NO_2在MgO颗粒物表面的非均相反应

氧化镁(MgO)是大气中矿物气溶胶的重要组分之一,对二次污染物的形成有着重要影响.本研究采用原位漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)与离子色谱(IC)技术,研究了二氧化氮(NO2)在MgO颗粒表面的非均相反应.探讨了无光照、紫外光照、臭氧(O3)、温度及相对湿度(RH)等对该反应的影响机制,建立了新的测定摄取系数的方法.结果表明,无光照时,NO2在MgO颗粒表面生成的主要产物为硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐;在NO2-MgO-O3和NO2-MgO-hv两种反应体系中主要产物均为硝酸盐,生成的硝酸根峰面积分别是无光照条件下的1.54倍和3.04倍,O3和紫外光照对硝酸盐的生成均具有促进作用;在紫外光照条件下,NO2在MgO颗粒物表面生成硝酸根的初始速率随温度的升高而呈单峰变化,40℃时初始速率最大;影响NO2与MgO颗粒物反应的敏感因素为紫外光照和臭氧,其次为相对湿度和温度.在25℃,RH为5%时,无光照条件和紫外光照条件下反应初始摄取系数分别为9.01×10-4和5.65×10-3.     

对流层夜间化学研究

NO3自由基与N2O5是对流层夜间化学的关键物种。一方面NO3与O3等组分是夜间大气中的重要氧化剂,与它们的反应是生物排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要汇;另一方面NO3与N2O5和雨滴或气溶胶颗粒物发生的异相反应则是大气中氮氧化合物NOx(NO,NO2)的主要清除过程,从而可以减轻对流层臭氧污染。研究它们的化学反应性质及对其进行实地测量,对深入理解大气氧化过程和全面了解区域乃至全球大气自净能力有重要意义。本文总结了近年来有关夜间化学的研究成果,介绍了以NO3和N2O5为中心的基本夜间化学过程、对流层中NO3与N2O5的源与汇以及外场测量技术的最新研究进展,并提出了尚待解决的一些问题。     

对流层夜间化学研究

NO3自由基与N2O5是对流层夜间化学的关键物种.一方面NO3与O3等组分是夜间大气中的重要氧化剂,与它们的反应是生物排放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要汇;另一方面NO3与N2O5和雨滴或气溶胶颗粒物发生的异相反应则是大气中氮氧化合物NOx(NO,NO2)的主要清除过程,从而可以减轻对流层臭氧污染.研究它们的化学反应性质及对其进行实地测量,对深入理解大气氧化过程和全面了解区域乃至全球大气自净能力有重要意义.本文总结了近年来有关夜间化学的研究成果,介绍了以NO3和N2O5为中心的基本夜间化学过程、对流层中NO3与N2O5的源与汇以及外场测量技术的最新研究进展,并提出了尚待解决的一些问题.     

对流层夜间化学研究

NO3自由基与N2O5是对流层夜间化学的关键物种。一方面NO3与O3等组分是夜间大气中的重要氧化剂，与它们的反应是生物排放挥发性有机物（VOCs）的主要汇；另一方面NO3与N2O5和雨滴或气溶胶颗粒物发生的异相反应则是大气中氮氧化合物NOx（NO，NO2）的主要清除过程，从而可以减轻对流层臭氧污染。研究它们的化学反应性质及对其进行实地测量，对深入理解大气氧化过程和全面了解区域乃至全球大气自净能力有重要意义。本文总结了近年来有关夜间化学的研究成果，介绍了以NO3和N2O5为中心的基本夜间化学过程、对流层中NO3与N2O5的源与汇以及外场测量技术的最新研究进展，并提出了尚待解决的一些问题。     

海盐颗粒物表面的NO_2非均相反应

为了深入理解沿海城市大气环境中NO2和海盐颗粒物的非均相反应规律,本研究使用漫反射红外傅立叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)比较研究了0%和20%相对湿度(relative humidty,RH)下NO2在湿海盐颗粒物表面的非均相反应.动力学测量表明硝酸盐的生成对NO2是二级反应,并且0%和20%相对湿度条件下,NO2分子浓度为1.96×1015molcules·cm-3时,反应增长阶段反应摄取系数分别为(5.51±0.19)×10-7和1.26×10-6.结果还显示相对湿度在30%以下时,海盐表面MgCl2·6H2O、CaCl2·2H2O所在点位通过释放结合水和吸附水汽,在海盐表面形成液态水的斑点,增强了反应持续能力.因此氯化钠表面非均相反应的研究可能会低估海盐颗粒物的非均相反应活性.     

