北京地区有机物种人为源排放量及O3生成潜势估算

在华北地区总VOCs排放清单的基础上,通过调研国、内外VOCs主要人为污染源排放源谱,计算了北京市各行业、各区县88个VOCs物种的排放量,发展了北京市2003年和2006年VOCs物种排放清单,并估算了北京地区VOCs排放的O3生成潜势.结果显示:北京市2003年和2006年人为源向大气排放VOCs总量分别为34.6×104t和55.0×104t,VOCs排放总OFP值分别为131.9×104t和209.5×104t;对北京地区O3生成潜势贡献最大的前10个VOCs物种依次为乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、异戊烷、反-2-丁烯、丙烯、顺-2-丁烯、邻-二甲苯和乙炔,这10个物种的累计排放量占VOCs排放总量的60%左右,但对总OFP值的贡献率接近80%;北京城区是VOCs排放的高值区,同时也是O3生成潜势最大的区域;降低交通排放、溶剂挥发及油品挥发排放是降低北京地区VOCs排放、控制O3生成的有效途径.     

北京大气颗粒物污染本地源与外来源的区分--元素比值Mg/Al示踪法估算矿物气溶胶外来源的贡献

提出了一种新的元素示踪法, 用于估算和区分北京大气颗粒物污染的主要组成矿物气溶胶的外来源和本地源. 通过采集、分析具有代表性的、可覆盖北京所有地区的气溶胶、地面扬尘以及外来源代表地区内蒙多伦等地的表层土, 发现气溶胶中元素比值Mg/Al是区分北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源与外来源有效的元素示踪体系. 矿物气溶胶即沙尘、硫酸盐和硝酸盐为主的无机污染气溶胶, 和有机污染气溶胶同是北京大气颗粒物的重要组成部分, 其中矿物气溶胶占总颗粒物(TSP)的32%～67%, 占细粒子(PM2.5)的10%～70%, 在沙尘暴期间分别高达74%和90%. 根据元素示踪法, 首次估算出北京地区矿物气溶胶中本地源与外来源的相对贡献量. 春季外来源占TSP的62% (38%～86%), 占PM10的69% (52%～90%), 占PM2.5的76% (59%～93%); 冬季外来源占TSP的69% (52%～83%), 占PM10的79% (52%～93%), 占PM2.5的45% (7%～79%); 而在夏季和秋季, 外来源仅占～20%. 外来源在冬春季对北京矿物气溶胶的贡献要高于夏季, 这显然与冬春季气候差异有关. 沙尘暴期间外来源贡献最高达97%, 成为北京大气颗粒物的主要来源.     

基于实验室模拟研究二次有机气溶胶生成及老化机制

由于二次有机气溶胶（SOA）对气候变化、区域污染和人体健康具有明显的影响,因此受到了广泛的关注.基于实验室的方法可以在稳定可控的条件下探讨SOA的生成机制,其中环境烟雾箱和气溶胶生成潜势反应器是最常用的两种模拟工具.本文综述了基于这两种模拟工具对SOA产率的影响因素、SOA生成机制和SOA老化过程中性质演变特征的研究.影响SOA产率的因素主要包括OH暴露量,NO_x水平（VOCs/NO_x）,种子颗粒物的浓度及种子颗粒物的化学组成.SOA产率随着OH暴露量、VOCs/NO_x比值的增加均先增后减;种子颗粒物的存在会通过提高气态中间产物的凝结汇,从而促进物质从气相到颗粒相的转化;酸性种子颗粒物可以通过提高摄取系数并提供酸催化条件促进SOA的生成;种子颗粒物中的金属离子和矿物质也会通过催化作用或者影响氧化剂的产生等过程对SOA的生成和老化产生作用.本综述还总结了不同源排放气态前体物SOA的生成潜势以及生成SOA的特征.等效光氧化龄约为2~3 d时,汽油发动机排放生成SOA量达到最高值,增长倍数（SOA/POA,POA即为一次有机气溶胶）约为10~14,SOA生成潜势约为400~500 mg/kg fuel;生物质燃烧排放,在等效光氧化龄约为3~4 d时,SOA增长倍数最大,平均约为1.42~7.6;而其他源如天然气燃烧、餐饮等排放也具有很高的SOA生成潜势,天然气燃烧排放后SOA的增长倍数高达268倍,餐饮源排放SOA的增长倍数约为3~8倍.不同地区的实际大气中气态前体物氧化生成SOA的最高值出现在等效光化学龄为2~4 d时.综合不同研究中源排放和实际大气中前体物生成SOA演化特征发现,随着OH暴露量的增加,SOA的氧化态逐渐增加,O/C比约从0.2增长到1.3,O/C与H/C变化斜率均在-1到0之间,说明氧化机制可能包括生成羟基、过氧羟基以及羧酸基团的物质;氧化过程中SOA的挥发性逐渐降低,吸湿性逐渐增加.SOA生成过程中间态物种的测量技术开发、复杂体系下SOA生成机制的研究和SOA演化过程中特征的表征是未来SOA研究的重要方面.     

