WCl4(OR)2Al(i-Bu)3体系合成1,2-聚丁二烯的研究

分析了五种醇与WCl₆在室温下交换反应产物氯含量,表明产物中W:Cl=1:4,故产物可写为WCl₄(OR)₂。以WCl₄(OR)₂-Al(i-Bu)₃为催化体系,在加氢汽油溶剂中可使丁二烯聚合,得到1,2-链节含量在80%,全同立构体在60%以上的聚合物。几种醇中,以n-C₁₀H₂₁OH交换产物的催化活性最高。各种聚合条件的改变,对聚合物微观结构及分子量分布影响不明显。     

C1～C3正构醛、醇在质子转移反应飞行时间质谱中的产物离子特征分析

为分析C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇化合物在质子转移反应飞行时间质谱(PTR-TOF MS)中的产物离子特征, 考察了不同E/N值(E: 电场强度, N: 气体分子数密度)下C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的产物离子种类和强度的变化. 结果表明, 低分子量正构醇类(甲醇、 乙醇和丙醇)倾向于形成质子化聚合物[nMH]⁺及其失水离子[nMH-H₂O]⁺, 且随着E/N值升高, 醇类会产生较多裂解碎片和多聚体离子. 低分子量正构醛(甲醛、 乙醛和丙醛)主要产生质子化产物[MH]⁺和一水合质子化产物[M·H₃O]⁺, 高E/N值(>125 Td)会抑制甲醛质子化, 也会抑制其加合产物的生成. 乙醛倾向于形成水加合物, 且随着E/N值增高, 质子化乙醛与一水合质子化乙醛的变化趋势相反. 另外, 丙醛在较高的E/N值下会产生一系列聚合物, 如[MH·C₂H₅]⁺和[2MH]⁺. 通过分析C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的质子转移反应特征及产物离子形成过程, 获得了C₁～C₃正构醛、 醇的特征离子和对应的最佳E/N设置值, 为低分子量醛、 醇的定性分析提供了重要依据.     

新型X光显影含糖聚合物的合成与表征

用自由基本体聚合方法合成了一种新型的X光显影含糖三元共聚物P(2-IEMA-AcGEMA-MMA). 探讨了单体配比和链转移剂用量对聚合物分子量及其分布的影响, 并用FTIR, 1H NMR和GPC对其结构进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 改变单体配比对聚合物的分子量几乎不产生影响, 但减少链转移剂用量时, 可明显增加三元共聚物的分子量. 聚合物分子量分布一般在2~3之间, 符合自由基聚合产物分子量分布的一般规律. 聚合物具有良好的显影性, 显影效果随着样品厚度的增加而增强.     

新型高活性催化剂乙烯气相聚合的研究(Ⅵ)——锌化合物对催化剂及产物性能的影响

研究了新型高活性乙烯气相聚合催化剂TiCl₄、Ti(OBu)₄/MgCl₂、SiO₂和ZnCl₂/醇/AlR₃体系中ZnCl₂-AlEt₃/SiO₂重量比和锌化合物含量对气相均聚合的影响,比较了2种不同催化剂Cat# A和Cat# B的聚合反应动力学及性能差异.催化剂中锌化合物作为复合载体的重要组分,可显著改善产物分子量调节效果.通过比表面积、SEM、DSC以及FTIR对催化剂和聚合物的形态、结构及性能进行了分析和表征.结果表明,均聚产物与采用MgCl₂作载体的催化剂制备的产物相比,支化度较高,结晶度较低,熔融峰较宽.发现Cat#B制得的均聚产物具有新颖的熔融双峰.     

苯乙烯-N-苯基马来酰亚胺-马来酸酐三元共聚物的合成与性能

以过氧化对苯二甲酸二叔丁酯为引发剂, 以一次投料方式, 采用溶液聚合法合成了苯乙烯-N-苯基马来酰亚胺-马来酸酐三元共聚物. 通过控制单体配比, 实现产物中N-苯基马来酰亚胺质量分数在48%~63%之间可调. 采用FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和GPC技术对三元共聚物的化学组成、链序列结构和分子量进行了测试. 利用FOX方程计算的共聚物NPMI含量与¹H NMR核磁测试结果一致. DSC和TGA测试的结果表明, 当N-苯基马来酰亚胺质量分数>48%时, 共聚物的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)从202 ℃提高到215 ℃, 5%热失重温度高于363 ℃, 所以三元聚合物是一种优异的聚合物耐热剂.     

