佳,光照1 h后MB降解率达到99.33%,反应速率常数(0.08287 mg/(L·min))约为同条件下P25(0.01342 mg/(L·min))的6倍.同时,TiO2-180℃催化剂在不同单色光下的光催化活性与它对单色光的光响应大致相符.循环降解实验证明TiO2-180℃催化剂具有很好的稳定性.光猝灭实验表明,·OH在光催化降解过程占主导作用,而TiO2-180℃样品表面含有较多的–OH,有利于·OH的产生,乃至光催化反应.研究表明,晶格内高浓度的氧空位导致的强可见光响应,得益于低温制备条件而保留了大量–OH/H2O的纳米粒子表面以及更大的比表面积,共同促成了TiO2-180℃优越的光催化活性.所制备的棕色纳米TiO2经过进一步修饰后有望运用于实际应用中.     

负载金的掺氮二氧化钛的制备及其可见光催化性能

以纳米管钛酸为前驱体,采用水热法先制备得到新型N掺杂二氧化钛,然后用沉积沉淀法在N掺杂二氧化钛表面负载微量贵金属Au,制备得到负载Au的掺N二氧化钛.利用TEM、XRD、XPS、ESR和DRS等手段研究了样品的形貌、晶体结构、元素化学态和光谱吸收性质.样品光催化活性通过可见光催化降解丙烯进行评价,结果表明,样品N-TiO₂和Au/N-TiO₂具有明显的可见光(λ≥420 nm)催化活性.ESR结果表明,掺氮过程中生成的束缚单电子的氧空位是样品具有可见光响应的原因.     

ZnO和TiO2纳米粒子的光致发光性能及其与光催化活性的关系

采用沉淀法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZnO和TiO2及掺Zn2+的TiO2纳米粒子,用XRD和荧光光谱(FS)等手段对样品进行了表征,重点探讨了样品光致发光机制及与光催化活性的关系.结果表明,ZnO和TiO2样品在大于带隙能的光激发下均表现出明显的FS信号,热处理温度升高,FS信号强度下降,并且二者的FS信号类似,这可能与二者具有类似的电子能带结构有关,同时也说明FS信号主要源于表面氧空位以及吸附氧物种等引起的激子或表面态能级.掺杂Zn2+使TiO2纳米粒子FS信号增强,这主要与表面氧空位和缺陷等量增加有关;此外,在光催化氧化苯酚实验中,样品光催化活性与其FS信号强度顺序一致,即FS信号越强,活性越高.这是由于在光致发光过程中,FS信号主要源于表面氧空位,而在光催化反应中,表面氧空位有利于氧化反应进行.     

Synthesis, characterization and computational study of nitrogen-doped CeO2 nanoparticles with visible-light activity

Nitrogen-doped CeO2 nanoparticles were synthesized through a wet-chemical route. Nitrogen has been successfully incorporated into CeO2 nanoparticles and the nitrogen-doping level was also successfully controlled. The optical properties due to the different N-doping levels in CeO2 nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), which showed a visible-light absorbance shift. The resulting nanoparticles show enhanced visible-light sensitivity and photocatalytic activity compared to undoped CeO2 nanoparticles. DFT calculations were performed to explore the effect of nitrogen doping versus oxygen vacancies. The calculations show that the change of the electronic structure upon N-doping CeO2 is quite different from that of N-doped TiO2, which has been studied extensively.     

Nitrogen-doped TiO2 thin films: photocatalytic applications for healthcare environments

N-doped TiO(2) has for many years received interest as visible light photocatalytic materials. Here we give our perspective on the subject with special consideration towards the use of visible light photocatalysts in the field of antimicrobial materials with applications in healthcare environments. The subject is reviewed and critiqued from synthetic techniques to characterisation and assessment of functional properties. N-doped TiO(2) has huge potential to form commercially viable antimicrobial surfaces that are easily implemented within the healthcare environment. We aim to shed light on the illusive nature of the mechanism of the different types of N-doping and comment on how these affect the properties of the catalysts themselves. Small concentrations of nitrogen doped under mild conditions lead to interstitial doping, which also promotes the creation of oxygen vacancies. Many believe that it is these oxygen vacancies that actually promote the formation of visible light photocatalysis and hence there is an indirect correlation between the interstitial doping and the photocatalysis. As the concentration of interstitial nitrogen increases the oxygen vacancies increase, however the presence of oxygen vacancies in turn encourages substitutional doping which then fills the oxygen vacancies. This cyclic relationship leads to photocatalysts that are very sensitive to changing nitrogen concentration.     

Role of complex defects in photocatalytic activities of nitrogen-doped anatase TiO(2)

Deep impurity states associated with a substitutional nitrogen at an oxygen site (N(O)) are believed to be the source of the visible-light absorption of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)). Our comprehensive study using density functional theory (DFT) plus onsite Coulomb interaction (U) reveals that a titanium atom at an interstitial site (Ti(i)) is highly mobile and strongly binds with N(O). Hybridizations of N p with Ti d states of Ti(i) give rise to a new band at the valence band edge, eliminating the hole-trapping centers originated from the deep N(O) states. The suggested mechanism explains the photocatalytic oxidation reactions as well as the visible-light absorption observed on N-doped anatase TiO(2).     

