碱性介质中铂/碳气凝胶电催化氧化甲醇

以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了碳气凝胶(CAs);以CAs为载体,利用乙二醇还原法制备了Pt/CAs催化剂;在碱性条件下,采用循环伏安法测定了Pt/CAs催化剂电催化氧化甲醇的活性,结果表明,Pt/CAs显示出高的甲醇氧化催化活性,在1.0mol.L-1 NaOH和1.0mol.L-1 CH3OH溶液中,其峰电流密度是商品Vulcan XC-72R负载Pt催化剂Pt/C的3.9倍,甲醇起始氧化电位比Pt/C的负移约100mV.     

具有优异甲醇催化氧化性能的Pt/MoO3-WO3/CNTs催化剂

以聚二烯丙基二甲基胺盐酸盐(PDDA)为连接剂,采用原位自组装方式将MoO3和WO3负载到碳纳米管(CNTs)上,然后通过乙二醇还原法负载Pt纳米颗粒,得到Pt纳米颗粒均匀分布的Pt/MoO3-WO3/CNTs催化剂.当氧化物总量控制在10 wt%,MoO3与WO3摩尔比为1:0.5时,Pt/MoO3-WO3/CNTs催化剂催化甲醇氧化活性最高,甲醇氧化峰电流If高达835 A/gPt.WO3和MoO3的加入提高了催化剂的甲醇氧化活性、抗CO中毒能力和稳定性,使得Pt/MoO3-WO3/CNTs催化剂表现出优异的甲醇电催化氧化性能.     

界面合金化的Pt^Ag催化剂对阴极氧还原反应的电催化特点

分别在酸性和碱性电解质中研究了界面合金化的纳米Ag承载Pt纳米结构催化剂Pt0.5^Ag-B/C(Pt/Ag原子比为0.5)对氧还原反应(ORR)的电催化特点.结果表明,该催化剂对ORR的半波电势(E1/2)与通常的Pt/C催化剂(E-TEK公司)相当,但前者的本征电催化活性是后者的近两倍.与未合金化的Pt0.5^Ag-A/C相比,在Pt0.5^Ag-B/C催化剂中形成的合金化的Pt/Ag界面不仅使ORR的E1/2正移,而且明显提高了贵金属Pt的分散度或利用率.     

三维结构氧化石墨烯载铂催化剂对甲醇电催化性能

喷雾干燥法制备具有三维结构的氧化石墨烯(PGO),在其表面进一步负载活性成分Pt,得到纳米Pt/PGO复合催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透视电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对催化剂的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,PGO具有类似于长4-6μm和宽2.0-3.0μm的三维纸团结构,平均粒径为4.2 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面。采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,Pt/PGO催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性。PGO所具有的三维结构和双功能作用机理有利于甲醇在铂表面的电催化氧化过程的发生。     

中空树枝状三氧化钨载铂催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能研究

采用水热法和牺牲模板法相结合制备具有中空树枝结构的三氧化钨载体(d-WO₃),在其表面进一步负载活性成分Pt,得到纳米Pt/d-WO₃复合催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和比表面积和孔结构分析(BET)等对催化剂的形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,三氧化钨具有长6 μm和宽2 μm的中空树枝状结构,孔径分布主要集中在20~120 nm,比表面积为24 m²/g,平均粒径为7.2 nm的Pt纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面。采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了Pt/d-WO₃催化剂在酸性溶液中对甲醇的电催化氧化性能。结果表明,Pt/d-WO₃催化剂比Pt/C和Pt/WO₃催化剂对甲醇有更高的电催化氧化活性和稳定性。d-WO₃所具有的中空介孔结构和双功能作用机理有利于甲醇在铂表面的直接脱氢氧化过程。     

Pt/TiO2纳米纤维的制备及其对甲醇的电催化氧化活性

采用静电纺丝技术结合还原浸渍法制备了Pt/TiO₂纳米纤维电催化剂, 通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等测试手段对样品的晶相、形貌、微结构和化学组成进行了表征. 测试结果表明, TiO₂纳米纤维为锐钛矿和金红石组成的混晶, Pt 纳米颗粒均匀地分布于TiO₂纳米纤维的表面, 且Pt 颗粒大小较均一, 平均粒径为4.0 nm, Pt/TiO₂纳米纤维中Pt 的质量分数约为20%. 采用三电极体系的循环伏安和计时电流电化学分析方法研究了样品在酸性溶液中对甲醇的电催化氧化活性, 结果表明, 与负载相同质量分数Pt 的Pt/P25 和商业Pt/C 催化剂相比较, Pt/TiO₂纳米纤维催化剂对甲醇呈现出较高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性.     

