基于CRISPR/Cas的生物传感平台在分子诊断中的应用

簇状规则间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)和CRISPR相关蛋白(Cas)不仅在基因工程领域炙手可热,而且正发展成为核酸精准检测领域的新利器.得益于Cas蛋白对核酸序列的特异性识别以及部分Cas蛋白的附属切割活性,Ⅱ类CRISPR/Cas系统在体外诊断及现场即时检测领域独具优势.该综述简要介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统...     

CRISPR/Cas技术在核酸检测中的应用进展

CRISPR/Cas是大多数细菌及古细菌基于RNA的后天免疫系统。由CRISPR/Cas系统改造而成的CRISPR/Cas技术已成为一种强大的基因编辑工具,广泛应用于基因功能研究和基因修饰与治疗。除了作为基因编辑工具,Ⅱ类Cas蛋白具有的"附属切割"特性,已被开发成一种快速、低成本且高灵敏的核酸检测工具,在核酸分子诊断领域具有重要的应用潜力。该文总结了3种Ⅱ类Cas蛋白在核酸检测领域的代表性研究进展,并对CRISPR/Cas系统在该领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

化学调控CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的研究进展

规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列及其相关蛋白9(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9, CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑技术作为一项基因工程领域革新式的技术,为癌症、遗传性疾病及感染性疾病等多种重大疾病的治疗提供了极大的帮助.但如何在特定细胞和组织中实现时空调控的精准基因编辑,进而避免脱靶效应,依然是该技术在临床转化领域面临的重要挑战.近年来,通过化学分子和反应实现对CRISPR/Cas9活性的调控已经成为提升这项基因编辑技术效率的重要手段之一.本文综合评述了一些最近报道的化学调控CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑的方法,并对其在临床医学领域的应用前景进行了展望.     

光电化学生物分析研究进展

光电化学生物分析是近年来新出现并发展迅速的一种分析技术,其检测原理是基于在光照下识别元件和目标分子之间的生物识别作用造成光电活性物质产生的电信号的改变,以实现对待测物的定量测定。由于其灵敏选择性检测的优点及其在生物分析中的巨大潜力,该方法吸引了较多的关注,并且在检测性能和生物传感应用等方面也取得了较大进步。本文针对光电化学生物分析中常见的四种应用领域,即直接光电化学检测、光电化学酶检测、光电化学核酸检测以及光电化学免疫分析,综述了近年来国内外在光电化学生物分析研究领域的最新进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

基于CRISPR/Cas技术的传染性病原精准便携化检测系统

以核酸为检测靶向的分子诊断方法是传染性病原体检测的金标准,但将其应用于便携化或现场快速诊断时仍存在多种限制和挑战,如特异性差、操作繁琐和便携化难等。规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列（CRISPR）/CRISPR相关蛋白（Cas）-荧光检测方法有望大幅提升核酸识别的特异性和信噪比。本研究开发了环介导等温扩增（LAMP）-CRISPR/Cas-便携化灰度读取仪检测系统。在CRISPR RNA (crRNA)存在下,利用CRISPR/Cas12a体系实现了对自主设计的甲型和乙型流感病毒核酸LAMP扩增反应体系的精准荧光检测,验证了CRISPR/Cas体系的高选择性和通用性。配套自主开发的便携化灰度读取仪,可同时实现荧光信号的低成本采集和高可靠性可视化判读,检测结束后直接输出样品的阳/阴性结果。利用本检测系统对实际样本进行了分析,验证了其可靠性和实用性,证明了本系统能够实现流感病毒的高灵敏、高特异性便携化分析。     

基于编码微粒的多元与高通量生物分子检测技术研究进展

由于基因组和蛋白质组学的快速发展,生物医学检测、药物发现以及环境监测领域对于大量生物分子的检测提出了多元与高通量的技术需求.而生物分子结合反应是生物分子检测的一个重要基础,微粒技术在编码与识别生物分子结合反应以实现多元生物分子检测方面具有独到的优势,并且可以与高通量样品处理技术相整合,从而满足这一需求.本文主要介绍了多元与高通量生物分子检测技术的发展过程以及最新的微粒编码技术研究进展,同时对该技术的发展方向与面临的问题进行阐述.     