氮掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备及可见光催化性能研究

在溶胶-凝胶法基础之上,以尿素为氮源,通过较温和的反应条件来制备氮掺杂TiO₂光催化剂。以亚甲基蓝为模型化合物、日光色镝灯为光源,探索了其可见光光催化性能;并用XRD、低温氮气吸附-脱附技术、UV-Vis等表征了其结构特征;同时以对苯二甲酸为探针分子,结合化学荧光技术研究了光催化体系中·OH自由基的变化规律,进一步验证了其光催化活性规律。结果表明：氮掺杂能引起TiO₂光催化剂的激发吸收光谱明显红移并具较好的可见光响应性;在不同煅烧温度和尿素/钛酸丁酯物质的量的比     

新型N-TiO2的固相法制备及其光催化性能

以纳米管钛酸为前驱体,以NH4HCO3为N源,先机械研磨使二者混合均匀,再在Ar保护下,于不同温度焙烧4h制得N掺杂TiO2 (N-TiO2),并采用X射线粉末衍射、X射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、透射电镜及N2吸附-脱附对样品进行了表征.结果显示,N以间隙掺杂方式进入TiO2晶格内.在热处理过程中,生成中间体(...     

具可见光活性的氮掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂

以氮掺杂为代表的非金属掺杂型TiO₂光催化剂被誉为“第二代光催化材料”。本文首先系统评述了氮掺杂二氧化钛的制备方法，然后详细阐述了在N掺杂TiO₂研究中关于其可见光活性机制以及掺杂N在TiO₂晶格中的存在状态等方面的争议。N掺杂TiO₂粉末的制备方法主要有氨气气氛下的热处理工艺、水解沉淀法、溶胶－凝胶法以及机械化学法等；N掺杂TiO₂薄膜的制备方法主要包括磁控溅射法、脉冲激光沉积法以及金属有机化学气相沉积法等。已提出的关于N掺杂TiO₂可见光活性机制的观点有N2P与O2P能级相杂化、形成N 2p孤立能态、氧空位的作用以及具顺磁性特征的杂质敏化。关于掺杂N在TiO₂晶格中存在状态的分歧在于XPS N 1s谱中特征峰的位置及其归属的解析。文章最后指出了氮掺杂二氧化钛催化剂研究中有待解决的问题及今后的发展方向。     

Preparation and characterization of N–Ti-MCM-22 mesoporous molecular sieve and investigation of its photocatalytic properties

Nanocrystalline N-doped and Ti-containing MCM-22 catalyst was synthesized by the static hydrothermal method, using sodium azide as nitrogen source for doping, and tetra-n-butyl titanate [Ti(OC₄H₉)₄] as precursor for TiO₂. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results showed that a mesoporous region with ca. 3-nm pore size was created by expansion between lamellar crystalline sheets in Ti-MCM-22. Nitrogen was substituted for some of the lattice oxygen atoms. During liquid phase photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under high-pressure Hg arc lamp irradiation, the as-prepared N-doped Ti-MCM-22 exhibited much higher activity than the undoped Ti-MCM-22, attributed to the effect of the nitrogen dopant. The effects of N-doping amount, catalyst concentration, initial solution pH, and initial concentration of MB on the photocatalytic activity were investigated.     

NH3处理温度对N掺杂P25-TiO2的可见光催化活性的影响

研究了NH3处理温度对N掺杂P25-TiO2可见光催化活性的影响以及可见光催化活性与表面组成和结构的关系．实验结果表明：NH3处理温度在600℃时,有最高活性;在700℃,P25-TiO2转变为以金红石相为主,表面未发生N掺杂,这与700℃时NH3分解有关;N掺杂浓度、可见光吸收两者与可见光催化活性之间均不存在顺变关系．讨论揭示：N掺杂P25-TiO2的可见光催化活性是由三个要素协同作用产生：（i）表面生成大量束缚单电子氧空位（Vo）,（ii）表面有N掺入,（iii）晶型以锐态矿为主,三者缺一不可．     

Characterization of paramagnetic species in N-doped TiO2 powders by EPR spectroscopy and DFT calculations

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are combined for the first time in an effort to characterize the paramagnetic species present in N-doped anatase TiO2 powders obtained by sol-gel synthesis. The experimental hyperfine coupling constants are well reproduced by two structurally different nitrogen impurities: substitutional and interstitial N atoms in the TiO2 anatase matrix. DFT calculations show that the nitrogen impurities induce the formation of localized states in the band gap. Substitutional nitrogen states lie just above the valence band, while interstitial nitrogen states lie higher in the gap. Excitations from these localized states to the conduction band may account for the absorption edge shift toward lower energies (visible region) observed in the case of N-doped TiO2 with respect to pure TiO2 (UV region). Calculations also show that nitrogen doping leads to a substantial reduction of the energy cost to form oxygen vacancies in bulk TiO2. This suggests that nitrogen doping is likely to be accompanied by oxygen vacancy formation. Finally, we propose that the relative abundance of the two observed nitrogen-doping species depends on the preparation conditions, such as the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere and the annealing temperature during synthesis.     

Nitrogen/gold codoping of the TiO2(101) anatase surface. A theoretical study based on DFT calculations

The interaction between implanted nitrogen atoms, adsorbed gold atoms, and oxygen vacancies at the anatase TiO(2)(101) surface is investigated by means of periodic density functional theory calculations. Substitutional and interstitial configurations for the N-doping have been considered, as well as several adsorption sites for Au adatoms and different types of vacancies. Our total energy calculations suggest that a synergetic effect takes place between the nitrogen doping on one hand and the adsorption of gold and vacancy formation on the other hand. Thus, while pre-implanted nitrogen increases the adsorption energy for gold and decreases the energy required for the formation of an oxygen vacancy, pre-adsorbed gold or the presence of oxygen vacancies favors the nitrogen doping of anatase. The analysis of the electronic structure and electron densities shows that a charge transfer takes place between implanted-N, adsorbed Au and oxygen vacancies. Moreover, it is predicted that the creation of vacancies on the anatase surface modified with both implanted nitrogen and supported gold atoms produces migration of substitutional N impurities from bulk to surface sites. In any case, the most stable configurations are those where N, Au and vacancies are close to each other.