铁催化碳-碳偶联反应研究进展

过渡金属催化的偶联反应是构建碳-碳键的重要手段.Fe具有储量丰富、价廉低毒、价态多样的特点,是一种理想的催化剂.随着人们对绿色、高效、高选择性反应的重视,铁催化的偶联反应研究日益增多.特别是近10年来,出现许多新的催化体系,催生出多种反应类型,如氧化偶联、还原偶联和C—H直接官能团化.根据偶联反应的类型,综述了近年来铁催化碳-碳偶联反应的研究进展.主要介绍各反应的特点、反应机理和应用,并展望其发展前景.     

锰催化的碳碳键生成反应研究进展

迄今为止,贵金属(铑、钯、钌等)在过渡金属催化的碳碳键生成反应中发挥着主导作用,然而使用廉价金属催化剂更符合可持续发展的要求。锰是地壳中含量排第三位的过渡金属,价格便宜,环境危害性小,有潜力成为贵金属催化剂的替代品并发挥其自身独特的反应性。尽管锰参与的当量反应有大量文献报道,目前锰催化的反应尤其是碳碳键生成反应的发展还不成熟,如何实现高效的催化循环是锰催化领域面临的主要难题之一。本文对锰催化的付-克烷基化反应、格氏试剂的酰化反应、偶联反应、碳金属化反应、自由基反应和碳氢键活化反应进行了综述。     

钯/碳高效绿色催化Suzuki交叉偶联反应

开发了一个以钯/碳为催化剂高效绿色催化Suzuki反应制备联苯类化合物的新方法.该体系以环境友好的聚乙二醇400的水溶液为反应溶剂,加入离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐,可高效催化溴代芳烃与芳基硼酸的Suzuki交叉偶联反应,并且催化剂可以循环利用4次而催化效率没有明显降低.     

亚铜催化的碳杂偶联反应机理*

近年来,亚铜催化的碳杂偶联反应以其高效、低成本和易制备等优点被广泛研究并应用于工业生产,有机合成及生物活性分子的制备中。目前对于这些碳杂偶联反应机理的探究仍然处于探索性阶段。本文主要评述了近年来亚铜催化的碳杂偶联反应机理的研究进展。重点综述近年来研究相对较多,对机理认识较为完善的碳-氮偶联(特别是酰胺类化合物的芳基化过程),碳氧偶联以及碳硼偶联(不饱和有机化合物的硼化、二硼化反应)机理等方面的进展。最后,基于目前这些机理研究工作的现状,展望了未来机理探究的主要方向。     

CO2催化制备高附加值多碳含氧化合物的研究进展

将温室气体CO₂通过化学反应路径制备高附加值多碳含氧化合物如乙醇、乙酸、丙醛、丙酸、丁醇等具有挑战性。由于C-C偶联反应的复杂性和成键的不可控性,导致合成多碳高值含氧化合物困难。本工作总结了近期在连续流固定床条件下CO₂催化合成高附加值多碳含氧化合物的研究进展。首先归纳了CO₂加氢路径下可能的反应机理;其次总结了CO₂直接加氢(一步法、串联法)、CO₂与轻烃重整、CO₂氢甲酰化等不同反应路径下具有潜力的催化剂,包括金属碳化物、碱金属修饰的Cu、Fe、Co、Rh等单金属或二元金属制备多碳高值含氧化合物的特点,并进一步阐述了不同催化剂上的作用机制。最后对目前存在的问题和未来可能的解决方案进行了讨论和展望。     