中药中真菌毒素快速检测技术研究进展及应用北大核心CSCD

真菌毒素污染是中药外源性有害残留物污染的主要方面之一,其污染的广泛性、隐蔽性和危害性严重影响了中药的品质与安全。随着中药全产业链中真菌毒素安全控制要求的不断提高,现场快速检测需求不断增加,快速检测技术在真菌毒素分析领域得到越来越多的关注与应用,并逐渐成为大型仪器分析技术的有益补充。该文综述了近年来快速检测技术在中药真菌毒素检测领域的最新研究进展,聚焦于应用较为广泛的酶联免疫吸附法、胶体金免疫层析法以及基于生物传感器的快速检测技术,并介绍了新型纳米材料在相关技术中发挥的功能性作用。通过系统比较不同快速检测技术的优缺点、适用场景和发展趋势,以期为中药中真菌毒素快检方法的开发与应用提供参考。     

生物检材中氯胺酮及其代谢物的分析方法研究进展

综述了生物检材中氯胺酮及其代谢物分析技术的进展,评述了液相萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、顶空固相微萃取、微波辅助萃取等技术在分析中的应用,以及薄层色谱、气相色谱、高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳及其联用检测技术、酶联免疫分析技术和太赫兹时域光谱等检测技术在分析生物检材中氯胺酮的优势和局限性,并展望了该领域研究的发展趋势.     

磁性纳米粒定量检测技术研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

磁性纳米粒(MNPs)具有独特的超顺磁性和磁操控性,在生物医学领域得到了日益广泛的应用。而磁性纳米粒定量检测技术因其在单分子检测、即时检测等方面展现出的独特优势,也日益为人们所关注。本文重点围绕磁传感器检测技术、磁感应检测技术以及间接检测技术3大类检测方法的原理以及研究进展,结合其生物医学定量检测应用进行了综述。最后展望了磁性定量检测在即时检测领域的应用前景。     

基于成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2检测的最新进展北大核心CSCD

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)导致的新冠肺炎(COVID-19)迅速蔓延全球,给全球公共卫生系统带来了挑战。由于逆转录-定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)和抗原测试的普遍适用性和灵敏度较差,并且具有不同突变的SARS-CoV-2变体持续的出现,给疫情防控带来了更大的挑战,因此,高灵敏度、无需设备并且能够区分SARS-CoV-2变体的诊断方法亟须发展。基于成簇的规则间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)的诊断对设备要求低,具有可编程性、灵敏性和易用性,已经发展出多种核酸检测工具用于传染病的诊断,其在临床上具有巨大的应用潜力。文章聚焦于近期发表的基于CRISPR实现SARS-CoV-2检测和变体区分的最新技术,总结其特点并对其发展进行了展望。     

光控CRISPR技术的研究进展

成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列和成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列相关(CRISPR-Cas)系统提供了用于可编程基因组编辑的多功能工具. CRISPR与光遗传学及光化学生物学技术的结合产生了很多新的成果. 光激活的CRISPR-Cas系统能够在空间和时间上更好地调控RNA引导的核酸酶的活性. 近年来, 科学家结合CRISPR和多种光学技术, 开发出了一系列光激活的CRISPR工具. 这些工具让研究人员能够在空间、 时间和基因组坐标上进行高分辨率的生命活动研究. 本文概述了CRISPR系统、 基因编辑技术、 光遗传学和光化学生物学的研究进展, 并对光诱导的CRISPR技术的发展进行了展望.     

浅谈2020年诺贝尔化学奖：通向未来的基因编辑

The 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to two female scientists, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, to recognize their seminal contribution to the invention of CRISPR technology for genome editing. CRISPR system enables new generation of gene editing through RNA-based recognition of double-stranded DNA. Empowered by its high efficiency, accuracy and programmability, CRISPR technology has revolutionized modern biology, and has been widely applied in basic research, gene therapy, animal and plant breeding. Here, we briefly introduce the discovery of CRISPR system and the scientific stories behind, and discuss the on-going development and future directions of many gene-editing related technologies.     

A Conformational Restriction Strategy for the Control of CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing with Photoactivatable Guide RNAs**

The CRISPR/Cas system is one of the most powerful tools for gene editing. However, approaches for precise control of genome editing and regulatory events are still desirable. Here, we report the spatiotemporal and efficient control of CRISPR/Cas9- and Cas12a-mediated editing with conformationally restricted guide RNAs (gRNAs). This approach relied on only two or three pre-installed photo-labile substituents followed by an intramolecular cyclization, representing a robust synthetic method in comparison to the heavily modified linear gRNAs that often require extensive screening and time-consuming optimization. This tactic could direct the precise cleavage of the genes encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) protein within a predefined cutting region without notable editing leakage in live cells. We also achieved light-mediated myostatin (MSTN) gene editing in embryos, wherein a new bow-knot-type gRNA was constructed with excellent OFF/ON switch efficiency. Overall, our work provides a significant new strategy in CRISPR/Cas editing with modified circular gRNAs to precisely manipulate where and when genes are edited.     

