DNA的长程电子传递特性研究的现状

本文介绍了关于DNA长程电子传递的两种不同观点－－DNA分子导线机制和类蛋白 的电子传递机制及理论研究的结果，并简单地介绍了实验体系的设计和研究方法，对近十多年来DNA长程电子传递的研究工作进行了综述。     

DNA内电子传递特性的研究现状*

DNA是生物体中储存和传递遗传信息的重要物质。双链DNA分子中碱基对的紧密堆积为电子传递提供了有利条件,DNA内的电子转移与许多生物学功能密切相关,可能诱发遗传信息的错读和引起DNA损伤,导致细胞的突变和癌变。本文介绍了DNA电子传递的多种可能机理,就DNA电子传递的各种理论模型进行了讨论,详细介绍了实验体系的设计和研究方法,分析了各种影响电子传递的因素,对近10多年来DNA电子传递的研究工作进行了综述。     

电化学联用技术研究微生物的胞外电子传递机制

胞外电子传递（EET）是指氧化还原反应所产生的电子在微生物细胞内和细胞外的电子受体/电子供体之间互相转移的过程,这一过程伴随着能量和物质的转化。阐明EET机制是提高微生物能量和物质转化效率的基础,为元素的生物地球化学循环、金属防腐以及生物电化学系统的应用等提供理论支撑。电化学技术作为研究电极/溶液界面电子转移的简便、有效方法,在研究微生物的直接电子传递和间接电子传递机制中发挥了重要的作用,也促进了EET机制的研究从宏观层面到微观层面不断深入。本文综述了研究微生物EET机制所涉及的电化学联用技术（包括微电极、扫描电化学显微镜、电化学联用光学显微镜和光谱电化学等）;详细介绍了这些电化学联用技术的功能和优势;重点阐述了这些电化学联用技术如何推动着EET机制的研究,从宏观的生物膜层面到微观的单个微生物细胞、蛋白和分子层面不断深入;展望了新的电化学联用技术在EET研究领域的应用前景。     

扫描电化学显微镜用于研究生物膜微环境的电子传递

生物电化学系统(BESs)的核心是生物膜在电极/溶液界面的电子传递反应,研究生物膜微区环境中的电子传递有助于阐明微生物的胞外电子传递(EET)机制,从而有针对性地提高BESs中的电子转移效率。微生物的EET机制包括直接电子传递和间接电子传递,由于生物膜组成复杂,含有多种分泌物、胞外聚合物等,常规电化学方法只能从生物膜宏观层面研究EET机制,无法有效区分这两种电子传递途径的贡献。本文采用电化学循环伏安方法研究了电子穿梭体二茂铁甲醇(FcMeOH)与希瓦氏菌(Shewanella)相互作用的界面过程;基于扫描电化学显微技术构建了穿透模式,通过微电极介导FcMeOH与Shewanella反应,收集仅来自间接电子传递途径产生的电流,同时测定了Shewanella在电极/溶液界面的氧化还原性质和空间分布。本论文将电化学扫描探针显微技术应用于EET的研究,从物理化学角度揭示微生物在代谢过程中与外界的电子传输机制。     

金表面巯基化DNA单层性能的影响因素研究

巯基化DNA在金表面上吸附构建的自组装单层（self-assembled monolayers,SAMs）为DNA研究的理想异相体系,在DNA内电子传递的机制探讨、高灵敏DNA传感器设计以及DNA碱基错配点识别等方面有着广泛的应用。对于不同的研究对象应构建性能适合的DNA单层,以满足研究需要。为了可控构建DNA单层,应理解不同因素对金表面上DNA单层性能的影响。本文从金表面状况、DNA特性以及周围环境三个方面对金表面上巯基化DNA单层性能的影响因素研究进行了系统综述。     

电驱动下的环境污染物厌氧生物转化—电子转移原理和应用实例

厌氧环境下一些微生物能够接受来自于电极的电子并将电子传递至环境污染物,这使得电驱动下生物还原技术在可持续性废水处理以及生物修复方面受到越来越多关注.此体系中,阴极电子传递被认为是影响环境污染物厌氧转化可行性和效率的制约因素.文中首先评述可能的电子传递原理,包括水解氢气介导的间接电子传递、人工合成电子穿梭体或者细菌分泌电子穿梭体介导的间接电子传递、以及电极与细菌之间的直接电子传递等途径.相比间接电子传递,直接电子传递避免了将电子传递给没有起作用的介体及没有和电极接触的浮游微生物,因而更加节能.另外,列举了自养反硝化、生物还原脱氯、重金属生物还原、CO2生物还原以及硫酸盐生物还原等应用实例.最后,提出了此领域研究发展亟需解决的两个重要问题,包括阴极生物膜的培养以及电子从电极转至微生物内在机理的解析.     

基于电沉积导电聚合物薄膜的高灵敏DNA电化学传感器

利用电沉积导电聚合物薄膜,提出了一种对乳腺癌相关的BRCA-1基因的高灵敏检测方法．以Au电极表面自组装DNA捕获探针,利用电沉积在DNA修饰电极表面固定含Ss^2＋/3＋的导电高分子作为电子传递媒介体．通过夹心法杂交目标靶DNA及辣根过氧化物酶标记的信号DNA探针．靶DNA杂交的信号探针上的辣根过氧化物酶与检测溶液中的过氧化氢反应,采用时间．电流（T-I）法,可以灵敏检测BRCA-1基因,其检测限可以达到10fM．     

电活性配合物和配合物中的电子传递机理

综述了近年来电活性配合物和配合物中的电子传递机理的最新研究成果,及其研究方法。     

量子点CdS电化学发光传感器对DNA损伤研究

研制了用于研究DNA损伤的电化学发光传感器。在0.1 mol/L CdCl2和0.02 mol/L Na2S2O3(0.1mol/L HCl调节至pH 2～3,50℃)溶液中,采用循环伏安法(CV)在玻碳电极表面原位沉积硫化镉纳米晶,构建了硫化镉纳米晶修饰的电极界面(CdS QDs/GCE);以半胱氨酸为连接剂,利用羧氨键(CONH)将氨基修饰的短链DNA组装到CdS表面(DNA/CdS QDs/GCE)。以H2O2为共反应剂,利用电化学发光方法研究了全氟辛烷磺酸对DNA的损伤。结果表明,全氟辛烷磺酸温浴后的双链DNA修饰硫化镉的电化学发光信号强度介于单链和双链DNA之间,且随着全氟辛烷磺酸浓度的增加,电化学发光信号值变大,同时电化学阻抗曲线显示全氟辛烷磺酸致电极界面的电子传递性能降低。可以推测,PFOS可能导致DNA链的扭曲或断裂。     

氧化还原蛋白质的电荷传递及界面行为

本文综述了近年来氧化还原蛋白质电子传递与界面行为研究领域的最新进展.主要基于作者所在实验室并参考其他实验室的研究成果,总结了蛋白质与电极间的直接电子传递、蛋白质热力学和动力学性质、蛋白质的催化活性及其调节等相关领域的工作进展.近几年的研究表明,电化学技术已成为蛋白质研究的重要工具,对于氧化还原蛋白质的电子传递与界面行为的研究更是一种有效的技术手段.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.