铽配合物Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的合成及阴离子识别研究

本文设计合成了稀土铽配合物Tb(PMW)3(PhCA)作为阴离子试剂,利用荧光光谱考察了其与F-、Cl-、Br-、I-、ClO4-、NO3-、AcO-和H2PO-4等阴离子的作用.研究结果表明:不同阴离子的加入能够调控,Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的发光行为,当一定量的氟离子(醋酸根离子、磷酸二氢根离子)加入到Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)的乙腈溶液中后,荧光发射增强;过量的氟离子(醋酸根离子、磷酸二氢根离子)加入后则使其荧光淬灭.而在乙腈和水混合溶液中,Tb(PMIP)3(PhCA)则能选择性识别氟离子和磷酸二氢根离子.     

电解质水溶液传递性质的布朗动力学模拟研究

在传统布朗动力学的基础上, 考虑流体力学的影响, 并且引入Smart Monte Carlo方法的接受概率, 对电解质溶液进行布朗动力学模拟, 得到不同浓度和温度下KCl溶液中离子间的径向分布函数, 并且与超网链积分方程理论计算结果进行了比较, 同时, 模拟了KCl和NaCl溶液的摩尔电导率. 模拟过程基于电解质溶液的原始模型, 溶剂被看作连续介质, 溶质分子之间的相互作用采用软核加静电的势能函数模型, 长程静电力的处理采用Ewald加和方法. 结果显示, 流体力学的作用对于电解质溶液的结构性质没有明显的影响, 但是对于传递性质的影响显著; 考虑流体力学作用的布朗动力学模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好.     

过饱和五硼酸钠溶液结构

用快速X射线衍射法测量了298和323K时过饱和五硼酸钠溶液的时间空间平均结构,得到了溶液径向分布函数.通过模型设计及理论计算获得了B-B、B-O、O-O、Na-O、Na-B原子对相互作用的理论偏径向分布函数,并讨论了浓度和温度对五硼酸钠溶液结构的影响.在五硼酸钠过饱和溶液中六水合Na+形成八面体结构,其平均配位数随浓度和温度变化不大,作用距离随温度升高及浓度减小而减小;给出了溶液中主要硼酸盐离子B3O3(OH)4-、B5O6(OH)4-和B(OH)3的水合结构,较高温度及较高浓度有利于更高聚合的多聚硼酸根离子的形成;浓度对硼酸盐离子的第一水合层的水合数影响较大,在较浓的五硼酸钠过饱和溶液中,五硼酸根离子的一个端氧单齿配位到Na+上形成离子对,Na-B特征距离为0.328nm.     

聚丙烯酰胺稀溶液的分子模拟

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一类重要的线性水溶性聚合物,具有"百业助剂"之称,因此对其溶液性质的研究意义重大.在溶液质量浓度约为1g·mL-1的基础上,分别构建了含有不同水分子数的溶液模型.采用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟分析了不同温度下非离子型的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM-H)和阴离子型的聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)在纯水溶液及含不同质量分数NaCl的水溶液中的回旋半径(Rg).结果发现,不同温度下PAM-H和HPAM的抗盐性能的模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,水分子数不同的溶液模型所得模拟结果趋势没有明显变化,为了提高模拟效率,选取含有2000个水分子的溶液模型分析HPAM链中氧负离子及氧原子的径向分布函数,从微观结构模拟说明了HPAM水溶液粘度随NaCl质量分数增加而减小,且HPAM比PAM-H具有较好的增粘效果及较差的抗盐性能的原因.     

电解质溶液自扩散系数的布朗动力学模拟

采用布朗动力学方法对电解质溶液进行了模拟,在传统布朗动力学的基础上综合考虑了流体力学的影响,并且引入SmartMonteCarlo方法的接受概率,避免了离子不现实的移动和位型重叠,这样不仅可以将模拟过程中的时间步长大幅度提高,而且还可使溶质在相空间的演化过程更接近实际.模拟过程以电解质溶液的原始模型为基础,将溶剂看作连续介质,溶质分子之间的相互作用采用软核加静电的势能函数模型,长程静电力采用Ewald加和的处理方法.模拟得到KCl和NaCl溶液的径向分布函数g+-(r),g++(r)和g--(r),并与文献中HNC计算以及模拟的结果进行比较,使用推广的Green-Kubo公式模拟计算溶液中各种离子的自扩散性质,计算结果与实验数据吻合良好.     