北京大气颗粒物污染本地源与外来源的区分

提出了一种新的元素示踪法, 用于估算和区分北京大气颗粒物污染的主要组成矿物气溶胶的外来源和本地源. 通过采集、分析具有代表性的、可覆盖北京所有地区的气溶胶、地面扬尘以及外来源代表地区内蒙多伦等地的表层土, 发现气溶胶中元素比值Mg/Al是区分北京地区矿物气溶胶本地源与外来源有效的元素示踪体系. 矿物气溶胶即沙尘、硫酸盐和硝酸盐为主的无机污染气溶胶, 和有机污染气溶胶同是北京大气颗粒物的重要组成部分, 其中矿物气溶胶占总颗粒物(TSP)的32%~67%, 占细粒子(PM_2.5)的10%~70%, 在沙尘暴期间分别高达74%和90%. 根据元素示踪法, 首次估算出北京地区矿物气溶胶中本地源与外来源的相对贡献量. 春季外来源占TSP的62% (38%~86%), 占PM₁₀的69% (52%~90%), 占PM_2.5的76% (59%~93%); 冬季外来源占TSP的69% (52%~83%), 占PM₁₀的79% (52%~93%), 占PM_2.5的45% (7%~79%); 而在夏季和秋季, 外来源仅占~20%. 外来源在冬春季对北京矿物气溶胶的贡献要高于夏季, 这显然与冬春季气候差异有关. 沙尘暴期间外来源贡献最高达97%, 成为北京大气颗粒物的主要来源.     

机动车尾气二次有机气溶胶生成研究

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组分，对大气能见度、公众健康以及区域或全球气候变化具有重要影响。在城市地区，机动车尾气排放的气态前体物在大气中氧化产生高浓度SOA,是城市空气质量下降的重要因素。本文综述了近些年机动车尾气SOA生成的相关研究成果，重点关注关键前体物的识别与排放表征、SOA生成特征、演化过程与影响因素，对比了不同研究得到的机动车SOA生成因子的差异，并提出新测量技术、新反应机制和新参数化方案将是未来研究重点关注的方向。     

珠江三角洲夏季臭氧区域污染及其控制因素分析

2006年夏季,在珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)开展了一次大型野外综合空气质量观测实验.实验包括了珠三角现有的环境监测网络和两个额外设置的超级观测站.本文基于环境监测网络的观测结果对区域臭氧污染状况和污染过程进行了分析,对各站点所记录的气团光化学属性进行了诊断.结果发现,两个超级站点分别对应着污染城市地区和下风向远郊区的光化学条件,它们较好地覆盖了区域尺度上主要的臭氧高值区.使用基于观测的模型对超级站上臭氧的光化学产生过程及臭氧控制区进行了分析.结果显示,第一,模式中的醛类化学和缺失的HONO化学对于臭氧光化学产生具有重要影响;第二,在城市地区,臭氧的光化学产生速率主要受人为源排放碳氢化合物控制;而在城市远郊区,臭氧的光化学产生速率主要受NO控制;第三,重要的人为源排放的碳氢化合物是烯烃和芳香烃.使用O′x和NOz的回归结果对臭氧产生效率进行了估算,发现城市和郊区的数值存在显著差异(分别为2.1和7.8),这从侧面支持了模型对于城市和郊区臭氧控制区属性的判断.     

臭氧化对水厂水中消毒副产物生成势的影响

以某饮用水厂沿程工艺出水为研究对象,研究了臭氧化预处理对水体中消毒副产物(DBPs)氯化生成势的影响。结果表明,水厂生物处理单元产生的胞外聚合物(EPS)和溶解性微生物产物(SMP)等生物源有机物是非常有效的DBPs前体物,但其更易于氯化生成三卤甲烷(THMs)而非卤乙酸(HAAs)。水厂水中存在的THMs前体物主要是各类大分子量有机物,并且臭氧工艺对其有较好的氧化去除效果。水厂水中经臭氧氧化产生的小分子量有机物可能是更为有效的一氯乙酸(MCAA)和一溴乙酸(MBAA)前体物。此外,当水体中三氯乙酸(TCAA)前体物浓度较高时,臭氧工艺对TCAA生成势具有很好的去除效果。     

