人纤维蛋白溶酶源的化学修饰

分别以乙基咪唑（NAI）、1，2－环己二酮（CHD）、碳二亚胺（EDC）和氯氨－T（Ch-T）作修饰剂，研究人纤维蛋白溶酶原（HPg)中的酪氨酸、精氨酸、羧基和蛋氨酸残基对HPg活性的影响，发现HPg中的酪氨酸和精氨酸残基的修饰对HPg影响不大，而羧基和蛋氨酸残基的修饰导致HPg酶活性丧失，按Keech和Farrant动力学方法分析，得出有以下两个羟基和一个蛋氨酸残基为HPg活性的必需基团，其中一个羧基为活性中心外的必需基团。     

化学修饰法表征Bacillus smithii T7产耐热菊粉酶催化活性中心的必需氨基酸残基

采用化学修饰法研究了史氏芽胞杆菌Bacillus smithiiT7产耐热菊粉酶活性中心氨基酸残基,发现该酶活性中心存在一个组氨酸残基和一个谷氨酸(或天冬氨酸)残基.修饰前后的酶动力学参数变化表明组氨酸残基参与了底物的结合和催化过程,而谷氨酸(或天冬氨酸)的羧基亲核攻击促使底物分解.邹氏作图法证明酶活性中心存在两个必需的色氨酸残基,荧光和圆二色光谱研究表明色氨酸残基在酶的催化和酶的耐热性方面起重要作用.     

新型二氟甲基磷酸类酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B抑制剂的分子动力学模拟和结合自由能计算

通过分子对接建立了一系列含二氟甲基磷酸基团(DFMP)或二氟甲基硫酸基团(DFMS)的抑制剂与酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B(PTP1B)的相互作用模式, 并通过1 ns的分子动力学模拟和molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA)方法计算了其结合自由能. 计算获得的结合自由能排序和抑制剂与靶酶间结合能力排序一致; 通过基于主方程的自由能计算方法, 获得了抑制剂与靶酶残基间相互作用的信息, 这些信息显示DFMP/DFMS基团的负电荷中心与PTP1B的221位精氨酸正电荷中心之间的静电相互作用强弱决定了此类抑制剂的活性, 进一步的分析还显示位于DFMP/DFMS基团中的氟原子或其他具有适当原子半径的氢键供体原子会增进此类抑制剂与PTP1B活性位点的结合能力.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外蛋白酶的化学修饰

分别采用苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)、对-氯汞苯甲酸(PCMB)、N-乙咪唑(N-AI)、氯胺-T(Ch-T)、N-溴化琥珀亚胺(NBS)、2-巯基乙醇(2-ME) 6种化学修饰剂处理嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌胞外蛋白酶, 研究酶分子中氨基酸侧链基团与酶活性的关系. 结果表明Ch-T, NBS和2-ME能显著抑制酶活性, 而N-AI, PMSF和PCMB对酶活性的影响不大, 说明蛋氨酸残基、色氨酸残基和二硫键是酶活性的必需基团, 而酪氨酸残基、丝氨酸残基和巯基与酶活性无直接关系. 同时检测了EDTA和金属离子对酶活性的影响. 实验结果证实, EDTA, Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋, Hg^2＋和Cu^2＋能显著影响酶活性, 说明该酶为一种金属蛋白酶.     