4’－对二甲氨基苯基－2，2’：6’，2″－三联吡啶－锌配合物在含水乙醇介质中对磷酸根离子的高选择性识别研究

合成了一种－2,2’：6’,2″－三联吡啶衍生物,4＇-对二甲氨基苯基－2,2’：6’,2″-三联吡啶（L）,利用L与锌离子形成的稳定配合物（ZnL）．用紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了在无水乙醇和含水乙醇介质中各种阴离子对该配合物ZnL的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的影响,发现该配合物能在含水乙醇介质中选择性的识别磷酸根类离子。磷酸根、磷酸氢根与磷酸二氢根离子分别与ZnL配合物以1：1、2：1及2：1结合模式影响体系的吸收和荧光发射,ZnL配合物对磷酸根类离子的识别作用主要源于配合物多余的结合位点。     

胍盐离子液体捕获CO2温室气体的机理

通过量子力学与分子动力学对胍盐离子液体的模拟表明,胍阳离子与氯负离子之间存在较强的相互作用,其相互作用能约为-109．216kcal／m01．从能量与几何分布可见,两种空间分布方式中最稳定构象为Middle作用模式．径向分布函数也验证了这一结论．C02含量的不断增加并没有对离子液体的结构产生影响,而是被离子液体的空腔捕获．     

DMF水溶液的分子动力学模拟

采用Optimized Potertials for Liquid Simulations-All Atom(OPLSAA)模型 对298.15K N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的水溶液进行了分子动力学模拟，确定了溶液 的径向分布函数，统计了不同浓度的DMF水溶液中各形态氢的比例分数，并对该温 度下的1HMIR数据进行了预测，结果与实验值吻合较好．模拟结果表明：选用的 OPLSAA从模型是可靠的，它能反映DMF水溶液体系本质的势能．     

熔融NaCaF3、Na2CaF4和Na3CaF5的分子动力学模拟

通过分子动力学模拟，研究了熔盐溶液NaCaF_3、Na_2CaF_4和Na_4CaF_5体系，模拟表明，三种二元混合系的径向分布函数十分接近．由模拟所得到的摩尔混合焓很好地与实验值一致．混合焓与Na~+离子势阱深度之间表现出很好的线性关系．模拟表明，在Na_2CaF_4体系中，即NaF-CaF_2二元系处于低共熔混合组分比NaF:CaF_2＝2:1时，Na~+，Ca~(2+)和F~-离子的自扩散系数出现很大的反常．     

4''-对二甲氨基苯基-2,2'':6'',2"-三联吡啶-锌配合物在含水乙醇介质中对磷酸根离子的高选择性识别研究

合成了一种-2,2':6',2"-三联吡啶衍生物,4'-对二甲氨基苯基-2,2':6',2"-三联吡啶(L),利用L与锌离子形成的稳定配合物(ZnL),用紫外可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究了在无水乙醇和含水乙醇介质中各种阴离子对该配合物ZnL的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的影响.发现该配合物能存含水乙醇介质中选择性的识别磷酸根类离子.磷酸根、磷酸氢根与磷酸二氢根离子分别与ZnL配合物以1:1、2:1及2:1结合模式影响体系的吸收和荧光发射,ZnL配合物对磷酸根类离子的识别作用主要源于配合物多余的结合位点.     

Molecular Dynamics Study on Microstructure of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphates Solution

Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the internal energy and microstruc-ture of potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) solution at different temperatures. The water molecule was treated as a simple-point-charge model, while a seven-site model for the dihydrogen phosphate ion was adopted. The internal energy functions and the radial dis-tribution functions of the solution were studied in detail. An unusually large local particle number density fluctuation was observed in the system at saturation temperature. It has been found that the specific heat of oversaturated solution is higher than that of unsaturated solution, which indicates the solution experiences a crystallization process below saturation temperature. The radial distribution function between the oxygen atom of water and the hydrogen atom of the dihydrogen phosphate ion shows a very strong hydrogen bond struc-ture. There are strong interactions between potassium cation and oxygen atom of dihydrogen phosphate ion in KDP solution, and much more ion pairs were formed in saturated solution.     