大气半/中等挥发性有机物的组成及其对有机气溶胶贡献

本文综述了大气半/中等挥发性有机物S/IVOCs的测量技术、来源、大气行为及对有机气溶胶生成的贡献。S/IVOCs测量技术的进步主要依托于质谱技术的发展,分为离线和在线测量质谱测量技术。离线测量物种鉴别能力好,但预处理复杂、时间分辨率低;在线测量技术可以获得高时间分辨率的组分及气粒分配信息,对揭示化学反应机理具有重要作用。S/IVOCs的来源包括一次和二次源。目前对一次源排放的研究主要针对机动车和生物质燃烧。研究结果表明,汽油车、柴油车和生物质燃烧排放S/IVOCs分别为POA的2.9~8.5倍、4.5~20.4倍和0.83~5.57倍。汽油车排放的S/IVOCs氧化可贡献总SOA的34%~76%,柴油车则高达90%,生物质燃烧占80%。基于外场观测数据的模型模拟表明S/IVOCs对实际大气中SOA的贡献可达40%~85%,是不可或缺的SOA前体物。未来研究中,开发新的测量技术、定量分析源排放和环境大气中S/IVOCs浓度及其对SOA贡献是研究的关键,将外场观测、实验室模拟与模型模拟相结合,能够为S/IVOCs生成SOA机制探讨提供思路。     

南充市表层土壤中多环芳烃的源解析研究

运用同分异构体比率、聚类分析法和主成分因子载荷法对南充市表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染源进行了定性和定量分析。研究表明:同分异构体比率分析揭示表层土壤中PAHs污染来源以燃烧源为主;聚类分析将土壤中13种PAHs组分分成3个主群,3个主群分别指示为交通类PAHs污染、煤燃烧类PAHs污染和混合类PAHs污染。主成分因子/多元线性回归分析显示,PAHs主要来源于3大污染源,并定量计算了3种源的贡献量,其中交通燃油污染的贡献率最大(占42.4%),而燃煤燃烧排放、混合污染所占比例分别为32.4%和25.2%。     

中国东部地区大气臭氧及前体物本底变化规律的初步研究

根据临安地区观测分析及数值模拟结果,我国中纬度东部地区O_3及其前体物NO_x等成分偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响。根据NO_x与SO_2浓度的相关性表明,局地植物体燃烧也是NO_x的重要排放源。观测和模拟结果都表明近地层大气O_3浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程,O_3的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O_3与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系。中国东部发达地区的CO,CO_2,CH_4和碳黑与青海高原干净地区同期平均值相比要高得多,这说明我国社会发展和人类活动对大气本底的影响。     

Ozone source attribution during a severe photochemical smog episode in Beijing, China

Beijing,the capital of China,frequently suffers from the high levels of ozone in summer.A 3-D regional chemical transport model,the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx),has been used to simulate a heavy O3 pollution episode in Beijing during June 26―July 2,2000.Ozone Source Apportionment Technology(OSAT) and Geographic Ozone Assessment Technology(GOAT) were applied to quantify the contributions of the precursor emissions from different regions to O3 concentrations in Beijing,to identify the...     

Comparison of analytical methods for ozone precursors using adsorption tube and canister

Recently, ozone concentrations have increased dramatically as a result of vehicle usage in metropolitan areas. Ozone precursors are composed of hydrocarbons of organic compounds. Because hydrocarbons are indicative of ozone formation, they need to be monitored in ambient air. Since ozone precursor are present at very low levels (from ppb to ppt) in ambient air, they are difficult to analyze accurately. This study investigates ozone precursors in ambient air. The main purpose of this study is to compare analytical methods for the measurement of ozone precursors in atmosphere. Two measurement methods were evaluated using canister (Silco-canister) and adsorbent (300-mg Carbopack B+150-mg Carbosieve SIII) tube. Differences in measurements for total ozone precursor emissions were 54.1% between the adsorption tube and canister-GC/MS, 51.1% between adsorption tube and canister-GC/FID, and 16.3% between canister-GC/MS and canister-GC/FID.     