溴化铜对异丙醇铝存在下原子转移自由基聚合的影响

研究了以2-溴异丁酸乙酯为引发剂、溴化亚铜(CuX)/联二吡啶(bPy)/异丙醇铝[Al(OPrⁱ)₃]为三元复合催化体系,40℃下甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)在环己酮中的原子转移自由基聚合,详细研究了溴化酮对聚合反应的影响.实验结果表明,以异丙醇铝为助催化剂,MMA可在较低温度下进行活性聚合;随着CuBr₂浓度的提高,自由基浓度降低,终止反应受到抑制;不加CuBr₂时,聚合物的分子量分布较宽(M_w/Mn);加入CuBr₂时,聚合物的分子量分布较窄(M_w/Mn=1.2～1.5),而且对数转化率与时间呈线性关系.     

丙烯酰胺多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷在超临界CO2中的RAFT聚合

以超临界CO₂为聚合介质, 硫代苯甲酰基特丁基硫酯(TTBT)为链转移剂, 通过可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合制备了聚丙烯酰胺多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(PAMPOSS)均聚物及其与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的嵌段共聚物(PAMPOSS-b-PMMA). 对产物结构组成和分子量及其分布进行表征. 结果表明, 在TTBT的控制下, POSS的均聚物和嵌段共聚物具有高分子量及窄分子量分布. 含POSS单体在超临界CO₂中为均相聚合, POSS聚合物的结晶性在一定程度上影响其在超临界CO₂中溶解性.     

新型高活性催化剂乙烯气相聚合的研究(Ⅱ)──改性剂、预聚合和聚合条件对乙烯气相聚合的影响

研究了新型高活性乙烯气相聚合催化剂TiCl₄/MgCl₂/ZnCl₂/SiCl₄/醇/Al(i-Bu)₃体系中不同醇、不同C₂H₅OH/Ti摩尔比和正丁醚对聚合反应及产物颗粒形态的影响。研究了预聚合反应及乙烯气相聚合反应规律。用扫描电镜和图象分析对催化剂、预聚物及聚合产物的形态和颗粒分布的研究结果表明:新型高活性催化剂和经预聚合制得的乙烯气相聚合物的颗粒形态类似球形,颗粒长短轴比值和大小粒径比值相近。     

离子液体负载的TEMPO/离子液体聚合物/碳黑三元复合材料在醇的电化学氧化中的应用

以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧基自由基（4-OH-TEMPO）为原料合成了负载有TEMPO结构单元的咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体 (TEMPO-IL-BF₄),以双三氟甲磺酰亚胺锂 (LiTFSI) 和聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵 (PDDA) 为原料合成了聚合物离子液体 PDDA(Tf₂N),将上述两种物质和碳黑（CB）按照一定比例制备得到一种三元复合材料. 以此三元复合材料为支持电解质和电催化剂,研究了其在乙腈溶液中电化学氧化对甲氧基苯甲醇等各类醇的能力及其循环使用效果. 结果表明：在电化学条件下,此三元复合材料不仅可以有效地氧化对甲氧基苯甲醇等各类醇,生成的醛的产率都在80%以上,并且经过4次循环使用,该三元复合材料的回收率均在95%以上.     

高分子铝卟啉体系：二氧化碳基多元醇的高效可控合成

二氧化碳基多元醇(CO₂-polyol)是一种具有经济、环境双效益的聚氨酯前体材料,然而高效催化体系的缺乏制约着该领域的发展.本文将新型高分子铝卟啉(PCAT-Al)催化体系应用于CO₂与环氧丙烷的调节聚合反应,采用癸二酸、均苯三甲酸、均苯四甲酸和二季戊四醇作为链转移剂,实现CO₂-polyol的可控合成.在不同链转移剂条件下,PCAT-Al的催化效率均大于3.6 kg/g,可高效地制备分子量为470～5600 g/mol的CO₂-polyol.以癸二酸制备二元醇时,PCAT-Al的催化效率可达到6.3 kg/g,并保持高产物选择性(W_polyol=98.9 wt%,100℃).值得注意的是,PCAT-Al在制备支化多元醇时展现出比传统DMC催化剂更优异的催化性能.在三元醇、四元醇及六元醇合成中的产物选择性分别达到99.3 wt%,98.2 wt%及95.1 wt%,显著高于DMC体系的88.8 wt%,83.0 wt%及75.8 wt%,表明PCAT-Al体系具有优异的聚合反...     