Conductivity of Phosphoric Acid, Sodium, Potassium, and Ammonium Phosphates in Dilute Aqueous Solutions from 278.15 K to 308.15 K

Precise conductivity measurements on aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, and potassium phosphate were performed from 5 to 35°C. Data analysis was executed by the use of the Quint–Viallard equation for unsymmetrical electrolytes. Equations are given for the concentration dependence of electrolyte and single-ion conductivities at all temperatures.     

Sulfur- and phosphorus-Kβ spectra analyses in sulfite,sulfate and phosphate compounds by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Several sulfite, sulfate and phosphate compounds were studied by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Sulfur- and phosphorus-Kβ spectral profile modified by the number of bonding hydrogen and oxygen atoms were analyzed. As it could be confirmed, the molecular orbital theory provides a suitable explanation of the origin and properties of the satellite Kβ′ lines. Also, for the compounds analyzed, it was found that sulfur- and phosphorus-Kβ spectra present two main components and two secondary ones which exhibit a different behavior depending on the number of bonding hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Particularly, the peak corresponding to satellite Kβ′ line increases its intensity and moves away from the main peak when the number of oxygen atoms combined with the sulfur atom is increased. The energy differences between the main peak and the satellite peak found in the analyzed compounds were in average 14.2±0.4 eV, thus being demonstrated that such a separation is a characteristic of the bonding atom, in this instance oxygen.     

Effect of temperature and pressure on the structure, dynamics, and hydrogen bond properties of liquid N-methylacetamide: a molecular dynamics study

The structure and dynamical properties of liquid N-methylacetamides (NMA) are calculated at five different temperatures and at four different pressures using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our results are analyzed in terms of pressure-induced changes in structural properties by investigating the radial distribution functions of different atoms in NMA molecule. It is found that the first peak and also the second peak of C-O and N-H are well defined even at higher temperature and pressure. It is also observed that the number of hydrogen bonds increase with application of pressure at a given temperature. On the other hand, the calculated hydrogen bond energy (E(HB)) shows that the stability of hydrogen bond decreases with increasing of pressure and temperature. Various dynamical properties associated with translational and rotational motion of neat NMA are calculated and the self-diffusion coefficient of NMA is found to be in excellent agreement with the experiment and the behavior is non-Arrhenius at low temperatures with application of pressures. The single particle orientational relaxation time for dipole vector and N-C vector are also calculated and it is found that the orientational relaxation time follows Arrhenius behavior with a variation of temperature and pressure.     

ESR investigation of a stable trapped hydrogen atom in X-ray-irradiated beta-tricalcium phosphate at room temperature

A stable trapped hydrogen atom in X-ray-irradiated beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-Ca3(PO4)2, beta-TCP) was successfully detected at room temperature. This hydrogen atom is stable at ambient temperature for several months. Hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom and superhyperfine structures of the two phosphorus atoms were observed by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Electron spin-echo (ESE) of the hydrogen atom was observed in X-ray-irradiated beta-TCP. At room temperature, relaxation times of the hydrogen atom in X-ray-irradiated beta-TCP were very long (phase memory time TM = 19.4 mus, spin-lattice relaxation time T1 = 75.8 mus) compared with those of usual paramagnetic species. The most important facts are the detections of ESE and electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) at room temperature. At room temperature, the observations of ESE and ESEEM and the estimations for the relaxation times (TM, T1) of the hydrogen atom were carried out for the first time until now. TM was able to be measured from room temperature to 9 K. The short relaxation time TM below 20 K might be explained by the quantum tunneling effect of the hydrogen atom. Fourier transformation of the electron spin-echo envelope modulation (FT-ESEEM) at room temperature suggests the overlapping of the wave functions between the hydrogen atom and the two phosphorus atoms. The site of the hydrogen atom in the X-ray-irradiated beta-TCP was discussed on the basis of the continuous wave ESR (CW-ESR) and pulse-ESR analyses.     