广州秋季灰霾和正常天气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征

为了探讨细粒子(PM2.5)在灰霾天气下水溶性离子的组分特征,2007年秋季在广州万顷沙连续一个月采集了大气PM2.5样品,分析了SO42-,NO3-,NH4+,Cl-,Na+,K+,Ca2+,C2O42-,F-,NO2-和HCOO-11种水溶性离子含量.结果显示,正常天气和灰霾天气PM2.5总水性离子质量浓度分别为3...     

大气二次细颗粒物形成机理的前沿研究

大气二次颗粒物是影响大气辐射强迫和全球气候变化最不确定的因素之一.本文总结了大气二次细颗粒物的形成机制以及吸湿增长因子的研究进展.近年来,OH·、NO3·和O3光化学氧化形成二次细颗粒物的机制较为清晰,海盐和大气矿尘表面多相反应形成硫酸盐和硝酸盐等二次无机细颗粒物的研究取得可喜进展,尤其是发现海盐和大气矿尘混合物完全不同于单组分的多相反应机制.然而,二次有机颗粒物形成过程中能够鉴定出的有机组分很少,多相酸催化对形成二次颗粒物的促进作用尚未完全确定,多组分混合大气颗粒物的吸湿增长特性亦需进一步深入研究.     

黑碳颗粒物表面SO2的非均相臭氧氧化

采用漫反射红外傅里叶变换光谱(DRIFTS)结合离子色谱(IC)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了常温常压下SO2与O3在黑碳颗粒物(以Printex U为代表, 简称UBC)表面的非均相反应. 研究发现, 在O3和水气存在的情况下, 体系的反应产物主要是SO42-, 反应在一定时间内持续进行. UBC可提供反应活性位点, 促进SO2在其表面的臭氧氧化. O3是关键的氧化剂, 能显著提高SO2非均相氧化生成SO42-的速率. 水气的存在有利于表面活性位点再生, 使反应持续发生. 当SO2和O3的浓度为1014~1015 molecule/cm3、 相对湿度为40%时, SO2在UBC(1: 400, 以NaCl为稀释剂稀释400倍)表面非均相反应生成SO42-的稳态摄取系数(γBET)为1~6×10-6, SO42-的生成速率为1014~1015 ion·s-1·g-1.     

NO2在矿物颗粒物表面的非均相反应

NO2在矿物颗粒物表面的非均相反应会改变矿物颗粒物的化学组成、粒径、形貌、吸湿性,进而影响矿物颗粒物的散射、反射、吸收等光学性质和成云能力,改变其直接和间接辐射强迫,最终对大气氧化性和气候变化产生重要的影响.本文综述了NO:在矿物颗粒物表面的非均相反应的研究体系和研究方法,阐述N02在氧化物颗粒物表面反应产物、反应机理的实验和推测结果,总结了测定的摄取系数,提出了NO2在矿物颗粒物表面非均相反应待深入研究的科学问题.     

大气颗粒物对CS2催化氧化反应动力学研究

使用FTIR, XPS, BET, TG-DTG-DTA及原位XRD等方法研究了二硫化碳(CS2)在大气颗粒物表面多相催化反应历程及硫物种的转化过程. 结果表明, 在常温下, CS2能与大气颗粒物反应, 主要产物有羰基硫(COS)和正交α-S8, 少量硫物种被深度氧化, 在大气颗粒物表面形成正六价态硫. 反应体系中当氧气过量时, CS2在大气颗粒物表面多相催化反应遵循假二级反应动力学规律. 在296 K下, 该反应的表观速率常数为6.98×10-22 cm3*mol-1*s-1, 表观活化能为34.6 kJ/mol, 揭示了大气颗粒物具有消除CS2的重要作用以及深度氧化使颗粒物表面形成SO2-4的现象.     