Global air quality and climate

Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors determine regional air quality and can alter climate. Climate change can perturb the long-range transport, chemical processing, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. We review the implications of projected changes in methane (CH(4)), ozone precursors (O(3)), and aerosols for climate (expressed in terms of the radiative forcing metric or changes in global surface temperature) and hemispheric-to-continental scale air quality. Reducing the O(3) precursor CH(4) would slow near-term warming by decreasing both CH(4) and tropospheric O(3). Uncertainty remains as to the net climate forcing from anthropogenic nitrogen oxide (NO(x)) emissions, which increase tropospheric O(3) (warming) but also increase aerosols and decrease CH(4) (both cooling). Anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and non-CH(4) volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) warm by increasing both O(3) and CH(4). Radiative impacts from secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are poorly understood. Black carbon emission controls, by reducing the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere and on snow and ice, have the potential to slow near-term warming, but uncertainties in coincident emissions of reflective (cooling) aerosols and poorly constrained cloud indirect effects confound robust estimates of net climate impacts. Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols would improve air quality and lessen interference with the hydrologic cycle, but lead to warming. A holistic and balanced view is thus needed to assess how air pollution controls influence climate; a first step towards this goal involves estimating net climate impacts from individual emission sectors. Modeling and observational analyses suggest a warming climate degrades air quality (increasing surface O(3) and particulate matter) in many populated regions, including during pollution episodes. Prior Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (SRES) allowed unconstrained growth, whereas the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios assume uniformly an aggressive reduction, of air pollutant emissions. New estimates from the current generation of chemistry-climate models with RCP emissions thus project improved air quality over the next century relative to those using the IPCC SRES scenarios. These two sets of projections likely bracket possible futures. We find that uncertainty in emission-driven changes in air quality is generally greater than uncertainty in climate-driven changes. Confidence in air quality projections is limited by the reliability of anthropogenic emission trajectories and the uncertainties in regional climate responses, feedbacks with the terrestrial biosphere, and oxidation pathways affecting O(3) and SOA.     

大气复合污染及灰霾形成中非均相化学过程的作用

城市和区域大气复合污染的特征为污染源排放的一次污染物通过大气中的化学反应生成高浓度的氧化剂(臭氧等)及细颗粒物等二次污染物,它们在静稳天气下积累,导致低能见度的灰霾现象并严重影响人体健康和气候.大气复合污染中同时存在高浓度的一次排放和二次转化的气态及颗粒污染物,这为细颗粒表面非均相反应提供了充足的反应物;而气态污染物在细颗粒表面的非均相反应可改变大气氧化性及颗粒物的化学组分、物化性质和光学性质,从而可能对大气复合污染和灰霾的形成起到促进的作用.利用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱和单颗粒显微拉曼原位在线技术,我们对大气气态污染物NO2、SO2、O3、甲醛在CaCO3、高岭石、蒙脱石、NaCl、海盐、Al2O3和TiO2等大气主要颗粒物表面的反应进行了系统的反应动力学和机制研究,我们发现反应主要产物为硫酸盐、硝酸盐或甲酸盐,它们可极大改变颗粒物吸湿性和消光性质.通过分析这些非均相反应的动力学过程,我们识别出NO2-颗粒物-H2O、SO2-颗粒物-O3、有机物/SO2-颗粒物-光照等三元反应体系的协同作用机制,这些协同机制对于阐明大气复合污染及灰霾形成的反馈机制和非线性过程提供了实验证据和理论依据.     

Models-3/CMAQ和CAMx对珠江三角洲臭氧污染模拟的比较分析

运用Models-3/CMAQ和CAMx两个区域空气质量模式同时对珠江三角洲2004年10月的臭氧污染进行模拟,利用监测网12个站点的观测数据对两个模式的臭氧模拟效果进行统计评估,并应用过程分析技术,量化各种大气物理、化学过程对臭氧浓度变化的影响,探讨两个模式结果偏差产生的主要原因.CMAQ与CAMx均能较好地模拟出珠江三角洲大多数站点的臭氧浓度水平和变化趋势,与监测值的相关系数分别为0.73,0.74,标准化平均偏差分别为-8.5%、8.8%、标准化平均误差分别为36.7%和37.9%;两个模式的模拟结果具有很高的相关性（相关系数R为0.92）和较为一致的空间分布,但CMAQ的臭氧模拟浓度总体上较CAMx的结果偏低约17%.两个模式对珠江三角洲不同地区、不同类型站点的模拟结果一致性不尽相同.在干沉降、化学反应参数、垂直输送等方面处理方法上的差异共同造成了两个模式对珠江口沿岸站点臭氧模拟结果上的差别;细网格边界浓度差异是造成上风向区域站点CAMx模拟浓度比CMAQ结果偏高的主要原因.CAMx有必要提供更多干沉降的算法供选择,改善光解速率等计算方法可能改善CMAQ臭氧模拟结果.     