膨胀石墨负载纳米Pt催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

以天然鳞片石墨为基材,采用高氯酸插层氧化制备了膨胀石墨(EG),利用乙二醇液相还原法在其表面负载了Pt纳米颗粒;采用XRD、TEM、SEM及循环伏安曲线(CV)等手段对其形貌、结构及对甲醇的电催化性能进行了表征研究。结果表明,Pt纳米颗粒的平均粒径为2.56 nm,均匀地分布在膨胀石墨载体表面,而片状结构的膨胀石墨载体能明显提升其电催化活性和抗CO中毒性能;相同条件下,该膨胀石墨负载纳米Pt催化剂的质量活性比和电流密度分别是商用JM Pt/C的1.24倍和1.5倍。     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以天然石墨为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨.然后采用简单的一步化学还原法在乙二醇(EG)中同时还原氧化石墨烯(GO)和H₂PtCl₆制备高分散的铂/还原态氧化石墨烯(Pt/RGO)催化剂.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂的微结构、组成和形貌进行表征.结果表明, GO已被还原成RGO, Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在RGO表面,粒径约为2.3 nm.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法评价催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,测试结果表明, Pt/RGO催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和稳定性与Pt/C和Pt/CNT相比有了很大提高.另外其对甲醇电催化氧化的循环伏安图中正扫峰电流密度(I_f)和反扫峰电流密度(I_b)的比值高达1.3,分别是Pt/C和Pt/CNT催化剂的2.2和1.9倍,表明Pt/RGO催化剂具有高的抗甲醇氧化中间体CO_ad的中毒能力.     

纳米三氧化钨复合催化剂的制备及对甲醇电催化性能

采用浸渍沉淀法制备出WO₃-碳纳米管(WO₃-CNTs)纳米复合材料, 微波辅助乙二醇法在其表面负载活性成分Pt, 得到纳米Pt/WO₃-CNTs 催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD), 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行表征, 结果表明Pt 纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构, 粒径大小在3-5 nm之间, 均匀地分布在WO₃-CNTs 纳米复合材料表面, 同时发现催化剂中的Pt 主要以金属态的形式存在. 采用循环伏安和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pt/WO₃-CNTs 催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化性能, 结果表明Pt/WO₃-CNTs 催化剂比用硝酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂(Pt/CNTs)对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和抗CO中毒性能.     

Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化性能的影响

制备了一种新的甲醇直接燃料电池Pt/RuO2/CNTs阳极催化剂,在相同Pt负载量下,其甲醇电催化氧化活性是Pt/CNTs的3倍.采用循环伏安法研究发现Pt/RuO2/CNTs纳米催化剂中RuO2含量对甲醇电催化氧化活性有明显影响,当Pt和RuO2在碳纳米管上含量分别为15%和9.5%时,Pt/RuO2/CNTs催化剂具有最佳的甲醇电催化氧化活性.RuO2负载在碳纳米管上比电容的变化,反映了水合RuO2结构中质子与电子传输平衡的能力,分析表明,催化剂中RuO2含量不同导致电容的变化是影响甲醇电催化氧化活性的主要原因.当催化剂结构中质子与电子传输达到平衡时,催化剂比电容最大,电催化氧化活性最高.这种基于电容关联电催化剂的观点对甲醇直接燃料电池阳极催化剂的设计非常有意义.     

Pt纳米空球粒径的可控制备及其甲醇电催化氧化

利用表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠（SDSN）的调控合成不同粒径的硒模板和铂纳米空球（Pthollow）,并将其修饰于玻碳（GC）基底即可制得Pthollow/GC电极;采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（HR-TEM）和X射线光电子能谱等观察表征了Pthollow样品的形貌与组成;以甲醇为探针分子,研究Pthollow/GC和电沉积铂电极（Ptnano/GC）对甲醇氧化的电催化活性. 结果表明,由铂原子簇团构筑的多孔铂纳米空球粒径均匀,分散性好;用4 μmol·L^-1 SDSN控制合成的直径为130 nm的Pthollow制备的Pthollow/GC电极对甲醇氧化的电催化活性最佳.     

聚乙酰苯胺修饰碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化

以原位化学聚合的聚乙酰苯胺/多壁碳纳米管(PAANI-MWCNTs)复合纳米材料作为载体,采用硼氢化钠还原法将Pt纳米粒子担载到PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米材料表面,制备了Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米催化剂.样品的结构和形貌用紫外-可见(UV-Vis)光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征.结果表明,聚乙酰苯胺与碳纳米管之间存在较强的π-π相互作用,使其能牢固地吸附于多壁碳纳米管表面,对碳纳米管的结构完整性和导电性有一定的改善作用.同时,金属Pt纳米颗粒较为均匀地分散在PAANI-MWCNTs表面,粒径分布范围较窄.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法在酸性溶液中研究了Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性,结果表明Pt/PAANI-MWCNTs复合纳米催化剂比用混酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的抗中毒能力及稳定性.     

纳米三氧化钨修饰碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用表面修饰技术将碳纳米管(CNT)表面羧基化, 通过羧基将钨离子基团修饰到碳纳米管的外表面, 再通过高温焙烧处理将钨离子基团氧化成WO₃, 成功合成了纳米WO₃/CNT复合物, 进一步还原Pt 的前驱体而得到Pt-WO₃/CNT复合催化剂. 采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征, 结果表明, Pt纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构, 均匀地分布在WO₃修饰的碳纳米管表面. 采用循环伏安(CV)和计时电流法研究了在酸性溶液中Pt-WO₃/CNT催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性, 结果表明WO₃修饰的碳纳米管载铂催化剂比用混酸处理的碳纳米管载铂催化剂对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性.     

