连铸BNbRE重轨钢中稀土对夹杂物的作用

论述了稀土在钢轨中的作用,得出采用模铸方法生产的稀土轨(BNbRE)中稀土具有净化钢液、变质夹杂和微合金化作用.稀土轨采用连铸生产后,钢中硫、氧含量有大幅度的降低,钢水质量提高.在相同稀土加入量的条件下,虽然钢中残留稀土含量降低,同样取得了稀土钢轨综合性能,但稀土在钢中的净化和夹杂物变质作用有变化,对硫、氧夹杂物的作用不明显.     

稀土在洁净BNbRE重轨钢中的作用机制

通过实验测定、金相观察和理论分析, 系统研究了稀土在洁净BNbRE重轨钢中的赋存状态和存量的变化规律, 以及其对钢的硫化物夹杂、微观组织及性能的影响作用机制. 研究发现, 在钢洁净度大幅度提高的条件下, 稀土在钢中的作用机制有所变化, 微量的稀土起到实现净化钢液、变质夹杂物和微合金化作用, 而且作用效果非常稳定. 随着钢洁净度的提高, 稀土加入量可以适当降低. 在本实验条件下, 洁净BNbRE重轨钢的稀土最佳加入量为～0.01%, 此时洁净BNbRE重轨钢的塑性和冲击韧度得到显著改善.     

稀土、铌对重轨钢铸、轧态组织与性能的影响

对比研究了BNbRE与U71Mn重轨钢连铸方坯的组织和常规力学性能;通过测量硬度, 揭示了接近共析成分的重轨钢连铸坯结晶组织的变化特征. 采用金相和SEM等手段, 对BNbRE钢和BNb钢热轧轨的轨头、轨腰和轨底角3种部位的组织和夹杂进行了观测, 发现实验钢的铸坯有3个硬度恒值区和3个硬度变化区, U71Mn钢的铸坯里有可观的P共晶组织;未加稀土的BNb钢轨夹杂物, 有轨头和轨底为氧化物和轨腰MnS居多的分布特征等. 文章得出, 加稀土不仅改善和细化了钢的铸、轧态组织, 改变了夹杂物, 还明显地减少了硬度变化结晶区尺寸及其硬度值的变化幅度, 有效地抑制和甚至消除了磷共晶组织.     

BNbRE与BNb钢重轨的轨腰内耗

测量了放置两年的BNbRE钢和BNb钢重轨供货(热轧)态轨腰样品的内耗,发现两种钢都有很明显的Snoek-Kê-Kster (SKK)峰;BNbRE钢的样品还有可测的增强Snoek峰 (DESP).测量了两种轨的变形样品内耗,与钢轨踏面变形样品SKK峰下降的情形不同,变形使轨腰试样的SKK阻尼增加;而且,加稀土样品的这种增强更明显.测量内耗到～700℃的升、降温内耗结果表明,两种钢都有一种降温测量可完全消失的高温阻尼.     

60CrMnMo钢热疲劳裂纹生成与长大及稀土的作用

采用金相和扫描电镜等手段对６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢热疲劳裂纹的萌生和长大规律进行了分析，并考查了稀土在钢中的作用。结果表明：热疲劳裂纹萌生于钢中夹杂物处，热疲劳裂纹的生长，不仅是裂纹自身发展的结果，更主要的是裂纹的相互联接。钢中加入稀土后，可以变质钢中夹杂物，从而抑制了热疲劳裂纹的生成与长大。     

稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢组织与性能的影响

研究了稀土复合变质对新型铸造热锻模具钢（CHD钢）组织与性能的组织。结果表明，稀土复合变质能细化晶粒，并且随着稀土量的增加。细化效果明显；加入适量的稀土复合变质后，夹杂物数量明显减少，夹杂物趋于球化并均匀地分布在钢中，形态和分布得以了改善，向钢中加入稀土进行复合变质，能促进贝氏体、奥氏体和位错亚结构的形成，细化马氏体板条。当残留稀土含量为0.02%时，CHD钢的硬度、强度变化不大，断裂韧性（KIC）和疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值（△Kth）有所提高，冲击韧性、延伸率、断面收缩率提高了近一倍，抗热疲劳性能也最好。     

稀土元素对半钢冲击疲劳性能的影响

研究了稀土元素对半钢冲击疲劳性能的影响。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜观察了经疲劳试验后半钢中碳化物的形貌、疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展 ;测定了稀土含量与总裂纹的长度和裂纹扩展速率之间的关系曲线。结果表明 ,稀土能推迟裂纹萌生的时间 ,降低裂纹扩展速率 ,提高其冲击疲劳抗力。当半钢中添加 0 .2 %RE及 960℃× 3h正火处理共同作用时 ,抗冲击效果最显著。其原因主要归于网状共晶碳化物形态与分布的改变     

稀土添加工艺及其在重载汽车车轮钢中的作用

通过化学分析、金相观察和理论分析,研究了稀土在BG420CL车轮钢中的分布,以及它对钢中夹杂物的作用、对车轮台架弯曲疲劳寿命的影响。研究发现,对于BG420CL车轮钢,采用浇铸时结晶器喂稀土丝工艺是合理的。钢中加入稀土,可以改变夹杂物的形状和尺寸,提高钢材的综合性能。在本实验条件下,BG420CL车轮钢最佳稀土加入量约为RE／S=2．0,此时冲击韧性得到显著提高,夹杂物的球化效果最好,车轮台架弯曲疲劳寿命提高效果最佳。     

稀土在石油套管钢中的应用研究

稀土在Ｊ－５５钢级套管钢中有净化钢液，变质夹杂和微合金化作用，提高了钢的横向冲击值和抗裂纹扩展能力，显著改善了抗射孔开裂性能。稀土变质ＭｎＳ和Ａｌ２Ｏ３夹杂的程度，分别取决于钢中稀土与锰和稀土与铝的活度比值，而活度比值决定了钢中ＲＥＡｌＯ３和ＲＥ２Ｏ２Ｓ的相对数量和性能。     

碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈在晶界的行为

应用高分辨TEM，SEM和XRD研究碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈的存在形式、分布以及在晶界的行为。研究结果表明，镧和铈在洁净钢中存在固溶态、稀土夹杂物和稀土第二相。固溶稀土偏析在晶界，洁净钢中稀土仍有净化钢液和变质夹杂的作用。适量稀土能减少S和P在晶界的偏析，净化晶界提高钢的冲击韧性。过量稀土在晶界产生有害的稀土第二相，导致性能显著降低。     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

化学计量中不确定度评定研究进展

测量不确定度是表征合理地赋予被测量之值的分散性的参数。本文针对化学计量不确定度评定基础模型仅适用于线性模型、概率分布为正态分布或缩放位移t分布等局限,介绍了近年来不确定度评定的研究热点:蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo Method,MCM),不确定度评定的来源、评定概念、评估方法及其发展过程,扩大了测量不确定度评定与表示的适用范围。