柔性可穿戴电子传感器研究进展

随着智能终端的普及,可穿戴电子设备呈现出巨大的市场前景.传感器作为核心部件之一,将影响可穿戴设备的功能设计与未来发展.柔性可穿戴电子传感器具有轻薄便携、电学性能优异和集成度高等特点,使其成为最受关注的电学传感器之一.综述了近年来柔性可穿戴电子传感器的研究进展,包括压阻、电容、压电、力致发光和摩擦电等信号转换机理,金属、无机半导体、有机和碳材料等柔性可穿戴电子的常用材料,柔性电子传感器的印刷制造及其在体温和脉搏检测、表情识别和运动监测等方面的最新应用,最后提出了柔性可穿戴电子传感器面临的挑战与未来发展方向.     

微纳结构柔性压力传感器的制备及应用

柔性压力传感器是一种能够感知或监测外界压力变化的柔性电子器件,具备灵敏度高、形变灵活、制备工艺简单等特点,在可穿戴式电子产品、健康医疗、软体机器人、人机交互等新兴领域具有广泛而重要的应用。灵敏度、检测极限、响应时间与循环工作稳定性是柔性压力传感的核心性能指标,微纳结构的引入对提高柔性压力传感器综合性能具有重要作用。本文根据微纳结构的主要类型介绍了基于微纳结构的柔性压力传感器的最新研究进展,包括各种不同形貌微纳结构对柔性压力传感器性能的影响及其在柔性压力传感器中的应用,并对柔性压力传感器未来的发展提出展望。     

石墨烯基人工智能柔性传感器

皮肤是人体最大的器官,能够感知和应对复杂的环境刺激。以石墨烯作为核心部件制备的柔性传感器具有很强的刺激感知能力,可以模拟人体皮肤的柔韧性和拉伸性,是目前最具商业化潜力的可穿戴传感技术。本文首先介绍了传感器的压阻式、电容式、压电式、晶体管式等不同工作机制和评价其性能的如灵敏度、检测范围、响应速度等参数,总结了石墨烯的优点和制备方法。结合本课题组在石墨烯复合聚苯胺、银纳米粒子、碳纳米管和量子点等构建多功能石墨烯基柔性传感器的研究基础,从检测对象的种类出发,重点阐述了石墨烯基柔性传感器在检测压力、应变、温度、湿度、化学分子、生物分子和气体等单一目标物的性能以及石墨烯基多功能柔性传感器的应用。最后,对石墨烯基柔性传感器的未来发展方向做了展望。     

电喷印刷柔性传感器

柔性传感器因其在弯折、扭曲、拉伸等大变形条件下具有稳定的传感性能,所以在软体机器人、可穿戴电子和生物医疗等领域具有潜在的应用前景,受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注。与传统光刻技术相比,印刷技术制造作为增材制造,具有绿色、低成本和可大面积制造的优势,被广泛应用于柔性电子器件制备。其中,电流体动力喷墨打印(电喷印)技术因其具有多种功能材料的兼容性,被认为最有可能替代传统的光刻技术,实现柔性传感器高分辨率和跨规模制造。近年来,电喷印技术在微型化柔性传感器制造领域显示出广泛的应用潜力。本综述重点介绍了电喷印刷柔性传感器的工艺、材料和应用的最新研究进展。首先,详细介绍了电流体动力喷墨打印技术的工作原理,总结了用于电喷印的各种功能性墨水材料,然后,介绍了电喷印刷中墨水和柔性基底间表界面调控的问题。随后,综述了电喷印方法在柔性压力传感器、柔性气体传感器和柔性电化学传感器等柔性传感器制造的应用进展。最后,总结讨论了下一代电喷印刷技术在柔性传感器领域的机遇与挑战。     

有机智能传感材料与器件研究进展

有机光电子材料具有柔性、低成本、可大面积加工以及分子结构可调等特点,在可穿戴智能器件领域具有巨大的应用潜力.有机分子可以通过结构的设计调节其光学、电学、机械和化学等特性,从而实现丰富的传感功能.有机智能传感器具有快速响应、高选择性、高灵敏和机械柔性等优势,被广泛应用于环境监测、电子皮肤、医疗监测、人机交互等智能感知领域.本文综述了近年来有机智能传感材料与器件的研究进展,包括小分子半导体、聚合物半导体和导电聚合物等有机传感材料,以及化学传感器、温度传感器、光学传感器和机械传感器等有机智能传感器件的前沿应用,重点介绍了目前生物传感器、仿生传感器等智能感知器件和系统的发展现状,并对其未来发展过程中面临的挑战进行了分析.     

