环境水样中总磷分析方法及仪器的研究进展

磷是生物不可或缺的营养元素之一,但由于人类活动影响,在地表水和近岸海水中总磷一直是主要污染指标。总磷测定通常分两步进行：一是将水样中各种不同形态的磷消解转化为可被检测的磷酸盐;二是测定消解后样品中的磷酸盐浓度。消解方法有硫酸-硝酸消解法、干法灰化法、微波辅助消解法、过硫酸钾-高温高压消解法、UV光氧化法等。测定方法包括电化学法、化学发光法、磷钼蓝分光光度法、磷钒钼黄分光光度法等。目前应用最为广泛的是过硫酸钾-高温高压消解法和磷钼蓝分光光度法。总磷测定仪器通常基于该消解法和测定法而开发,可分为用于实验室的水样离线分析仪和用于水体现场的在线分析仪两类。该综述总结了近20年来环境水样中上述总磷分析方法及仪器的研究进展,比较了各方法和仪器的特点,并分析了总磷分析方法和分析仪器的发展趋势。     

微波消解-磷钼蓝分光光度法测定钨矿石中的磷含量

针对钨矿石中的微量元素磷,采用混合酸快速微波消解结合磷钼蓝分光光度法进行测定。经选择优化样品的微波消解和实验测定条件,结果表明:HCl+HNO3+HF的混合酸微波消解后的样品,在硫酸介质中,有钼酸铵存在时,用抗坏血酸将磷还原成磷钼蓝络合物,在825nm处比色测定。方法的加标回收率为98.9%~101.6%,结果准确可靠。硅在熔样过程中挥发除去不会干扰测定,砷会干扰实验,可在酸介质中加入碘化钾,使砷还原至低价而不干扰磷的测定。     

流动注射光度法测定废水中的磷酸盐

在H2SO4介质中,磷酸盐与钼酸铵形成磷钼杂多酸,磷钼杂多酸被还原剂抗坏血酸还原成磷钼蓝,据此建立了流动注射直接测定污废水中磷酸盐的快速方法。在优化的试验条件下,当磷酸盐质量浓度在0.1~1.5 mg/L时,浓度与峰高呈良好的线性关系;检出限为0.05 mg/L;重复测量相对标准偏差为2.2%(0.5 mg/L磷酸盐,n=11)。利用本法测定污水厂排出水中的磷酸盐,回收率在97.0%~102.5%之间。     

流动注射光度法测定水中总磷量

采用流动注射光度法测定了水中总磷量。水样经硫酸和过硫酸钾在125℃消解后,所得样品溶液中磷(PO_4~(3-))与钼酸铵生成杂多酸,经还原成钼蓝后测定其吸光度。总磷的质量浓度在1.0mg·L~(-1)以内与其吸光度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.003mg·L~(-1),测定下限(10S/N)为0.012mg·L~(-1)。方法用于测定水样中总磷的含量,相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.5%～3.0%之间,加标回收率在95.7%～102.5%之间。     

微波消解-分光光度法快速测定农药废水中的总磷

利用微波消解技术对农药废水样品进行预处理,然后进行其中总磷的测定,消解时间从传统的高温高压消解30 min缩短到8 min.用微波消解-分光光度法和高压消解-分光光度法对两个农药废水样品进行了6次平行比对测定,测定结果经统计检验无显著性差异.微波消解法测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.483％～0.906％(n=6),加标回收率为95.5％～97.0％.该方法准确、快捷,适用于农药废水中总磷的快速测定.     

钒—钼酸铵比色法测定食品中总磷

食品中的磷具有营养学意义.常用的定量方法有钼蓝比色法和重量法,钼蓝比色法测定食品中的总磷,酸度对测定结果的影响比较大,方法的重现性差;重量法仅适用于磷的含量较高的食品.本文参照文献,用钒-钼酸铵比色法测定食品中总磷,试液酸度对吸光度几乎没有影响,磷含量在0.5～10mg·L~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9998,相对标准偏差<3%,加标回收率在97.6%～103.7%之间.     

磷钼酸铵分光光度法测定药物中6-巯基嘌呤

建立了磷钼酸铵分光光度法测定6-巯基嘌呤(6-MP)的方法。结果表明,在一定条件下,6-MP可以定量地与磷钼酸铵反应生成磷钼蓝,通过测定磷钼蓝的吸光度,从而间接地测定6-MP的含量。显色体系最大吸收波长为710nm,6-MP质量浓度在0.004～0.06 mg/mL范围内与A呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为A=0.0258+10.655ρ(mg/mL),线性相关系数r=0.9986。方法用于实际药品中6-PM的含量测定,结果与药典法一致。     

磷钼酸铵分光光度法测定盐酸羟胺

建立了磷钼酸铵分光光度法测定盐酸羟胺的新方法,在酸性条件下,盐酸羟胺可以定量地将磷钼酸铵还原为磷钼蓝,通过测定磷钼蓝的吸光度,从而间接测定盐酸羟胺的含量。显色体系最大吸收波长为720 nm,盐酸羟胺在0.01～0.12 mg/mL浓度范围内与A呈良好的线性关系,其回归方程为A=0.0139+6.1826c(mg/mL),线性相关系数r=0.9994。方法用于实际样品中盐酸羟胺的含量测定,结果与标准方法一致。     