锌活化Fe/Co/N掺杂的生物质碳基高效氧还原催化剂

为了推动清洁能源-燃料电池的广泛应用, 迫切需要研发成本低、 原料来源广泛的过渡金属基高效氧还原反应(ORR)催化材料, 来替代目前使用的贵金属铂基催化材料. 本文以铁和钴等非贵金属离子作为催化材料的主要活性位点, 通过金属-羧基/羟基螯合键原位预锚定在具有三维(3D)孔道结构、 富含羧基和羟基以及极易在水溶液中形成凝胶网络的海洋生物质材料海藻酸钠上, 经冷冻干燥得到气凝胶; 然后通过高温碳化, 得到活性位点均匀分布在具有多级孔结构的碳骨架中的高活性、 高稳定的Co/Zn/Fe/N@bio-C-2氧还原催化剂材料, 该催化剂包含2种不同的铁基活性材料(Fe₂O₃和Fe)以及2种不同的钴基活性材料(CoO和Co).利用硝酸锌作为活化剂来改善催化材料的孔道结构, 使制备碳材料的总面积从149.3 m²/g增加到325.3 m²/g. 通过一系列对比实验发现, Fe/Co双活性位点与合适比表面积的协同作用使得Co/Zn/Fe/N@bio-C-2获得了最佳的ORR催化活性.其在0.1 mol/L KOH溶液中起始电位达到0.99 V, 半波电位可达0.87 V.     

碳基非金属催化剂在有机合成领域的应用及机理研究

碳基非金属催化剂是指包括碳纳米管(CNTs)、氧化石墨烯(GO)、石墨烯(G)、活性炭(AC)及其掺杂或修饰后得到的材料作为用于涉及能量转换等关键反应过程的催化剂.碳基非金属催化剂由于具有来源丰富、成本低、对环境友好、后处理简单、可持续发展等优点,近年来被成功应用于有机合成领域.基于碳基非金属催化剂应用于氧化反应、还原反应、取代反应和偶联反应被成功报道,但针对碳基非金属催化剂应用于有机合成领域进行催化的活性位点的研究目前仍处于早期发展阶段.近年来,科学家们针对其机理的研究主要集中于对催化剂的表征分析和第一性原理计算,但未得出相对一致的实验结论.对碳基非金属催化剂在有机合成领域的应用及机理研究进行了综述.     

Ni催化的碳(sp2)-碳和碳(sp2)-杂交叉偶联反应

综述了Ni催化的碳(sp²)-碳和碳(sp²)-杂交叉偶联反应. 主要反应类型有: Heck反应、Sonogashira反应、Kumada-Corriu反应、Negishi反应、Stille反应、Suzuki反应、Ullmann反应、C—N偶联反应、C—O偶联反应、C—P偶联反应和C—S偶联反应. 详细地介绍了各个反应的底物要求、反应条件、反应选择性和产率. 最后, 我们对Ni催化的反应机理研究也作了总结.     

钯催化下有机锡化合物的偶联反应在碳-碳键形成过程中的应用

本文述评了最近几年来钯催化的有机锡化合物与有机亲电试剂的交叉偶联反应在有机合成中用于碳-碳键形成的主要研究成果。主要讨论了直接交叉偶联反应,CO或烯键插入的交叉偶联反应和机理。     

碳催化剂在催化反应中的应用

由于碳材料表面存在缺陷,可生成具有不同性能的活性位,因此可催化不同的热催化反应.我们首先介绍了单质碳材料的表面结构化学:其表面活性位主要为含杂原子官能团;然后对其可催化的反应进行了介绍:碳单质材料可催化选择性氧化反应、高级氧化反应、还原反应、烷烃活化反应、酸催化反应、电催化还原和氧化反应等.对碳单质催化剂的制备方法、所催化的各类反应、催化活性位、催化效果及催化机理也进行了简介.单纯的碳材料并不能完全满足不同反应的催化要求,可通过掺杂杂原子、焙烧、酸处理等手段对碳催化剂进行改性,使其具有不同的催化性能.相信随着对碳催化认识的不断加深,碳催化的应用范围会越来越广,在不远的未来将应用于工业化生产.     

Coordination "oligomers" in self-assembly reactions of some "tritopic" picolinic dihydrazone ligands-mononuclear, dinuclear, hexanuclear, heptanuclear, and nonanuclear examples

"Tritopic" picolinic dihydrazone ligands with tridentate coordination pockets are designed to produce homoleptic [3 x 3] nonanuclear square grid complexes on reaction with transition-metal salts, and many structurally documented examples have been obtained with Mn(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) ions. However, other oligomeric complexes with smaller nuclearities have also been discovered and identified structurally in some reactions involving Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II), with certain tritopic ligands. This illustrates the dynamic nature of the metal-ligand interaction and the conformationally flexible nature of the ligands and points to the possible involvement of some of these species as intermediates in the [3 x 3] grid formation process. Examples of mononuclear, dinuclear, hexanuclear, heptanuclear, and nonanuclear species involving Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) salts with a series of potentially heptadentate picolinic dihydrazone ligands with pyrazine, pyrimidine, and pyridine end groups are described in the present study. Iron and cobalt complexation reactions are complicated by redox processes, which lead to mixed-oxidation-state Co(II)/Co(III) systems when starting with Co(II) salts, and reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) when starting with Fe(III). Magnetic exchange within the polynuclear structural frameworks is discussed and related to the structural features.     