电化学方法在荧光碳点研究中的应用

作为以碳为骨架结构的新型纳米材料,碳点具有许多优良的性能,如发射波长可调、良好的光稳定性、抗光漂白、良好的水溶性以及易于生物偶联等. 正是因为这些优点,碳点和其它碳质纳米材料（富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯）一样受到了广泛的关注. 电化学方法制备碳点具有条件温和、费用低廉、后处理简单等特点. 另外,电化学方法在材料的表面结构分析以及发光机理的研究中也有其独特的优势. 本文即就电化学方法在荧光碳点的制备以及发光机理探讨中的应用作了综述,并简略介绍了碳点在传感器中的应用,提出了优化电化学方法制备碳点的某些设想.     

基于微纳结构的高灵敏度柔性压力传感器

近年来,随着互联网和人工智能的发展和普及,轻薄便捷、电子性能优异的柔性压力传感器作为可穿戴电子设备的核心器件,拥有了越来越广阔的市场。柔性压力传感器具有灵活柔韧、可折叠、传感性能优异等优点,因而在电子皮肤、运动检测、医疗监测和人机界面等方面已引起广泛的关注。构筑微纳结构是提高压力传感器灵敏度和传感性能的关键。基于此,本文首先总结了高灵敏度压力传感器的传感机制(压阻式、电容式、压电式和摩擦电式)和关键性能参数(灵敏度、压力检测范围、检测限、响应/恢复时间、循环稳定性和线性度等),然后归纳了利用基材构建表面微纳结构(微凸结构、荆棘结构和褶皱结构)和利用导电材料构建微纳结构(微球结构、海胆状结构、蜂窝状结构)的柔性压力传感器的研究进展及其优缺点,总结了基于微纳结构的高灵敏度柔性压力传感器在脉搏监测、电子皮肤、运动检测和人机界面等方面的应用现状。最后,从今后应用的角度出发,概述了高灵敏度柔性压力传感器即将面临的挑战及未来发展方向。     

基于仿生MXene纤维导电网络的柔性透明电极及电容传感器

为了开发具有优良性能的智能伪装隐身器件,使用预模板法制备了柔性透明电极.以叶脉纤维为预模板,在其表面沉积金属碳化物/氮化物（MXene）,从而开发了具有透明有序导电网络结构的透明电极.叶脉表面的羟基基团与导电材料的表面活性基团的相互作用极大地提高了导电材料与基底的表面结合力.此柔性透明电极在透光率为80.6%时,方阻为11.4Ω/sq,有效地避免了光电特性之间的“权衡”效应,且在1000次弯曲循环下电阻几乎保持不变,具备良好的耐久性和稳定性.将此透明电极成功制备透明电容式传感器,其灵敏度可达0.09 kPa^-1,且在1000次循环之后相对电容基本保持不变,具有出色的传感性能和耐久性,可以在人难以察觉的状态下监测人体运动信号.此柔性透明电极和透明电容传感器在可穿戴伪装电子领域具有巨大潜力.     

可穿戴柔性触觉传感器的研究进展

可穿戴柔性触觉传感器是用来模仿人类触觉的器件, 可以感知人体以及外界环境的运动、 形变和压力等信息, 在智慧医疗和智能机器人等领域具有广泛的应用前景. 近年来, 大量柔性触觉传感器的研究使其性能得到了巨大的提升, 并在很多领域得到了应用. 本文首先简述了柔性触觉传感器的结构和基本性能; 然后重点介绍了具有自愈合、 自驱动以及可视化等新型高性能触觉传感器的研究进展; 接下来讨论了柔性触觉传感器在可穿戴电子技术、 医疗保健以及人机交互界面等方面的应用; 最后展望了柔性触觉传感器未来所面临的机遇与挑战.     