Seasonal characteristics of biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol

Along with the rapid economic growth and urbani-zation, a number of cities in China are facing the problem of severe air pollution with airborne particles (particulate matter) as the major pollutant identified most frequently. Urban airborne particles are…     

金催化炔基苯并二𫫇英环化合成8-羟基异香豆素的理论研究

Density functional theory（DFT） calculations were carried out on the gold-catalyzed cyclization of alkynyl benzodioxin to 8-hydroxy-isocoumarin reaction to show the molecular mechanism of the reaction. The conclusions obtained from this work are different from those in the previous experimental study. The results show that water molecule acts as both the reactant and the proton shuttle, and promotes the reaction with gold complexes under mild conditions. The nucleophilic addition site of water on the substrate is the C（sp³） atom on the side of the substrate far away from the oxabenzene ring, resulting in C（sp³）—O bond breaking in the substrate. The formation of new C—O bond and the cleavage of C—O bond in the substrate follow a step-by-step mechanism. The oxygen in the side-product acetone comes from the contribution of water in the reaction system. The regioselectivity of the reaction originates from the polarization of alkynyl π-electrons induced by substituents.     

磁场诱导沉淀聚合制备一维Fe3O4/P（MAA-DVB）纳米链

采用溶剂热法制备了单分散Fe3O4纳米粒子,以甲基丙烯酸（MAA）和二乙烯基苯（DVB）为聚合单体,在沉淀聚合过程中通过磁场诱导自组装制备了一维高磁响应性永久连接的Fe3O4/P（MAA-DVB）纳米链.采用扫描电镜（SEM）,透射电镜（TEM）,X射线衍射仪（XRD）,热重分析（TGA）及振动样品磁强计（VSM）等对其形貌、磁含量和磁响应性等进行了分析表征.结果表明,该法制备的一维Fe3O4/P（MAA-DVB）纳米链的磁含量为91%时,其比饱和磁化强度为72emu/g.在外磁场存在条件下,一维Fe3O4/P（MAA-DVB）纳米链将按外界磁场的方向取向.此外,每个豆荚内的Fe3O4纳米粒子规则的排列在一条线上,并通过P（MAA-DVB）聚合物使其均匀分布.     

Evidence of coal combustion contribution to ambient VOCs during winter in Beijing

Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)play an important role in ozone and secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation,but VOCs sources during winter are not fully understood.To investigate VOCs sources during winter,mixing ratios of C2–C12 VOCs were measured at an urban site in Beijing from December 29,2011to January 17,2012.Correlation analysis of toluene to benzene and i-pentane to n-pentane suggest that coal combustion could also be an important source for VOCs besides vehicular emissions.Source apportionment results show that coal combustion and vehicular emissions contributed 28%–39%and31%–45%to ambient VOCs during winter,respectively.Backward trajectory analyses demonstrated that contributions from the burning of coal were higher when air masses came from southern regions outside Beijing.Close attention should be paid to VOCs emissions from coal combustion in Beijing city and the vicinity to the South.     

Semicontinuous GC analysis and receptor modelling for source apportionment of ozone precursor hydrocarbons in Bresso, Milan, 2003

The European Ozone Directive 2002/3/EC specifies the analysis of 30 individual C2-C9 hydrocarbons in urban air with the attribution of emission sources to pollution concentrations as a major objective. In the present study, we investigate an approach for source apportionment of these ozone precursor hydrocarbons in urban air based on reliable semi continuous volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in the field and in vehicle emission laboratory combined with multivariate receptor modeling. The GC system relies on an hourly analytical cycle based on a trap sample enrichment phase followed by a dual column gas chromatographic flame ionisation detector (FID) analysis and has successfully been tested during an air monitoring campaign at an urban site (Milan, Italy, September 2003) and in the vehicle laboratory performing exhaust emission measurements while running driving cycles on a chassis dynamometer (mopeds, gasoline and diesel cars). The receptor modeling relies on two complementary principles. The chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling apportions well characterized source profiles for the 30 individual C2-C9 hydrocarbons in the Ozone Directive to the concentrations in ambient air and produces source contribution estimates (SCE) as output. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses variability in the ambient air concentration data and searches for latent variables consisting of co-varying hydrocarbons and produces profiles as output, which in this study could be attributed to known emission sources. Both CMB and PMF rely on an estimated uncertainty for each input data. A new approach is presented, by which the uncertainty is allowed to float as function of the photochemical reactivity of the atmosphere and the stability of each individual compound.