Characterization of a laser-induced plasma by spatially resolved spectroscopy of neutral atom and ion emissions.: Comparison of local and spatially integrated measurements

The local values of the parameters that characterize a laser-induced plasma (temperature, electron density, relative number densities of neutral atoms and ions) have been obtained by spatially resolved emission spectroscopy, including the deconvolution of the measured intensity spectra. The plasma has been generated using a Nd:YAG laser with a Fe–Ni alloy in air at atmospheric pressure, and the emission in the time window 3.0–3.5 μs has been detected. The temperature values obtained from neutral atom and ion emissions have been compared in the cases of local and spatially-integrated measurements. Local Boltzmann and Saha–Boltzmann plots with high correlation to linear fittings have been obtained using two broad sets of optically thin neutral atom and ion lines (21 Fe I lines and 15 Fe II lines), resulting in local values of the electronic temperature that coincide within the error. These results of local measurements contrast with those of spatially integrated measurements, for which two different temperatures are obtained from the Boltzmann plots of neutral atoms (9100±150 K) and ions (13 700±300 K). This difference is explained according to the measured distributions of the electronic temperature and the neutral atom and ion number densities, that result in separated emissivity (or population) distributions of neutral atom and ion lines, leading to different neutral atom and ion apparent temperatures (population-averages of the local electronic temperature). Local values of the plasma parameters have been obtained at all the positions with significant emission, including the determination of the electronic temperature from Saha–Boltzmann or Boltzmann plots. The ionization degree is high- and low-varying at the inner part of the plasma, decaying only near the plasma front. The maximum of the ion density does not coincide with the temperature maximum; on the contrary, the axial variation of both the neutral atom and ion densities (that decrease towards the sample surface) is opposite to that of the temperature, a behaviour that is interpreted to result from the plasma expansion process.     

The role of hydrogen bonding in the selectivity of L-cysteine methyl ester (CYSM) and L-cysteine ethyl ester (CYSE) for chloride ion

The interaction of cysteamine (CY), L-cysteine methyl ester (CYSM), and L-cysteine ethyl ester (CYSE) with nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate, dihydrogen phosphate, and chloride ions was investigated using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). CYSM and CYSE are chemical derivatives of CY. These thiols have a quaternary ammonium group to attract the anions to the SERS surface. Dihydrogen phosphate did not interact with these cationic thiols. The CY interaction with perchlorate, nitrate, and sulfate is stronger than the interaction with chloride. However, replacing a hydrogen on the carbon adjacent to the quaternary ammonium group with either a methyl or ethyl ester group results in stronger complexation with chloride ion than with either sulfate or nitrate ion. In the case of CYSM, the chloride interaction is five times stronger than the interaction with perchlorate. Molecular modeling indicates that the high selectivity of CYSM/CYSE for chloride is due to hydrogen bonding between the chloride ion and the hydrogen of the CH3 moeities of adjacent ester groups.     

Low-temperature NMR studies of the structure and dynamics of a novel series of acid-base complexes of HF with collidine exhibiting scalar couplings across hydrogen bonds