二元氧化物绝缘层的溶液法制备及在阻变存储器中的应用

阻变存储器(RRAM)凭借可高度集成、可同时存储和运算、运行速率快、功耗低等特性,成为最具潜力的存储技术之一。因电学性能优良且与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)兼容性好,二元氧化物材料在RRAM的发展中具有重要意义。与传统绝缘层沉积工艺不同,溶液法制备绝缘层是先将前驱体溶液制成薄膜,再将薄膜通过不同的工艺转化为绝缘层。因此前驱体溶液种类以及转化工艺均对所制备的绝缘层的微观结构、化学组成和电学性能具有直接的影响。本文首先简要介绍了RRAM的发展历程及作用机制;其次综述了溶液法制备氧化物材料在忆阻器中的应用,重点围绕前驱体溶液组成、转化机理与所制备氧化物绝缘层结构性能关系对已报道的结果进行分析,最后阐述了溶液法制备绝缘层材料面临的关键问题并展望了其未来发展方向。     

A method for the detection of alcohol vapours based on optical sensing of magnesium 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin thin film by an optical spectrometer and principal component analysis

In this work we have proposed a method for the detection of alcohol vapours, i.e. methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, based on the optical sensing response of magnesium 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl porphyrin (MgTPP) thin films, as measured by optical spectrometry with the assistance of chemometric analysis. We have implemented a scheme which allows a laboratory UV–vis spectrometer to act as a so-called “electronic nose” with very little modification. MgTPP thin films were prepared by a spin coating technique, using chloroform as the solvent, and then subjected to thermal annealing at 280 °C in an argon atmosphere. These MgTPP optical gas sensors presented significant responses with methanol compared to ethanol and isopropanol, based on the dynamic flow of alcohol vapours at the same mol% of alcohol concentration. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to model the underlying mechanism of this selectivity. The performance of the optical gas sensors was optimised by varying the fabrication parameters. It is hoped that the MgTPP thin film together with an off-the-shelf optical spectrometer and a simple chemometrics algorithm can be a valuable tool for the analysis of alcoholic content in the beverage industry.     

Optical sensor for hydrogen peroxide

Three types of sensors for continuous determination of hydrogen peroxide (HP) are described. The working principles are based on the decomposition of HP by a catalyst and on the measurement of the amount of oxygen thereby produced. The change in oxygen tension is quantitatively determined via the quenching of the fluorescence of a silica gel-adsorbed dye entrapped in silicone rubber. Three methods were found to be useful for HP decomposition. In the first one, the enzyme catalase (which acts as the catalyst) is co-adsorbed onto silica gel and thus is in the same phase as the indicator. In the second one, the enzyme and the dye are adsorbed on different silica gel particles which then are incorporated into the polymer layer. In the third one, finely dispersed silver powder (another catalyst) is embedded in a silicone rubber layer that is spread over the oxygen sensing membrane. The sensor is capable of continuously recording HP in the 0.1 to 10.0 mM concentration range, with a precision of ±0.1 mM at 1 mM HP. Its response time varies from 2.5 to 5 min.     

A Dual Colorimetric and Fluorometric Sensor for Lead Ion Based on Conjugated Polydiacetylenes

A PDA based sensor, derived from a di‐(2‐picolyl) amine (DPA) substituted diacetylene monomer, displayed a selective colorimetric change and a large fluorescence enhancement in the presence of lead ions. The lead selective PDA‐based chemosensor enabled easy detection of the presence of lead in 100% aqueous solution by the naked‐eye.

     

Optical Chemical Sensors Based on Sol-Gel Materials: Recent Advances and Critical Issues

The use of the sol-gel process to produce materials for optical chemical sensors and biosensors is attracting considerable interest. This interest derives mainly from the design flexibility of the sol-gel process and the ease of fabrication. In most applications the sol-gel material is used to provide a microporous support matrix in which analyte-sensitive species are entrapped and into which smaller analyte molecules may diffuse. Sensors based on entrapped organic and inorganic dyes, enzymes and other biomolecules have been reported. A range of sensor configurations has been employed, including monoliths, thin films, as well as more elaborate structures. In this paper a selection is presented of recent significant developments in optical chemical sensors which employ solgel-derived materials. These developments include the tailoring of sol-gel materials to optimise sensor response, advanced waveguide structures and novel probe-tip sensors. Those issues which remain critical to the eventual deployment of sol-gel sensors are examined. In particular, the problems of leaching, microstructural stability, diffusion-limited response time, and susceptibility to interferents are discussed and some solutions proposed.     

A new sensing material for optical oxygen measurement,with the indicator embedded in an aqueous phase

A new type of oxygen-sensitive material is obtained by preparing an aqueous emulsion of a solution of an oxygen-sensitive fluorescent dye in a rigid polymer. The fluorescence of this emulsion is related to the oxygen partial pressure, but a Stern-Volmer plot is not linear over the whole pressure range. Aside from high sensitivity and specificity for oxygen, this new type of sensing material has favorable analytical wavelengths allowing the use of low-cost opto-electronic equipment. Since the indicator is embedded in an aqueous environment, the sensor should be capable of monitoring various kinds of reactions occurring in the aqueous phase, for instance enzymatic reactions which are accompanied by production or consumption of oxygen.     