鸡肝果糖-6-磷酸-2-激酶的巯基与碱性氨基酸残基的研究

本文报道半胱氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸等残基在鸡肝果糖-6-磷酸-2-激酶的作用。DTNB修饰的结果表明鸡肝PFK-2每亚基具有9个巯基。其中,在中性pH下可滴定的巯基数目为6个;在Fru6P存在下的可滴定巯基数为4个;而在ATP存在下的可滴定巯基数为7个。在修饰的过程中酶的活力随着被滴定的巯基数目的增加先是提高后为下降,但最后的酶仍不低于初始活力。NEMI对该酶活力的影响与DTNB的相似,它的修饰首先使酶活力升高,当巯基完全被修饰后的活力仍不低于初始活力。但是PCMB和碘代乙酸对该酶的活力影响很小。pH动力学结果显示该酶有1个pK~a为9.0的必需基团,它很可能是赖氨酸残基。PLP和苯乙二醛修饰PFK-2皆可导致该酶的失活。Fru6P对PLP的作用有强烈的保护,Fru2,6P2和Pi也有一定的保护作用,而ATP则稍有增加PLP对该酶的失活作用;苯乙二醛修饰的结果和PLP不同,Fru2,6P2有较强的保护作用,ATP有部分保护作用,Fru6P则对失活完全无保护作用。以上结果表明赖氨酸残基是鸡肝PFK-2与底物Fru2,6P2结合有关的必需残基,而精氨酸可能是该酶与产物Fru2,6P2结合有关的残基。     

长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒精氨酸酯酶1的研究Ⅱ.酶学性质和荧光光谱研究(续Ⅰ)

测得了长白山白眉蝮蛇毒精氨酸酯酶 1的最适反应的pH范围为 7.0～ 8.0 ,且与酶反应底物对甲苯磺酰-L -精氨酸甲酯 (TAME)的反应无明显的最适应反应温度 .荧光光谱的研究结果表明 :该酶的酪氨酸残基的荧光被色氨酸残基的荧光所掩盖 ;同步荧光光谱结果表明 :当发射波长与激发波长差Δλ分别为 2 0nm和 75nm时 ,精氨酸酯酶 1的荧光光谱分别由酪氨酸 (Tyr)和色氨酸 (Trp)残基所贡献 ,且处于亲水性环境中 ;精氨酸酯酶 1的荧光发射强度受溶液酸度变化的影响 .I- ,Acr和NBS对精氨酸酯酶 1的荧光淬灭结果表明这种酶中含有多个色氨酸残基 ,且处于不同的微环境中。     

NaCl溶液中纤连蛋白在TiO_2表面吸附的动力学模拟

对NaCl水溶液环境中,纤连蛋白(FNIII_(10))分子在金红石型TiO_2 (110)表面的吸附行为进行了分子动力学模拟.根据模拟溶液各成分与TiO_2表面原子之间的径向分布函数、离子在水溶液中的扩散系数及FNIII10和离子的吸附构象等相关参数发现,分布于TiO_2表面的稳定双层水分子是固液界面的主要特征,FNIII10分子通过天冬氨酸残基侧链末端的羧基基团(COO~-)同表面Ti原子之间的强相互作用,结合赖氨酸残基侧链及位于FNIII_(10)始端的精氨酸残基N端的氨基基团(NH_3~+)与表面桥氧原子之间的氢键作用,牢固地吸附在TiO_2表面.溶液中吸附在TiO_2表面的Na~+可与羧基氧原子配合形成稳定的吸附构型,而分布在第二水层外侧的Cl-对纤连蛋白分子在TiO_2(110)表面的吸附点位基本无影响.     

短小芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶的结构研究

测定了短小芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶BP的分子量为19 500,分析了它的氨基酸组成。用N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺对酶进行了化学修饰,以紫外光谱法测得此酶含有2个色氨酸残基,其中一个残基为酶表现活性的必需基团,且位于分子表面。用荧光表面猝灭剂法推测另一个残基也位于分子表面或临近分子表面。通过其园二色谱证明此酶为无规则卷曲构象。     

人纤维蛋白溶酶原中色氨酸残基的化学修饰

以Ｎ－溴代琥珀酰亚胺为修饰剂，对人纤维蛋白溶酶原（ＨＰｇ）中色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基的分布及其与酶活力的关系进行了研究，发现每个ＨＰｇ分子有１９个Ｔｒｐ残基，５个位于分子表面：有２个是快反应残基，其中１个是活性必需的氨基酸，酶被修饰后其荧光光谱及圆二色谱发生了变化。     

新型二氟甲基磷酸类酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B抑制剂的分子动力学模拟和结合自由能计算（英文）