密度泛函理论计算研究金属-N4大环化合物在酸性介质中的稳定性

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)是一种能够有效地将化学能转换成电能的装置,其具有较高的效率及功率密度,还兼具环境友好的优点,因而在电动车和分布式电站等领域有广泛应用前景.然而,昂贵的价格及较差的耐久性阻碍了 PEMFCs的广泛应用.阴极氧还原反应(ORR)缓慢的动力学是限制 PEMFCs性能的主要因素.目前, Pt及其合金仍然是最有效的 ORR催化剂.有限的 Pt供应量是 PEMFC商业化的主要障碍之一.因此,具有较高 ORR活性的非贵金属催化剂越来越多的引起了人们的关注.在众多非贵金属 ORR催化剂中, Fe, Co等金属与氮共掺杂的碳材料最有望取代 Pt.一般认为,这类材料中起催化作用的活性中心是与金属酞菁(MPc)和卟啉(MP)等大环分子类似的金属-N4配位结构.无论是 MPc和 MP,还是掺杂碳材料催化剂,在酸性介质中的耐久性都不够好.具体原因至今仍没有定论.一些研究者认为中心金属离子与酸性介质中的质子交换引起的去金属中心是原因之一.我们通过密度泛函理论计算和热力学分析研究酸性介质(pH=1)中金属大环分子中金属离子和溶液中质子的交换反应,探讨去金属中心是否是造成金属大环类分子催化剂和金属与氮共掺杂碳基催化剂在酸性介质中不稳定的原因.
　　我们建立了研究金属大环化合物中心金属离子与溶液中质子的交换反应的热力学分析方法.在此基础上借助密度泛函理论计算获得各种金属酞菁和卟啉在强酸性介质中的金属离子平衡浓度,以确定相应金属大环分子的稳定性.研究结果表明,在酸性介质中铬、锰、锌类酞菁和卟啉分子很容易被质子化而形成相应的非金属酞菁和卟啉,原因可能是这三类金属的二价阳离子的3d轨道均为半充满或者全充满状态,使得它们与氮的配位能力下降;而铁、钴、镍、铜类酞菁和卟啉在酸性介质中金属化离子的平衡浓度几乎为零,表明它们基本上不发生金属离子与质子的交换反应,且稳定性趋势为 CoPc > NiPc > FePc > CuPc和 CoP > NiP > CuP > FeP,同时,相应的金属酞菁比金属卟啉更稳定.这表明具有氧还原活性的铁、钴类大环分子催化剂及铁、钴与氮共掺杂的碳材料在酸性溶液中的活性衰减并不是由于金属离子与质子的交换引起的.
　　我们还考察了取代基对大环分子中金属离子与质子交换反应的影响,结果发现,给电子取代基(甲基,氨基,叔丁基)会极大地增强酞菁铁和酞菁钴在酸性介质中的稳定性.对于酞菁铁而言,具有中等强度吸电子效应的四氯、四氟和十六氯取代后,其在酸性中稳定性有一定程度的增强,而具有强烈吸电子效应的四硝基及十六氟取代后,稳定性则降低.对于酞菁钴而言,上面提到的所有吸电子取代基都会使得其在酸性介质中变得更加不稳定,并且其不稳定程度随着取代基吸电子能力的增强而上升.     