Chemical sensors (review)

The capabilities and development prospects of chemical sensors as a new area in analytical chemistry and instrument engineering are discussed. Problems of terminology, principles of operation, basic characteristics, and also applications of chemical sensors and sensor analyzers made from them are discussed.From the materials of a report given at a joint scientific session of the departments of the physicochemistry and technology of inorganic materials and of general and technical chemistry.V. I. Vernadskii Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117975. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 487–493, March, 1992.     

Nitrogen‐doped Hollow Co3O4 Nanofibers for both Solid‐state pH Sensing and Improved Non‐enzymatic Glucose Sensing

Nitrogen‐doped hollow cobalt oxide nanofibers (Co₃O₄ NFs) with both glucose catalytic activity and pH sensitivity were fabricated through core‐sheath electrospinning technique, followed by calcination. The as‐developed nitrogen‐doped hollow Co₃O₄ NFs were thoroughly characterized using various techniques, and then employed to fabricate a dual electrochemical sensor for both pH sensing and glucose sensing. The pH sensitivity of the developed nitrogen‐doped hollow Co₃O₄ NFs demonstrated a Nernst constant of 12.9–15.9 mV/pH in the pH range of 3.0～9.0 and 6.8–10.7 mV/pH in the pH range of 9.0～13.0, respectively. The developed hollow cobalt oxides nanofibers sensor also possesses glucose sensitivity of 87.67 μA mM^?1 cm^?2, the limit of detection of 0.38 μM (S/N=3), and an acceptable selectivity against several common interferents in non‐enzymatic glucose determination. High accuracy for monitoring glucose in human serum sample was also demonstrated. These features indicate that the as‐synthesized nitrogen‐doped hollow cobalt oxides nanofibers hold great potential in the development of a unique dual sensor for both solid‐state pH sensing and superior non‐enzymatic glucose sensing.     

MOFs传感器在癌症及其生物标志物检测中的应用

癌症是世界上最致命的疾病之一,因此癌细胞的有效捕获和敏感检测对基础研究以及临床诊断和治疗都具有重要意义。基于金属有机骨架(MOFs)的催化活性和固有的发光性能等特点,MOFs已被成功地开发为传感平台实现对癌症及其标志物的检测。综述了基于MOFs的电化学、荧光、电化学发光、比色传感器在癌细胞及核酸、蛋白质等生物标志物检测中近3年的研究进展,从MOFs材料,检测物类型,检测方法、检测能力等方面进行了综述,并对各自的特点进行了讨论,对以后MOFs纳米材料在癌症检测中的应用进行了展望。     

催化发光的应用研究进展

催化发光是物质在催化材料表面发生反应产生的发光现象,是一种重要的化学分析方法,在药物分析、食品分析、免疫学分析以及环境监测等方面具有广泛的应用前景。 本文从挥发性有机物的快速定量检测,分析物的识别区分以及催化剂的活性评估三方面综述了催化发光的应用研究进展,并对催化发光的研究方向进行了展望。     

A Multistep Enzyme Sensor for Sucrose Based on S-Layer Microparticles As Immobilization Matrix

Abstract

In this paper we report on the construction principle and performance of an amperometric 3-enzyme sensor for sucrose based on crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) as immobilization matrix for the biological components.

Isoporous, crystalline surface layers (S-layers) have been identified as outermost cell envelope layer in many bacteria. Since they are composed of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits with functional groups in well defined positions and orientations, they represent ideal matrices for the controlled and reproducible immobilization of functional macromolecules, as required for the development of biosensors. Apart from single enzyme sensors, which were described earlier, a strikingly simple method for the assembly and optimization of multistep systems was developed. For the fabrication of an amperometric sucrose sensor invertase, mutarotase and glucose oxidase were individually immobilized on S-layer fragments isolated from Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum L111-69 via aspartic acid as spacer molecules. Subsequently, appropriate mixtures of enzyme loaded S-layer fragments were deposited on a microfiltration membrane and finally, the composite multifunctional sensing layer was sputtered with gold in order to establish a good metal contact. Amperometric sucrose measurements based on H₂O₂ oxidation revealed a high signal level (1 μA^?1/cm^2?mmol sucrose), 5 min response time and a linear range up to 30 mM sucrose as the main characteristics of the S-layer sucrose sensor.