The low-temperature (1)H, (19)F, and (15)N NMR spectra of mixtures of collidine-(15)N (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-(15)N, Col) with HF have been measured using CDF(3)/CDF(2)Cl as a solvent in the temperature range 94-170 K. Below 140 K, the slow proton and hydrogen bond exchange regime is reached where four hydrogen-bonded complexes between collidine and HF with the compositions 1:1, 2:3, 1:2, and 1:3 could be observed and assigned. For these complexes, chemical shifts and scalar coupling constants across the (19)F(1)H(19)F and (19)F(1)H(15)N hydrogen bridges have been measured which allowed us to determine the chemical composition of the complexes. The simplest complex, collidine hydrofluoride ColHF, is characterized at low temperatures by a structure intermediate between a molecular and a zwitterionic complex. Its NMR parameters depend strongly on temperature and the polarity of the solvent. The 2:3 complex [ColHFHCol](+)[FHF](-) is a contact ion pair. Collidinium hydrogen difluoride [ColH](+)[FHF](-) is an ionic salt exhibiting a strong hydrogen bond between collidinium and the [FHF](-) anion. In this complex, the anion [FHF](-) is subject to a fast reorientation rendering both fluorine atoms equivalent in the NMR time scale with an activation energy of about 5 kcal mol(-)(1) for the reorientation. Finally, collidinium dihydrogen trifluoride [ColH](+)[F(HF)(2)](-) is an ionic pair exhibiting one FHN and two FHF hydrogen bonds. Together with the [F(HF)(n)()](-) clusters studied previously (Shenderovich et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2002, 4, 5488), the new complexes represent an interesting model system where the evolution of scalar couplings between the heavy atoms and between the proton and the heavy atoms of hydrogen bonds can be studied. As in the related FHF case, we observe also for the FHN case a sign change of the coupling constant (1)J(FH) when the F.H distance is increased and the proton shifted to nitrogen. When the sign change occurs, that is, (1)J(FH) = 0, the heavy atom coupling constant (2)J(FN) remains very large, of the order of 95 Hz. Using the valence bond order model and hydrogen bond correlations, we describe the dependence of the hydrogen bond coupling constants, of hydrogen bond chemical shifts, and of some H/D isotope effects on the latter as a function of the hydrogen bond geometries.     

H(D) → D(H) + Cu(111) collision system: molecular dynamics study of surface temperature effects

All the channels of the reaction dynamics of gas-phase H (or D) atoms with D (or H) atoms adsorbed onto a Cu(111) surface have been studied by quasiclassical constant energy molecular dynamics simulations. The surface is flexible and is prepared at different temperature values, such as 30 K, 94 K, and 160 K. The adsorbates were distributed randomly on the surface to create 0.18 ML, 0.28 ML, and 0.50 ML of coverages. The multi-layer slab is mimicked by a many-body embedded-atom potential energy function. The slab atoms can move according to the exerted external forces. Treating the slab atoms non-rigid has an important effect on the dynamics of the projectile atom and adsorbates. Significant energy transfer from the projectile atom to the surface lattice atoms takes place especially during the first impact that modifies significantly the details of the dynamics of the collisions. Effects of the different temperatures of the slab are investigated in this study. Interaction between the surface atoms and the adsorbates is modeled by a modified London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato (LEPS) function. The LEPS parameters are determined by using the total energy values which were calculated by a density functional theory and a generalized gradient approximation for an exchange-correlation energy for many different orientations, and locations of one- and two-hydrogen atoms on the Cu(111) surface. The rms value of the fitting procedure is about 0.16 eV. Many different channels of the processes on the surface have been examined, such as inelastic reflection of the incident hydrogen, subsurface penetration of the incident projectile and adsorbates, sticking of the incident atom on the surface. In addition, hot-atom and Eley-Rideal direct processes are investigated. The hot-atom process is found to be more significant than the Eley-Rideal process. Furthermore, the rate of subsurface penetration is larger than the sticking rate on the surface. In addition, these results are compared and analyzed as a function of the surface temperatures.     

Investigation on the structural variation of Co-Cu nanoparticles during the annealing process

This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the crystalline process of Co-Cu nanoparticles of high and low Co concentrations (5 and 25%) during the annealing process. The modified many-body tight-binding potential involving magnetic contribution is adopted to accurately model the Cu-Cu, Co-Co, and Co-Cu pair interactions. The Co-Co bond length increases, while the Co-Cu bond length decreases as the temperature gradually drops from 2000 K to the upper melting point. During that process, the Cu-Cu bond length remains constant and the value of the first peak of the radial distribution function (RDF) increases, which indicates that Cu atoms increase their short-range order by mutual rearrangement. At temperatures lower than the upper melting point, the bond length of each pair decreases while the value of the first peak increases as the temperature is continuously reduced. Because the kinetic energy of an individual atom is not enough for rearrangement, the variations of bond length and the first RDF peak can be attributed to the shrinking effect.