Quadrupole ion trap studies of the structure and reactivity of transition metal ion pair complexes

Ion pairs are common species observed in the electrospray mass spectra of transition metal coordination complexes. To understand the nature of these ion pairs, a systematic study of the gas-phase chemistry of these species using ion-molecule reactions and collision-induced dissociation (CID) was carried out. Ion pair complexes of the type MLnX+ (where M is Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II), L is 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2'-bipyridine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and X is Cl-, NO3-, acetylacetonate, ClO4-, acetate or SCN-) were studied. Ion-molecule reactions can distinguish whether the counterion in an ion pair is an inner- or outer-sphere ligand and can determine the coordination mode of the counterion. In addition, CID and ion-molecule reactions reveal some interesting chemistry of these complexes and unique coordination modes for some of the anions studied here were inferred from the ion-molecule reactions. For example, the thiocyanate ion is found to coordinate in a bidentate fashion in Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes, contrasting behavior typically observed in solution. Also, certain Co(II) and Fe(II) ion pair complexes undergo oxidation reactions in which species such as dioxygen and nitric oxide from the counterions ClO4- and NO3- are transferred to the Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes, showing the inherent affinity of these metals for these molecules. These complexes were also studied by ion-molecule reactions and CID. Dioxygen in complexes formed by CID is demonstrated to be bidentate, suggesting the formation of a peroxo ligand with concurrent oxidation of the metal.     

Trace elements in natural drugs determined by INAA

Natural drugs are widely used for diuretic, phlegm elimination and stomach invigoration purposes. Seventy-five of the most common remedies used by Chinese people have been subjected to trace element survey analysis by instrumental neutron activition. Within this large number of different natural products, fourteen trace elements (K, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Br, Rb, Cs, La, Sm, Eu, Au and Th) are commonly detected. Among these elements, Fe had the highes: concentration followed by Zn, and Rb, Sm, Eu and Au were found to have the lowest concentations. Although the three groups of natural drugs exhibit a widely different therapeutic action, the concentration ranges of the fourteen elements were very similar. While this suggests no apparent specific role for the trace elements in the drug function, parallels are drawn between the known drug related functions of Rb, Zn, Br, Fe, Co and K and the levels of elements found in the natural drugs. It is concluded that the various natural drugs also provide human benefits through supplements of essential elements such as Fe, Zn, Cr, Sc, Rb and Co.     

F-T合成催化剂羰基硫中毒热力学分析

利用热力学基础数据和相关软件对F-T合成催化剂COS中毒的热力学进行了计算。在热力学上,Ru、Fe、Co的COS中毒在F-T合成反应可以发生的条件下均是自发过程。F-T合成反应体系中10^-9级的COS即可使Ru基催化剂中的金属Ru生成RuS₂而中毒。Fe和Co毒化后生成的硫化物种类较多,对反应的热力学计算结果表明,对于不同的反应,其平衡常数的差异很大,对应中毒反应发生时,所需COS的浓度也不同。由于Fe基F-T合成催化剂活性相的复杂性,利用对催化剂相关性质的修饰开发具有一定抗硫性的铁基F-T合成催化剂是可行的;对于Co催化剂,利用F-T合成的反应特点和催化剂改性开发具有一定抗硫性催化剂也是可能的。     

咪唑钴(III)配合物还原动力学机理研究

配合物间的电子转移反应是近代化学中重要的一类反应［‘，’J，对于大多数反应来说，由于前驱配合物离子对形成常数较小，难以独立分离出各基元步骤动力学参数问；给研究带来困难问．为了丰富电子转移反应研究内容，寻找更多可供详细研究的反应体系，在前文报导［Fe（CN）6p还原高位阻［Co（tmen）3p”的反应动力学研究基础上＊，本文进一步合成了含有生物体系中常见配体咪哩（IInll）的Co仰）配合物［Co（NH。）。（ImH）］（CIO小和t，an。－［Co（NH。）（en）。（IInH）］（C104）。，再以［Fe（CN）6p为还原剂，考察了两C…     

A first principles study of oxygen reduction reaction on a Pt(111) surface modified by a subsurface transition metal M (M = Ni, Co, or Fe)