铋磷钼蓝光度法测定水中的总磷

目前 ,测定水中总磷的方法有过硫酸钾消化钼蓝吸光光度法、过硫酸钾高压消化钼蓝吸光光度法[1] ,前者消化繁琐 ,所需时间长 ,后者需要高压蒸气消毒器。铋磷钼蓝法测定钼精矿中磷已有所报道[2 ] 。本文用此法测定水中总磷 ,研究了在强酸高氯酸存在下 ,离子缔合物的形成条件 ,光度特性及分析应用。本体系表观摩尔吸光系数值为 1.6× 10 4 Ｌ·ｍｏｌ- 1·ｃｍ- 1。方法有一定的选择性 ,操作简便、快速、灵敏度高 ,适用于水中总磷的测定。1　试验部分1.1　仪器与试剂72 1分光光度计钼酸铵溶液 :5 0 ｇ·Ｌ- 1,将 5 ｇ钼酸铵[(ＮＨ4 ) 6 Ｍｏ7Ｏ…     

微波消解分光光度法测定污水中的总磷

建立微波消解分光光度法测定污水中总磷的方法。采用微波消解法消解污水．讨论了消解时间和压力对消解效果的影响。测定总磷的线性范围为0～0．4mg/L。用该法测定总磷环境标准样品中的总磷,测定结果与标准值基本一致,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1．65％(n=5)。     

Comparison of Methods for the Preparation of Sewage Sludge Samples Prior to the Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphorus

Abstract

Three procedures for the preparation of sewage sludge samples prior to the colorimetric determination of phosphorus as “molybdenum blue” were evaluated. Using samples of the US EPA's municipal digested sludge as a reference material, sulfuric acid/ammonium persulfate digestion, muffle furnace ignition followed by extraction of the ash with hydrochloric acid, and direct extraction of the sewage sludge with sodium bicarbonate solution were compared in terms of phosphorus recovery as determined by colorimetric measurements. On the basisof phosphorus recovery, the samples prepared by muffle furnace ignition/hydrochloric acid extraction of the ash showed the best accuracy and precision. This procedure was also superior in terms of the time and effort expended in the preparation of the sewage sludge samples.     

Analytical phosphorus fractionation in sewage sludge and sediment samples

The Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) harmonized procedure for phosphorus fractionation in freshwater sediments (SMT protocol), which was developed within the framework of the Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) Programme of the European Commission, has been applied to different environmental samples such as sewage sludge, river and marine sediments. The phosphorus contents in the extracts were spectrophotometrically determined; the measurement conditions and the matrix effects were evaluated for each fraction. The partitioning patterns obtained for sewage sludge and sediment samples reveal that the distribution between inorganic and organic phosphorus forms is independent of the matrix composition of the samples. In addition, a higher available phosphorus content was found in sewage sludges due to the higher percentages of labile phosphorus forms, which suggests possible internal phosphorus release. Finally, one simplified pseudototal microwave digestion method was performed for total phosphorus determination which was validated by its application to the reference material BCR-684.     

手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量

基于在酸性介质中,磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)与钼酸钠及抗坏血酸作用,生成蓝色的络合物,溶液的颜色随着KH2PO4浓度的增加而逐渐变浅,并呈现一定颜色梯度的原理,提出了使用手机数码比色法测定土壤中总磷含量的分析新方法。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%,对样品进行加标回收实验,加标回收率在102%~103%。方法方便快捷,成本低,适合现场分析,是一种农民自行测定土壤中总磷含量的新方法。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定含铜污泥中多种重金属

为了填补现有方法的技术空白,本方法采用微波消解和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ ICP-AES）相结合,实现对含铜污泥中铅、锌、铬、镉、砷、镁、铝、锑量的同时测定。首先采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸微波消解进行样品的前处理,消解后加入高氯酸置于电热板进行除碳并赶酸,溶样效果理想,且有效避免了高温溶样对易挥发元素砷、锑的损失,整个过程安全、高效、无损。溶样后以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ ICP-AES）进行测定。对含铜污泥的分解方法进行了合理选择,并对测定时的元素分析谱线及各测定元素间干扰情况等进行了讨论。该方法的加标回收率在95.31%~107.28%%,相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.31%~2.05%之间（n=7),结果表明,该方法准确度高,操作简单快捷,可同时测定多种元素,能满足批量的测定含铜污泥中铅、锌、镍、铁、镉、铬、砷、锑含量的测定要求。     

Simultaneous determination of Cd,Cr, Cu,Ni, Pb and Zn in sewage sludge by slurry introduction ICP-OES method