High dispersion and electrocatalytic properties of platinum nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs)

Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles were electrodeposited on graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 7.7 mM H2PtCl6+0.5 M HCl aqueous solutions. The graphitic carbon nanofibers (GCNFs) used in this paper were grown directly on a graphite disk by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The micrographs and element composition of Pt/GCNFs/graphite electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron diffraction spectroscopy (EDS). The electrocatalytic properties of Pt/GCNFs/graphite electrode for methanol oxidation have been investigated by CV and excellent electrocatalytic activity can be observed even at very low platinum loading (md=8.79 microg cm(-2)). The highest mass activity (MA) for methanol oxidation reaches 323 Ag(-1) when Pt/GCNFs/graphite electrode was cycled at a sweep rate of 50 mVs(-1) by CV in 2 M CH3OH+1 M H2SO4 aqueous solutions. This may be attributed to the small particle size and high dispersion of platinum particles coated on GCNFs and shows good potential application in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Additionally, the long-term cycling stability of platinum catalysts was also investigated.     

Preparation of polyaniline–tin dioxide composites and their application in methanol electro-oxidation

Polyaniline–tin dioxide (PANI-SnO₂) composites were prepared by chemical polymerization method, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Due to the good stability in diluted acidic solution, PANI-SnO₂ composites were selected as the catalyst support and second catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation. The electrocatalytic properties of the PANI-SnO₂ supported Pt catalyst (Pt/PANI-SnO₂) for methanol oxidation have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. Under the same loading mass of Pt, the Pt/PANI-SnO₂ catalyst shows higher electrocatalytic activity towards methanol electro-oxidation than Pt/SnO₂ catalyst.     

电沉积纳米镍合金在海水溶液中的析氢性能

采用电沉积法获得Ni、Ni-Fe和Ni-Fe-C合金镀层电极, 在90 °C模拟海水(0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl, pH=12)的稳态极化曲线表明Ni-Fe-C合金电极具有最好的析氢催化性能. 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察电极表面形貌、X射线衍射(XRD)与透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析合金的晶体结构, 发现电极材料的晶粒尺寸影响析氢催化性能, 晶粒尺寸越小析氢催化活性越好. 用电化学阻抗方法(EIS)研究电极析氢催化性能的本质原因, 结果表明电极表面活性点数目和电极的本质电催化活性对合金电极析氢催化活性有重要的影响.     

Investigation of electrocatalytic and analytical ability of Pt nanoparticles supported on active carbon modified electrode to analytical determination of glucose

The electrocatalytic and analytical ability to glucose on a highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles supported on active carbon (Pt/C) modified electrode was investigated. The Pt/C nanocomposite was synthesized using a microwave method. The structural characterization and surface morphology of the prepared Pt/C nanocomposite was examined using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the Pt nanoparticles with 3–10 nm in diameter are well dispersed on the surface of active carbon. The electrocatalytic and analytical ability of Pt nanoparticles supported on active carbon modified electrode (Pt/C/GCE) was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperommetry. The Pt/C/GCE exhibits strong electrocatalytic activity to the glucose oxidation. Under optimal conditions, the Pt/C/GCE performed a current response towards glucose oxidation at a broad concentration range from 0.05 to 11.95 mM. Two linear regions could be observed at 0.05 to 3.5 mM with a sensitivity of 1.29 μA mM^–1 cm^–2 and at 3.5 to 11.95 mM with a sensitivity of 0.85 μA mM^–1 cm^–2, respectively. The Pt/C/GCE exhibits sufficient sensitivity and abilities of anti-interference.     

Nanostructure PtRu/MWNTs as anode catalysts prepared in a vacuum for direct methanol oxidation

Platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles that are uniformly dispersed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized by vacuum pyrolysis using Pt(acac)2 and Ru(acac)3 as the metal precursors. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The Pt, Pt45Ru55, and Ru nanoparticles had mean diameters of 3.0 +/- 0.6, 2.7 +/- 0.6, and 2.5 +/- 0.4 nm and the same mole number as their metal precursors at 500 degrees C. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/MWNTs and PtRu/MWNTs was investigated at room temperature by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. All of the electrochemical results showed that the PtRu/MWNTs exhibited a high level of catalytic activity for methanol oxidation as a result of the large surface area of the supporting carbon nanotubes and the wide dispersion of the Pt and Ru nanoparticles. Compared with the Pt/MWNTs, the onset potential for methanol oxidation of the PtRu/MWNTs was significantly lower, and the ratio of the forward anodic peak current to the reverse anodic peak current during methanol oxidation was somewhat higher. The Pt45Ru55/MWNTs displayed the best electrocatalytic activity of all of the carbon-nanotube-supported Pt and PtRu catalysts.