基于RSM的高中氧化还原反应认知诊断研究

以RSM为认知诊断分析工具,开展高中“氧化还原反应”内容的认知诊断研究。研究发现:高中“氧化还原反应”6个认知属性划分合理,反应模式的归类比例达到97.40%;被试群体的知识状态可聚类为13种,其中6种知识状态存在比例较高;学生对不同属性的掌握情况存在差异,其中对属性C1和C2的掌握率达到97%以上,而属性C6(氧化还原反应基本计算)的掌握率仅为31.47%,亟待补救。可归类化又可个性化的认知诊断结果,有助于教师开展科学合理的补救教学。     

高中生氧化还原反应理论认知水平对其化学方程式学习影响的研究

采用纸笔测试和出声思维技术对30名高中生氧化还原反应理论认知水平和氧化还原反应方程式学习情况进行了测查。通过对测查数据的分析,得到以下结论：（1）学生单纯靠“记忆”可以记住一些简单的氧化还原反应方程式,但并不能有效地促进学生对复杂化学反应方程式的学习;（2）学生氧化还原反应理论的认知水平,对其简单化学方程式的学习没有显著影响,但对复杂化学方程式的学习会产生显著影响,只有当学生氧化还原反应理论达到理解和应用水平,才能促进其对复杂化学方程式的学习。     

基于Flow Map的中美教材“氧化还原反应”难度比较

基于Flow Map对中美4种教材"氧化还原反应"内容难度的定量统计表明,中美教材的整合广度和表征深度的差异明显,美国教材的整合广度和表征深度均明显大于中国教材,即美国教材的相关难度较小;质性评价表明,美国教材以"化学变化中的电子"为认识核心,构建了"得失氧-氧的电负性与电子得失-氧化数与电子得失"的认知脉络,采用"电负性"作为先行组织者,更多运用对比与比较、情境推理与解释等信息处理策略,整合了大量的氧化还原反应应用类的知识。     

大学无机化学中“原电池”的启发探究式教学实践*

介绍了大学无机化学课堂中“原电池”部分的教学实践。通过启发-探究式教学模式,启发学生把常见的氧化还原反应,经过不断的设问和探究,最终设计成原电池,实现了通过原电池装置来证实氧化还原反应发生了电子传递的教学目的。学生在教师的启发下探究、分析、推导、创新和修正,使学生清晰地认识到知识的前后逻辑关系,对氧化还原反应概念、原电池装置有更深刻的理解,培养了学生的科学辩证思维能力。     

基于绿色化学理念的苯甲醛与安息香的相互转化

为了在基础教学实验中引入绿色化学理念以及强化氧化还原反应操作,本文设计了苯甲醛和安息香的相互转化实验:以苯甲醛为原料经维生素B1催化得到安息香,再用硼氢化钠还原安息香得到二苯乙二醇,二苯乙二醇用新型绿色催化剂NaMnOx氧化回到苯甲醛。通过氢核磁共振(1H NMR)对氧化还原反应的产物结构进行了鉴定,液相色谱分析结果表明氧化反应转化率达到90%以上。通过这一循环转化反应的实现,一方面树立了学生的绿色化学理念,另一方面加强了氧化及还原反应的操作训练,在进一步锻炼学生实验能力的同时,使其对化学反应的认知与评价更加完整。     

口诀教学对高一学生氧化还原反应分析能力的影响

探讨在高一年级氧化还原反应新课教学中,使用口诀教学对学生氧化还原反应分析能力的影响,涉及简单氧化还原反应的分析广度和速度、不同复杂程度氧化还原反应的分析深度。结果显示:口诀教学对实验组学生氧化还原反应分析能力的形成和发展,起到良好的即时效果和保持效果;实验组和对照组学生的分析能力在教学过程中均获得显著提高,但表现出不同的发展过程。在此基础上,提出了若干教学和研究建议。     

谈氧化——还原反应方程式配平的教学

不少初学化学的同学反映,氧化—还原反应式的配平不好掌握。分析其原因:一是一些同学对“基本的”氧化—还原反应式配平还不甚了解的时候,盲目“拔高”;也有的教师忽略学生认识能力,一下子深刻地讲了“全部”氧化—还原反应式配平的许多例子,学生来不及用自己认知结构同化所学新知识,囫囵吞枣。     

国际课程IB与我国高中化学教材的比较——以原子结构和氧化还原为例

以认知心理学的观点,对IB与人民教育出版社出版的高中化学教材原子结构概念图和氧化还原本质相关内容进行比较,研究发现：IB教材知识层次性更强,更有利于学生的长时记忆;更注重对知识的多角度阐释和精细加工;运用整体分解对知识精加工。对我国高中化学教材编写的启示是：丰富知识层次和概念关系,便于学生自主构建知识网络,促进学生良好认知结构的形成和发展;对知识进行多角度阐释和精细加工,加深学生对知识的深入理解;运用多种策略促进学生程序性知识的习得。     

基于流程图法的高中生化学认知结构测查——以“乙醇”为例

用流程图法测查学生关于乙醇的认知结构,通过定量分析流程图可以发现,个体认知结构在乙醇的学习中存在较大的差异,学优生更容易建立结构与性质之间的联系。相关性分析表明,学生的成绩与认知结构变量(广度、丰富度、错误概念、信息检索率)、信息处理策略(描述、情境推理)密切相关,学优生认知结构比较完善,并进一步提出了具体的教学建议。     

高二学生认知结构、学科核心素养及学习困难的测量——以“卤代烃”为例

基于FLOWMAP测查高二学生"卤代烃"认知结构,并采用学科核心素养探究学生"卤代烃"学习困难。研究表明,学优生认知结构的优势体现在较高的认知"整合度"和准确率,学困生的劣势体现在较低的信息检索效率,学优生更善于运用描述及情境推理等信息处理策略建构知识。学生达到不同素养水平的学业要求差异较大。学习困难主要有不知道卤代烃的分类及物理性质,不明白或混淆发生取代反应与消去反应的特征、条件等,不知道卤代烃的用途。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.