Optical Control of a CRISPR/Cas9 System for Gene Editing by Using Photolabile crRNA

Currently CRISPR/Cas9 is a widely used efficient tool for gene editing. Precise control over the CRISPR/Cas9 system with high temporal and spatial resolution is essential for studying gene regulation and editing. Here, we synthesized a novel light-controlled crRNA by coupling vitamin E and a photolabile linker at the 5′ terminus to inactivate the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The vitamin E modification did not affect ribonucleoprotein (RNP) formation of Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA complexes but did inhibit the association of RNP with the target DNA. Upon light irradiation, vitamin E-caged crRNA was successfully activated to achieve light-induced genome editing of vascular endothelial cell-growth factor A (VEGFA) in human cells through a T7E1 assay and Sanger sequencing as well as gene knockdown of EGFP expression in EGFP stably expressing cells. This new caging strategy for crRNA could provide new methods for spatiotemporal photoregulation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing.     

CRISPR-Cas System for RNA Detection and Imaging

The system of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)and CRISPR-associated endonucleases(Cas)have been widely used in gene editing,disease treatment,molecular diagnosis and chromosome imaging.On account of the programmable target recognition of CRISPR-Cas system and the specific targeting function toward RNA of type Ⅵ class Ⅱ Cas proteins,CRISPR-Cas system has been deployed as RNA recognition and detection tools,exhibiting promising application potentials in the field of RNA detection and imaging.In this review,we summarize the latest research progresses as well as development prospects of CRISPR-Cas system in RNA diagnosis and live cell RNA imaging.     

Engineering CRISPR/Cas-based nanosystems for therapeutics,diagnosis and bioimaging

CRISPR/Cas system has been utilized to rationally manipulate intracellular genes, and it has been engineered as versatile and efficient gene editing tools with precise site-specificity and excellent targeting ability for therapeutics, diagnostics, and bioimaging. Here, the evolution and application of CRISPR/Cas systems were sketched chronologically. Landmark works were exemplified to illustrate the design principles of CRISPR/Cas systems. Furthermore, the delivery vectors of CRISPR/Cas system especially DNA nanomaterials-based vectors were categorized and illuminated. DNA nanomaterials are suitable for CRISPR/Cas system delivery via base pairing due to its sequence programmability and biocompatibility. Then the applications of CRISPR/Cas in diagnosis and genomic imaging were highlighted. At the end of the review, the challenges and opportunities of CRISPR/Cas systems were deeply discussed. We envision that the grant advances on CRISPR/Cas systems will promote the development of interdisciplinary fields in chemistry, biology and medicine.     

A Photolabile Semiconducting Polymer Nanotransducer for Near‐Infrared Regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

Noninvasive regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing is conducive to understanding of gene function and development of gene therapy; however, it remains challenging. Herein, a photolabile semiconducting polymer nanotransducer (pSPN) is synthesized to act as the gene vector to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids into cells and also as the photoregulator to remotely activate gene editing. pSPN comprises a ¹O₂‐generating backbone grafted with polyethylenimine brushes through ¹O₂‐cleavable linkers. NIR photoirradiation spontaneously triggers the cleavage of gene vectors from pSPN, resulting in the release of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids and subsequently initiating gene editing. This system affords 15‐ and 1.8‐fold enhancement in repaired gene expression relative to the nonirradiated controls in living cells and mice, respectively. As this approach does not require any specific modifications on biomolecular components, pSPN represents the first generic nanotransducer for in vivo regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.     

Spatiotemporal Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Function in Cells and Zebrafish using Light-Activated Guide RNA

We developed a new method for the conditional regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 activity in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos using photochemically activated, caged guide RNAs (gRNAs). Caged gRNAs are generated by substituting four nucleobases evenly distributed throughout the 5′-protospacer region with caged nucleobases during synthesis. Caging confers complete suppression of gRNA:dsDNA-target hybridization and rapid restoration of CRISPR/Cas9 function upon optical activation. This tool offers simplicity and complete programmability in design, high spatiotemporal specificity in cells and zebrafish embryos, excellent off-to-on switching, and stability by preserving the ability to form Cas9:gRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. Caged gRNAs are novel tools for the conditional control of gene editing, thereby enabling the investigation of spatiotemporally complex physiological events by obtaining a better understanding of dynamic gene regulation.     

Spatiotemporal Control of CRISPR/Cas9 Function in Cells and Zebrafish using Light‐Activated Guide RNA

We developed a new method for the conditional regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 activity in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos using photochemically activated, caged guide RNAs (gRNAs). Caged gRNAs are generated by substituting four nucleobases evenly distributed throughout the 5′‐protospacer region with caged nucleobases during synthesis. Caging confers complete suppression of gRNA:dsDNA‐target hybridization and rapid restoration of CRISPR/Cas9 function upon optical activation. This tool offers simplicity and complete programmability in design, high spatiotemporal specificity in cells and zebrafish embryos, excellent off‐to‐on switching, and stability by preserving the ability to form Cas9:gRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes. Caged gRNAs are novel tools for the conditional control of gene editing, thereby enabling the investigation of spatiotemporally complex physiological events by obtaining a better understanding of dynamic gene regulation.