In order to evaluate the slurry nebulisation method as an alternative method for analysis of sewage sludge, the metal content of sludge samples of different origins was determined. The concentrations of six elements: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by introducing the sludge as a slurry into an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Calibration was performed by using aqueous standard solutions. For comparison, the sewage sludge was also digested by microwave digestion and introduced into the plasma as an aqueous solution. The accuracy of the method was checked by analysing a sewage sludge certified reference material (CRM 007-040 Sewage Sludge). The Student's t-test showed that values obtained using slurry nebulisation were close to the certified values at a 95% confidence level. The values of elements Cd 11.1?±?0.8; Cr 37.7?±?3.3; Cu 563.3?±?38.4; Pb 119.2?±?10.1; Zn 729?±?68.2?mg?kg^?1 obtained using this method were comparable with those obtained using the conventional method. The slurry method can, therefore, be successfully applied to the determination of content of each element in sewage sludge with RSD less than 3%, without the need to predissolve them. This could avoid the use of hazardous chemicals, incomplete dissolution and loss of volatile analytes.     

一种煤与两种城市污水污泥混合热解的热重分析

采用热重分析法对一种煤和两种城市污水污泥（S1和S2）及其混合物进行了热解实验研究,揭示了煤和污泥在氮气中的热解特性及污泥对煤热解特性的影响。煤和污泥的热解特性参数不同,主要表现在总失重率、失重速率及挥发分析出温度区间等。煤与污泥S1混合有助于增加样品的热解总失重率,提高失重速率;污泥S1与煤的挥发分析出区间部分重合,污泥灰中含的无机物对煤的热解起到催化效果;煤和S2污泥混合后热解反应过程中无明显相互作用;煤与城市污水污泥混合物的相互作用与样品特性和混合比例有关。     

大庆地区城市污泥中金属元素含量水平调查与分析

摘要：分析了大庆市四座生活污水处理厂污泥泥质金属元素含量，平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.6%～4.6%之间，加标回收率在93.6%～102.1%之间，表明该方法的精密度和准确度都较好，四个污水处理厂污泥金属总量大小依次为Zn＞Cu＞Cr＞Pb＞Ni＞Cd，锌是含量高可能与城市排水管道大多采用镀锌材料以及Zn的理化性质有关。将其含量水平与标准比较发现：大庆城市污泥中金属含量水平不高，完全符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的重金属标准，为城市污泥处理、处置和环境管理提供可靠的数据支持。     

A new sample preparation method for determination of acidic drugs in sewage sludge applying microwave assisted solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

This paper presents a new sample preparation procedure for determination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and diclofenac) in sewage sludge using microwave assisted solvent extraction, dispersive matrix extraction (DME) followed by the conventionally applied solid phase extraction (SPE), derivatization, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The recoveries calculated from analytical data of spiked sludge samples changed in the range of 80-105% ± 15% for the four pharmaceuticals in mixed and activated sludge depending on the efficiency of the clean-up procedure. The measured concentration values of ibuprofen and naproxen were identical in the mixed and the activated sludge samples. However, ketoprofen and diclofenac showed about twice as high concentration in activated sludge than in the mixed one independently of the applied extraction method. The typical concentration ranges of ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac in sewage sludge were 10-30 ng/g, 30-50 ng/g, 50-130 ng/g, and 50-140 ng/g respectively.     

Energy Properties and Biomass Yield of Miscanthus x Giganteus Fertilized by Municipal Sewage Sludge

The application of municipal sewage sludge as fertilizer in the production of non-food energy crops is an environmentally and economically sustainable approach to sewage sludge management. In addition, the application of municipal sewage sludge to energy crops such as Miscanthus x giganteus is an alternative form of recycling nutrients and organic material from waste. Municipal sewage sludge is a potential source of heavy metals in the soil, some of which can be removed by growing energy crops that are also remediation agents. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge applied at three different rates of 1.66, 3.22 and 6.44 t/ha on the production of Miscanthus. Based on the analyses conducted on the biomass of Miscanthus fertilized with sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in three fertilization treatments, it can be concluded that the biomass of Miscanthus is a good feedstock for the process of direct combustion. Moreover, the application of the largest amount of municipal sewage sludge during cultivation had no negative effect on the properties of Miscanthus biomass. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose content of Miscanthus is ideal for the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on the content of cellulose and lignin, while a significant statistical difference was found for hemicellulose.     

连续流动法同时测定污水中氨氮和总磷

采用连续流动分析法测定污水中氨氮、总磷的含量。比较了污水样品不同的稀释倍数对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮和总磷的质量浓度在0.1~8 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均为0.99997;测量结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.01%,0.84%(n=7);方法检出限分别为0.012,0.009 mg/L;质控样测量值均在标示值范围内;样品加标回收率为93.4%~101.1%。污水的洁净程度对测定结果影响较大。洁净度高的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定,测定值无显著性差异;而洁净度低的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定结果差异比较大。该法采用全谱直读CCD检测方式,灵敏度高,稳定性好,无光谱干扰,且支持氨氮和总磷同时测定,方便快捷,适合污水中氨氮和总磷的测定。