The roles of heterogeneous chemical processes in the formation of an air pollution complex and gray haze

Urban and regional air pollutions are characterized by high concentrations of secondary pollutants such as photo-oxidants (mainly ozone) and fine particulate matter,which are formed through chemical reactions of the primary pollutants emitted from various sources.The accumulation of these pollutants under stagnant meteorological conditions results in the formation of gray haze,reducing visibility and causing major impacts on human health and climate.In an air pollution complex,the coexistence of high concen...     

Occurrence,evolution and degradation of heavy haze events in Beijing traced by iodine-127 and iodine-129 in aerosols

Heavy haze events have become a serious environment and health problem in China and many developing countries, especially in big cities, like Beijing. However, the factors and processes triggered the formation of secondary particles from the gaseous pollutants are still not clear, and the processes driving evolution and degradation of heavy haze events are not well understood. Iodine isotopes (¹²⁷I and ¹²⁹I) as tracers were analyzed in time series aerosol samples collected from Beijing. It was observed that the ¹²⁷I concentrations in aerosols peaked during the heavy haze events. The conversion of gaseous iodine to particular iodine oxides through photochemical reactions provides primary nuclei in nucleation and formation of secondary air particles, which was strengthened as the external iodine input from the fossil fuel burning in the south/southeast industrial cities and consequentially induced heavy haze events. Anthropogenic ¹²⁹I concentrations peaked during clean air conditions and showed high levels in spring and later autumn compared to that in summer. ¹²⁹I originated from the direct air discharges and re-emissions from contaminated seawaters by the European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants was transported to Beijing by the interaction of Westerlies and East Asian winter monsoon. Three types of mechanisms were found in the formation and evolution of heavy haze events in Beijing by the variation of ¹²⁷I and ¹²⁹I, i.e., iodine oxides intermediated secondary air particles, dust storm and mixed mode by both secondary air particles and dust storm induced processes.     

Synergistic reaction between SO2 and NO2 on mineral oxides: a potential formation pathway of sulfate aerosol

Sulfate is one of the most important aerosols in the atmosphere. A new sulfate formation pathway via synergistic reactions between SO(2) and NO(2) on mineral oxides was proposed. The heterogeneous reactions of SO(2) and NO(2) on CaO, α-Fe(2)O(3), ZnO, MgO, α-Al(2)O(3), TiO(2), and SiO(2) were investigated by in situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) at ambient temperature. Formation of sulfate from adsorbed SO(2) was promoted by the coexisting NO(2), while surface N(2)O(4) was observed as the crucial oxidant for the oxidation of surface sulfite. This process was significantly promoted by the presence of O(2). The synergistic effect between SO(2) and NO(2) was not observed on other mineral particles (such as CaCO(3) and CaSO(4)) probably due to the lack of the surface reactive oxygen sites. The synergistic reaction between SO(2) and NO(2) on mineral oxides resulted in the formation of internal mixtures of sulfate, nitrate, and mineral oxides. The change of mixture state will affect the physicochemical properties of atmospheric particles and therefore further influence their environmental and climate effects.     

Remote sensing measurements for evaluation of air quality in an urban area

The Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry (DOAS) is a remote-sensing technique finding greater consents in these last years. The analytical principle of the DOAS system is based on the light absorption in the near-UV and Vis regions of those pollutants with fine vibrational structures such as SO2, NO2, O3, nitrous acid, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, etc.. The relationship among the adsorbed light intensity and the xompound concentrations is ruled by the Lambert-Beer's law. The DOAS analysis allows to study and to interpretate the complex mechanisms of the formation and transformation of the pollutants and particularly of those of secondary origin. In this paper we have reported and discussed the behaviors of NO2, O3, HNO2, formaldehyde, benzene and toluene measured by this system during the 2000--2003 period in the Rome area (an area highly influenced by anthropogenic sources) and in Pietracupa (Molise) area (considered as remote site). The results show how the DOAS system highlight very well the secondary pollution evolution; this, described by the profiles of NO2 and O3 being at the same time products and precursors of the photochemical smog, is not influenced by the emission flow intensity and consequently assumes homogeneous values in the whole urban area.     