活性正离子聚合及原位制备聚醋酸乙烯酯-g-聚四氢呋喃共聚物/纳米银复合材料

通过将烯丙基溴/高氯酸银引发体系引发四氢呋喃活性正离子开环聚合与"grafting onto"合成方法相结合,原位制备了不同接枝密度和接枝链长度的新型聚醋酸乙烯酯-g-聚四氢呋喃接枝共聚物(PVAc-g-PTHF)及其与纳米银(Ag)的复合材料.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱(1H-NMR)和多角度激光光散射-黏度-凝胶渗透色谱仪(MALLS-VIS-GPC)分别表征了该接枝共聚物的化学结构、共聚组成、分子量、分子量分布、接枝支链数目及支化度,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)、示差扫描量热分析(DSC)、偏光显微镜(POM)研究了接枝共聚物中接枝支链数目及支链长度对其微观形态、单端受限链段结晶行为的影响,并探讨了该纳米复合材料的抗菌性能.结果表明:所制备的不同支链数目和支链长度的PVAc-g-PTHF/Ag纳米复合材料,均表现出良好的抗菌性能;接枝共聚物PVAc-g-PTHF的重均分子量可达4.52×10~5,分子分子量较窄(M_w/M_n~1.8),支化因子可达0.19.接枝共聚物PVAc-g-PTHF可形成明显的相分离结构,其微观形态与接枝支链数目有关;相比相同分子量的双端不受限的PTHF链,PVAc-g-PTHF接枝共聚物中单端受限PTHF支链的结晶速率明显降低;在确定接枝支链数目的情况下,随着支链中PTHF链段长度增加,其结晶逐渐增强,结晶熔融温度及熔融焓均稍有增加.     

杂多酸引发四氢呋喃开环聚合反应Ⅷ.以1,1,1-三羟甲基丙烷为分子量调节剂

Polyether triol with molecular weight distribution index being 1.3～1.5 was prepared in yield around 50% by tetrahydrofuran polymerization using heteropolyacid-H-3PW12O40 and ethylene oxide as initiator system and 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylenepropane(TMP) as molecular weight controller.The average hydroxyl functionality was estimated by end-group analysis and VPO to be close or equal to 3. The 1H-NMR　spectra showed that about 1/3 hydroxyl of TMP did not react with the propagating chains in the THF polymerization.Each of the unreacted hydroxyl groups of TMP attached to the middle or to the end of a diol chain as a pendent primary hydroxyl group forming the obtained polyether triol. All the hydroxyls of polyether triol were verified to be active enough towards 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocynate) in the preparation of polyurethanes.     

四氢呋喃开环均聚以及四氢呋喃和环硫氯丙烷共聚新催化体系

研究发现无水稀土氯化物 ５０％发烟硫酸体系是四氢呋喃（ＴＨＦ）均聚和四氢呋喃与环硫氯丙烷（ＣＭＴ）共聚合的优良新催化体系．考察了ＴＨＦ均聚反应特征，在合适条件下，ＴＨＦ聚合以６５％转化率制得粘均分子量达１０，０００～１５，０００的白色聚四氢呋喃（ＰＴＨＦ）固体．端羟基分析法测得聚合物的分子链两端均为羟基．考察了影响ＴＨＦ ＣＭＴ共聚合反应诸因素，如聚合温度和时间、两单体的比例等，制得数均分子量为１，０００左右的淡黄色粘性固体共聚物．     

Synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)-<Emphasis Type="Italic">block</Emphasis>-poly(tetrahydrofuran) by photo-living radical polymerization using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl macromediator

The synthesis of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PMMA-b-PTHF) diblock copolymer was attained by the photo-living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) supported on the chain end of poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF) as the macromediator. The polymerization was performed at room temperature by 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) as an initiator in the presence of bis(alkylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate as a photo-acid generator to produce the diblock copolymer consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PTHF blocks connected through the TEMPO. The polymerization was confirmed to proceed in accordance with a living mechanism based on linear correlations for three different plots of the first order time-conversion, the molecular weight of the copolymer versus the monomer conversion, and the molecular weight versus the reciprocal of the initial concentration of the initiator. The molecular weight distribution of the block copolymer was dependent on the molecular weight of the macromediator based on the miscibility of PMMA and PTHF.     