通过分子对接建立了一系列含二氟甲基磷酸基团（DFMP）或二氟甲基硫酸基团（DFMS）的抑制剂与酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B（PTP1B）的相互作用模式,并通过1ns的分子动力学模拟和molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area（MM/GBSA）方法计算了其结合自由能.计算获得的结合自由能排序和抑制剂与靶酶间结合能力排序一致;通过基于主方程的自由能计算方法,获得了抑制剂与靶酶残基间相互作用的信息,这些信息显示DFMP/DFMS基团的负电荷中心与PTP1B的221位精氨酸正电荷中心之间的静电相互作用强弱决定了此类抑制剂的活性,进一步的分析还显示位于DFMP/DFMS基团中的氟原子或其他具有适当原子半径的氢键供体原子会增进此类抑制剂与PTP1B活性位点的结合能力.     

Chemical Modification of Amino Acid Residues in Human Plasminogen

The chemical modification of human plasminogen (HPg) was studied with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-acetylimidazole (NAI), 1,2-cyclohexanedione (CHD), chloramine T(Ch-T)and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as modifying reagents at its carboxyl group, tyrosine, arginine, methionine and tryptophan residues, respectively. The results indicate that tyrosine and arginine residues are not essential for HPg activity, while carboxyl groups, methionine and tryptophan residues are important for the activi-ty of HPg. The Keech and Farrant‘s kinetic analysis reveals that one tryptophan residue, one methionine residue and two carboxyl groups are essential for HPg activity.     

Amino acids of ricin and its polypeptides

Ricin and its corresponding polypeptides (A & B chain) were purified from castor seed. The molecular weight of ricin subunits were 29,000 and 28,000 daltons. The amino acids in ricin determined were Asp45 The22 Ser40 Glu53 Cys4 Gly96 His5 Ile21 Leu33 Lys20 Met4 Phe13 Pro37 Tyr11 Ala45 Val23 Arg20 indicating that ricin contains approximately 516 amino acid residues. The amino acids of the two subunits of ricin A and B chains were Asp23 The12 Ser21 Glu29 Cys2 Gly48 His3 Ile12, Leu17 Lys10 Met2 Phe6 Pro17 Tyr7 Ala35 Val13 Arg13 while in B chain the amino acids were Asp22 The10 Ser19 Glu25 Cys2 Gly47 His1 Ile10, Leu15 Lys11 Met1 Phe7 Pro6 Tyr5 Ala32Val11 Arg10. The total helical content of ricin came around 53.6% which is a new observation.     

UV/Vis Action Spectroscopy and Structures of Tyrosine Peptide Cation Radicals in the Gas Phase

We report the first application of UV/Vis photodissociation action spectroscopy for the structure elucidation of tyrosine peptide cation radicals produced by oxidative intramolecular electron transfer in gas‐phase metal complexes. Oxidation of Tyr‐Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐Arg (YAAAR) produces Tyr‐O radicals by combined electron and proton transfer involving the phenol and carboxyl groups. Oxidation of Ala‐Ala‐Ala‐Tyr‐Arg (AAAYR) produces a mixture of cation radicals involving electron abstraction from the Tyr phenol ring and N‐terminal amino group in combination with hydrogen‐atom transfer from the C_α positions of the peptide backbone.     

An improved practical synthesis of protected α-amino selenocarboxylates and its application to the synthesis of N-(α-aminoacyl)sulfonamides

An improved practical synthetic method was developed for the preparation of selenocarboxylates of amino acids through the reaction of the corresponding activated esters with sodium hydrogen selenide in alcoholic or aqueous medium. The protected α-amino selenocarboxylates reacted readily with sulfonyl azide to form N-(α-aminoacyl)sulfonamides in high yields. The commonly used protecting groups in amino acid and peptide chemistries are well tolerated under these reaction conditions. No protecting groups are needed for the side chains of Arg, Met, Ser, Tyr, and Trp.     