We have performed first-principle density functional theory calculations to investigate how a subsurface transition metal M (M = Ni, Co, or Fe) affects the energetics and mechanisms of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the outermost Pt mono-surface layer of Pt/M(111) surfaces. In this work, we found that the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could down-shift the d-band center of the Pt surface layer and thus weaken the binding of chemical species to the Pt/M(111) surface. Moreover, the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could modify the heat of reaction and activation energy of various elementary reactions of ORR on these Pt/M(111) surfaces. Our DFT results revealed that, due to the influence of the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe, ORR would adopt a hydrogen peroxide dissociation mechanism with an activation energy of 0.15 eV on Pt/Ni(111), 0.17 eV on Pt/Co(111), and 0.16 eV on Pt/Fe(111) surface, respectively, for their rate-determining O2 protonation reaction. In contrast, ORR would follow a peroxyl dissociation mechanism on a pure Pt(111) surface with an activation energy of 0.79 eV for its rate-determining O protonation reaction. Thus, our theoretical study explained why the subsurface Ni, Co, and Fe could lead to multi-fold enhancement in catalytic activity for ORR on the Pt mono-surface layer of Pt/M(111) surfaces.     

Utilization of smart hydrogel-metal composites as catalysis media

Various metal nanoparticles such as, Cu, Co, Ni, and Fe were prepared inside poly(1-vinyl imidazole) p(VI) hydrogel by the absorption of the corresponding metal ions from aqueous solutions and the reduction with suitable reducing agents such as NaBH(4) and/or NaOH. TGA and ICP-AES were used to determine the metal particle content of p(VI)-M (M: Cu, Co, and Ni) composites. The prepared hydrogel-metal nanoparticle composites were proven to be resourceful as reaction container for the catalysis of various organic reactions. It was illustrated that p(VI)-M hydrogel-metal composites can be successfully used in the hydrolysis of NaBH(4) for the generation hydrogen form NaBH(4) and NH(3)BH(3). Additionally, p(VI)-M composites were also illustrated in the catalysis of different organic reactions; e.g., these hydrogel-M are very effective in the reduction nitro aromatic compounds such 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to their corresponding amine forms in the presence of aqueous NaBH(4). Various parameters in the catalysis of hydrogen production and 4-NP reduction were determined.     

THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON THE INCORPORATION OF MANGANESE,IRON AND COBALT INTO HEMATOPORPHYRIN IX IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

Abstract

The results of polarography studies for the reaction of hematoporphyrin IX with Mn(II), Fe(II) and Co(II) ion in acetic acid in the absence and the presence of oxygen are reported. The metal incorporation reaction in the presence of oxygen is quantitative for Mn and Co and incomplete for Fe. In the absence of oxygen, the Mn reaction does not proceed at all, whereas, both the Fe and Co reactions are quantitative.     

Are gas-phase reactions of five-coordinate divalent metal ion complexes affected by coordination geometry?

Five-coordinate metal complex ions of the type [ML](2+) [where M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and L= 1,9-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(pyr)(2)) and 1,9-bis(2-imidazolyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(imi)(2)] have been reacted with acetonitrile in the gas phase using a modified quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions show that the reactivity of these complexes is affected by metal electronic structure and falls into three groups: Mn(II) and Ni(II) complexes are the most reactive, Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes exhibit intermediate reactivity, and Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes are the least reactive. To help explain the experimental trends in reactivity, theoretical calculations have been used. Due to the relatively large size of the metal complexes involved, we have utilized a two-layered ONIOM method to perform geometry optimizations and single point energy calculations for the [ML](2+) and [ML + CH(3)CN](2+) systems. The calculations show that the reactant five-coordinate complexes ([ML](2+)) exhibit structures that are slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries, while the six-coordinate complexes ([ML + CH(3)CN](2+)) have geometries that are close to octahedral. The Delta G values obtained from the ONIOM calculations roughly agree with the experimental data, but the calculations fail to completely explain the trends for the different metal complexes. The failure to consider all possible isomers as well as adequately represent pi-d interactions for the metal complexes is the likely cause of this discrepancy. Using the angular overlap model (AOM) to obtain molecular orbital stabilization energies (MOSE) also fails to reproduce the experimental trends when only sigma interactions are considered but succeeds in explaining the trends when pi interactions are taken into account. These results indicate that the pi-donor character of the CH(3)CN plays a subtle, yet important, role in controlling the reactivity of these five-coordinate complexes. Also, the AOM calculations are consistent with the experimental data when the [ML](2+) complexes have high-spin trigonal bipyramidal configurations. Generally, these results suggest that ion-molecule reactions can be very sensitive to metal complex coordination geometry and thus may have some promise for providing gas-phase coordination structure.