Preparation of urea-poly(tetrahydrofuran) complexes and their application for fractionation of oligomers

The synthesis of the urea channel inclusion complexes of poly(tetrahydrofuran)) (PTHF) is described. These complexes could be obtained in the form of single crystals forM _n 1700 g/mol of PTHF as the guest, and they exhibit a hexagonal unit cell (a=8.20(2) Å,c=11.05(3) Å) very similar to the wellknown urea-n-alkane complexes. X-ray investigations, elemental analysis and density measurements suggest an all trans zig-zag conformation of the polymer chain.The formation of the complexes was exploited for the purpose of fractionation of PTHF, making use of the correlation between temperature of crystallization andM _n of the included polyether chain.The distribution and the molecular weights of the fractions, obtained by extractive crystallization, were determined by reversed phase HPLC analysis and vapour pressure osmometry (VPO). Narrow fractions with M_w/M_n=1.02 were obtained from commercial PTHF samples.Successive fractionation was applied also on product mixtures from oligomer synthesis, as demonstrated for the separation of the dodecamer H-(o-(CH₂)₄-)₁₂OH.Herrn Prof. Dr. R. Bonart mit den besten Wünschen zum 60. Geburtstag gewidment     

聚谷氨酸苄酯-g-(聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯)共聚物的微观结构与形态

通过可控/活性离子聚合方法设计合成一系列不同共聚组成的聚谷氨酸苄酯-g-(聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯)的新型嵌段接枝共聚物,即PBLG-g-(PTHF-b-PIB),研究共聚物中支链(PTHF-b-PIB)长度及接枝密度对主链PBLG玻璃化转变温度、α-螺旋二级结构及其转变的影响,研究支链中PTHF链段长度对其双端受限的玻璃化转变及凝聚态结构的影响.结果表明:PBLG-g-(PTHF-b-PIB)共聚物中刚性主链保持α-螺旋二级结构;随着支链长度增加或接枝密度增加,主链PBLG的α-螺旋二级结构特征峰逐渐减弱,玻璃化转变温度逐渐提高,α-螺旋结构发生转变的焓值逐渐增大;在确定接枝密度的情况下,随着支链中PTHF链段长度增加,共聚物中双端受限的PTHF链段结晶逐渐增强,结晶熔融温度及熔融焓均增加;在确定支链中PTHF链段长度的情况下,随着接枝密度增大,支链间链段相互排斥,PTHF链段结晶逐渐减弱.     

含氮试剂对p-DCC/AlCl_3引发异丁烯正离子聚合的影响

以对-二枯基氯(DCC)/AlCl3体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)正己烷(Hex)(40/60,V/V)混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨了DCC用量、含氮试剂2,6-二叔丁基吡啶(DtBP)和三苯胺(TPA)对异丁烯正离子聚合转化率、产物分子量及其分布的影响.结果表明,DCC和体系中微量水均可与AlCl3产生竞争络合,形成两种活性中心并引起相继的竞争引发,聚合产物的GPC谱图呈双峰分布,分子量分布宽;增加DCC用量有利于DCC与AlCl3的络合,致使链增长反应主要通过DCC与AlCl3络合形成的活性中心引发,但聚合产物分子量相对较低,分子量分布较宽;使用DtBP,可有效地抑制微量水引发及活性链向单体的转移反应,使分子量分布明显变窄,基本实现DCC的控制引发;采用DtBP与TPA共同调节聚合反应,可使聚合产物分子量分布变窄的同时,进一步提高分子量,从而得到相对较高分子量(Mw=103200)和单峰分子量分布(Mw/Mn=2.09)的聚异丁烯产物.     