Total Enzymatic Synthesis of the Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (CCK‐8)

The enzymatic synthesis of the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK‐8) is reported. The target octapeptide CCK‐8 is the minimum active sequence with the same biological activity as naturally occurring cholecystokinin and is a potential therapeutic agent in the control of gastrointestinal function as well as a drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy and obesity. The protected CCK‐8 was obtained by incubation of Bz‐Arg‐Asp(OEt)‐Tyr‐Met‐OAl and Gly‐Trp‐Met‐Asp(OMe)‐Phe‐NH₂ with immobilized α‐chymotrypsin. The Bz‐Arg group was used as an N‐terminal protecting group in the synthesis of the tripeptide fragment. The protected CCK‐8 was treated with trypsin to remove the Bz‐Arg group successfully. Free or immobilized enzymes were used as catalysts. The effect of the acyl donor ester structure, the C(α) protecting group of the nucleophile, reaction media, enzyme, and the carrier of the enzymes on the outcome of the coupling reaction was studied.     

The Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Zolpidem Interaction with Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor

Our goal was to generate the extracellular domain of gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA_A receptor) by comparative modeling and to study the interaction of zolpidem with the GABA_A receptor. The modeling strategy was verified to provide reasonable 3‐dimensional coordinates. These coordinates helped to combine all the subunits well. The benzodiazepine (BZ) binding site was located in a binding pocket between the α₁ and γ₂ subunits of the GABA_A receptor. Zolpidem was selected to dock into the binding site. In our study, the residues of the binding pocket were suggested to be αHis129, αTyr187, αGly228, αThr234, αTyr237, γMet96, γPhe116, γSer130, γGly143, and γMet169. By the calculation of the docking module, the conformation of zolpidem docking in the BZ binding site was investigated. A hydrogen bond was found at γArg136 when zolpidem's conformation was in rank 2 of the docking score. The contracted binding pocket showed residues at αHis129, αTyr187, αGly228, αTyr237, γPhe116, and γMet169. Zolpidem docking in a contracted binding pocket might generate a hydrogen bond in α His 129.     

Versatility of the electronic structure of compound I in catalase-peroxidases

Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs) are bifunctional heme proteins, belonging to the family of class I peroxidases, that are able to catalyze both catalatic and peroxidatic reactions within a peroxidase-like structure. We investigated the electronic structure of reaction intermediates of the catalytic cycle of KatGs by means of density functional theory (DFT) QM/MM calculations. The outcome was that the ionization state of the KatG-specific covalent adduct (Met264-Tyr238-Trp111) affects the radical character of compound I (Cpd I). Specifically, in the optimized structures, substantial radical character is observed on the proximal Trp330 when Tyr238 is protonated, whereas when Tyr238 is deprotonated the radical localizes on the Met+-Tyr(O-)-Trp adduct. These findings are not affected by protein thermal fluctuations, although details of the spin density distribution are affected by the geometry of the active site. Calculations provide structures in good agreement with the crystal structure of BpKatG Cpd I. They also provide an explanation for the experimental findings of the mobile and catalatic-specific residue Arg426 being 100% in conformation R in the X-ray structure of BpKatG treated with organic peroxides. The role of different Cpd I forms in the catalase and peroxidase reaction pathways is discussed.     

Studies on the Chemical Modification of the Essential Groups of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Acetyl-β-<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-Glucosaminidase from Viscera of Green Crab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla Serrata</Emphasis>)

The chemical modification of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.30) from viscera of green crab (Scylla serrata) has been first studied. The modification of indole groups of tryptophan of the enzyme by N-bromosuccinimide can lead to complete inactivation, accompanying the absorption decreasing at 275 nm and the fluorescence intensity quenching at 338 nm, indicating that tryptophan is essential residue to the enzyme. The modification of histidine residue, the carboxyl groups, and lysine residue inactivates the enzyme completely or incompletely. The results show that imidazole groups of histidine residue or sulfhydryl residues, the carboxyl groups of acidic amino acid, amino groups of lysine residue, and indole groups of tryptophan were essential for the catalytic activity of enzyme, while the results demonstrate that the disulfide bonds and the carbamidine groups of arginine residues are not essential to the enzyme’s function.