Laboratory studies of organic peroxy radical chemistry: an overview with emphasis on recent issues of atmospheric significance

Organic peroxy radicals (often abbreviated RO(2)) play a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's lower atmosphere. Formed in the atmospheric oxidation of essentially every organic species emitted, their chemistry is part of the radical cycles that control the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and lead to the formation of ozone, organic nitrates, organic acids, particulate matter and other so-called secondary pollutants. In this review, laboratory studies of this peroxy radical chemistry are detailed, as they pertain to the chemistry of the atmosphere. First, a brief discussion of methods used to detect the peroxy radicals in the laboratory is presented. Then, the basic reaction pathways - involving RO(2) unimolecular reactions and bimolecular reactions with atmospheric constituents such as NO, NO(2), NO(3), O(3), halogen oxides, HO(2), and other RO(2) species - are discussed. For each of these reaction pathways, basic reaction rates are presented, along with trends in reactivity with radical structure. Focus is placed on recent advances in detection methods and on recent advances in our understanding of radical cycling processes, particularly pertaining to the complex chemistry associated with the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons.     

大气“霾化学”:概念提出和研究展望

大气污染是人类面临的重大环境挑战。我国大气污染具有高度的复合污染特征,其形成过程既有高强度的颗粒物均相成核现象,又有多介质非均相致霾过程,同时耦合了强的大气氧化性以及O₃污染,是不同于洛杉矶光化学烟雾和伦敦烟雾的新型“霾化学”烟雾污染。“霾化学”区别于并突破现有的理论认识,是解析我国典型多介质复合污染环境下PM_2.5成因以及PM_2.5与O₃污染间非线性复杂关系,综合研究气、液、固多介质非均相过程的大气污染化学。研究“霾化学”过程对精准控制我国乃至其他国家大气复合污染意义重大。本文提出和总结了大气“霾化学”概念,并对“霾化学”理论的完善和发展进行了展望。     

秸杆燃烧对环境的化学作用

初步探讨了秸杆焚烧产生的颗粒物、多环芳烃化合物、NO2、SO2等化学污染物对环境的污染及毒害作用,有助于人们对秸杆焚烧危害性的认识,提高环境意识,开发利用秸杆。     

Formation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxoguanine due to reactions of peroxynitrite with guanine

Reactions of peroxynitrite with guanine were investigated using density functional theory (B3LYP) employing 6-31G** and AUG-cc-pVDZ basis sets. Single point energy calculations were performed at the MP2/AUG-cc-pVDZ level. Genuineness of the calculated transition states (TS) was tested by visually examining the vibrational modes corresponding to the imaginary vibrational frequencies and applying the criterion that the TS properly connected the reactant and product complexes (PC). Genuineness of all the calculated TS was further ensured by intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations. Effects of aqueous media were investigated by solvating all the species involved in the reactions using the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The calculations reveal that the most stable nitro-product complex involving the anion of 8-nitroguanine and a water molecule i.e. 8NO(2)G(-) + H(2)O can be formed according to one reaction mechanism while there are two possible reaction mechanisms for the formation of the oxo-product complex involving 8-oxoguanine and anion of the NO(2) group i.e. 8OG + NO(2)(-). The calculated relative stabilities of the PC, barrier energies of the reactions and the corresponding enthalpy changes suggest that formation of the complex 8OG + NO(2)(-) would be somewhat preferred over that of the complex 8NO(2)G(-) + H(2)O. The possible biological implications of this result are discussed.     

极地平流层云及其非均相化学

南极臭氧洞的形成与南极平流层云及其非均相化学过程有很大关系.南极平流层云中存在着硫酸气溶胶粒子、与硫酸/硝酸/水有关的固体或液体粒子以及水的冰晶粒子等,在其表面上可以发生非均相化学反应,一方面使本来比较惰性的硝酸氯(ClONO₂)具有相当大的活性,另一方面可以把NO₂或硝酸以硝酸固体粒子的形式从平流层中移走.由非均相化学产生的HOCl和Cl₂发生光离解,产生活性氯,加强了与ClO的二聚物或者与ClO-BrO互反应有关的破坏臭氧的催化循环圈的进行,加快南极臭氧洞的形成.本文重点介绍极地平流层云及其非均相化学在极地平流层臭氧消耗过程中的作用,使人们对加重平流层臭氧消耗的非均相化学有所了解。