Synthesis of block copolymers by the transformation of cationic polymerization into reversible atom transfer radical polymerization

Azo-containing polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) obtained by cationic polymerization was used as a macroinitiator in the reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (RATRP) of styrene and methyl acrylate in conjunction with CuCl₂/2,2′-bipyridine as a catalyst. Diblock PTHF–polystyrene and PTHF–poly(methyl acrylate) were obtained after a two-step process. In the first step of the reaction, stable chlorine-end-capped PTHF was formed with the thermolysis of azo-linked PTHF at 65–70 °C in the presence of the catalyst. Heating the system at temperatures of 100–110 °C started the polymerization of the second monomer, which resulted in the formation of block copolymers. The decomposition behavior of the azo-linked PTHF and the structure of the block copolymers were determined by ¹H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Kinetic studies and GPC analyses further confirmed the controlled/living nature of the RATRP initiated by the polymeric radicals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2199–2208, 2002     

官能化聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯-b-聚四氢呋喃三嵌段共聚物的合成与性能

采用2-氯-2,4,4-三甲基戊烷或对二枯基氯为引发剂和TiCl4或FeCl3为共引发剂,引发异丁烯(IB)可控/活性正离子聚合与官能端基转化,设计合成不同分子量及窄分子量分布的端基官能化聚异丁烯,如双端烯丙基溴官能化聚异丁烯(Br-PIB-Br)或双端烯丙基胺官能化聚异丁烯(H2N-PIB-NH2).采用烯丙基溴/高氯酸银体系引发四氢呋喃(THF)开环聚合,合成聚四氢呋喃活性链(PTHF+).进一步通过将IB可控/活性正离子聚合与THF可控/活性正离子开环聚合2种方法相结合,设计合成2种新型官能化聚四氢呋喃-b-聚异丁烯-b-聚四氢呋喃(PTHF-b-PIB-b-PTHF)三嵌段共聚物:(1)以上述Br-PIB-Br为大分子引发剂,在AgClO4作用下引发THF活性正离子开环聚合,采用水终止活性链端,设计合成双端为羟基的HO-PTHF-b-PIB-b-PTHF-OH三嵌段共聚物(简称:FIBF-OH);(2)以上述合成的PTHF+活性链与H2NPIB-NH2链端胺基发生高效亲核取代反应,设计合成中间链段连接点含―NH―官能基团的PTHF-b-HNPIB-NH-b-PTHF三嵌段共聚物(简称:FIBF-NH).在上述三嵌段共聚物中,极性PTHF链段与非极性PIB链段的热力学不相容,导致其呈现明显的微相分离,且微观形态与共聚组成相关.PTHF均聚物易结晶,在上述共聚物中由于PTHF链段单端受限致其结晶性减弱.三嵌段共聚物分子链的中间连接点含―NH―官能基团,具有更强的氢键作用,促进PTHF链段重排并结晶,易形成更紧密的超分子网络结构,导致即使在PTHF链段相对分子量为0.7 kg·mol^-1时仍具有较强的结晶性,且结晶熔融温度明显提高.此外,由于FIBF-NH中形成超分子网络结构,使材料具有优异的自修复性能,材料表面的切痕在常温下10 min后可以完全自愈合.本文设计合成的新型官能化PTHF-b-PIB-b-PTHF三嵌段共聚物兼具有PTHF与PIB的优良性能,在生物医用、智能修复等功能材料领域具有潜在的应用前景.     

Crystalline structure and morphology of microphases in compatible mixtures of poly(tetrahydrofuran‐methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer and polytetrahydrofuran

The crystalline structure and morphology of compatible mixtures of poly(tetrahydrofuran‐methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymers (PTHF‐b‐PMMA) with a polytetrahydrofuran homopolymer (PTHF) were studied with synchrotron X‐rays. Wide‐angle diffraction was used to study the crystalline structures in a confined lamellar region with a PTHF thickness ranging from 12.2 to 19.5 nm, and in a PTHF matrix with an interface distance between the PMMA cylinders ranging from 17 to 22 nm. As the above thickness values are around the long period (ca. 17 nm) of PTHF homopolymer under the crystallization condition used, the crystalline structure has been found to be very sensitive to the average thickness of the PTHF phase. The changes in the diffraction patterns with changing PTHF homopolymer content suggested a chain folding model in confined PTHF lamellae with the PTHF fiber axes being perpendicular to the thick PTHF lamella. In the case of hexagonally packed cylindrical PMMA microdomains with an interface distance ranging from 12 to 16 nm, the effects of PMMA cylinders on the crystallization morphology of PTHF in the PTHF matrix, and the effects of the PTHF crystallization on the hexagonally packed structure of PMMA cylinders were also studied. It is shown that only when the interdistance of two neighboring PMMA cylinders is comparable with the long period of the pure PTHF homopolymer, ordered PTHF stacks can be formed in the PTHF matrix. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 779–792, 1999