Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by L-Proline/PEG/SiO2 Composite Catalyst

A simple and efficient composite catalyst of L-proline–polyethyleneglycol(PEG)–SiO₂ was developed for the asymmetric aldol reaction between acetone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde. With 10 mol% L-proline, the composite catalyst showed much better yield and enantioselectivity than the pristine L-proline over 1.5 h. Clear effects of the molecular weight of PEG and the properties of silica supports on the yield and enantioselectivity were observed, and the optimized catalyst can be reused for four cycles with stable performance.     

手性β-氨基醇的合成及其催化二乙基锌与醛的不对称加成反应

以烯烃为原料通过Sharpless不对称双羟化等多步反应合成7种手性β-氨基醇, 并将该类化合物用于催化二乙基锌和醛的不对称加成反应. 分别考察了影响对映选择性的催化剂结构、催化剂用量、溶剂、反应温度等各种因素. 当催化剂用量为5%、甲苯溶剂、在－10 ℃下、以(1S,2R)-(＋)-2-氨基-1,2-二苯基乙醇(1b)作催化剂时, 所得仲醇的对映体过量最高为85% ee, 产率高达100%.     

Toward a computational tool predicting the stereochemical outcome of asymmetric reactions. 1. Application to Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation

A reliable and computationally tractable protocol directed at the study of the stereochemical outcome of asymmetric reactions and its application to the Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction are proposed. This method, based on a genetic algorithm and molecular mechanics, effectively provides qualitative as well as semiquantitative results and explains the origin of the observed enantioselectivity. For instance, the method reliably predicts reversal of selectivity between similar substrates, unexpected isomers, and even enantio- and diastereoisomeric excess with good accuracy. Two binding modes, closely related to those proposed by Sharpless and Corey, are favored. After comparison with Sharpless' mnemonic device, we propose two alternative interpretations.     

Applications of sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation in the total synthesis of natural products

Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation involves the reaction of an alkene with osmium tetroxide in the presence of a chiral quinine ligand to form an optically active vicinal diol. This reaction was primarily developed by Sharpless based on the already known racemic Upjohn dihydroxylation. The chiral diols obtained by Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation are important intermediates in organic synthesis. Herein, we emphasise the applications of Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation in the total synthesis of natural products.     

New types of soluble polymer-supported bisphosphine ligands with a cyclobutane backbone for Pd-catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution reactions

A highly efficient and practical optical resolution of anti head-to-head racemic coumarin dimer 7 has been achieved by molecular complexation with TADDOL, (-)-8, through a hydrogen bonding interaction to afford the corresponding two enantiomers, (-)- and (+)-7, in 70 and 75 % yields, respectively, with >99 % ee. Starting from enantiopure (-)-7, a new type of C2-symmetric bisphosphine ligand (S,S,S,S)-3 with a cyclobutane backbone has been synthesized in good yield by facile transformations. The asymmetric induction efficiency of these chiral bisphosphine ligands in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions was evaluated. Under the experimental conditions, the allylic substitution products could be obtained in excellent yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 98.9 % ee). By taking advantage of the high enantioselectivity of this catalytic reaction and the easily derivable carboxylate groups on the cyclobutane backbone of ligand (S,S,S,S)-3, a new type of analogous ligand (S,S,S,S)-4 as well as the MeO-PEG-supported soluble ligand (S,S,S,S)-5 (PEG=polyethylene glycol) have also been synthesized and utilized in asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. In particular, the MeO-PEG supported (S,S,S,S)-5 b had a synergistic effect on the enantioselectivity of the reaction compared with its nonsupported precursor (S,S,S,S)-4 c, affording the corresponding allylation products 14 a and 14 b with excellent enantioselectivities (94.6 and 97.2 % ee, respectively). Moreover, the Pd complex of (S,S,S,S)-5 b could easily be recovered and recycled several times without significant loss of enantioselectivity and activity in the allylic substitution reactions.     

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a nitrogen analogue of dialkyl tartrate by direct mannich reaction under phase-transfer conditions

[reaction: see text] Phase-transfer-catalyzed direct Mannich reaction of glycinate Schiff base 3 with alpha-imino ester 4 has been accomplished with high enantioselectivity by the utilization of N-spiro C(2)-symmetric chiral quaternary ammonium bromide 2 as a catalyst. This methodology enables the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of differentially protected 3-aminoaspartate, a nitrogen analogue of dialkyl tartrate. The product (syn-5) was converted into a precursor (6) of streptolidine lactam.     

Liquid-phase synthesis of chiral tartrate ligand library for enantioselective sharpless epoxidation of allylic alcohols

This paper reports a successful development of a group of efficient soluble polymer-supported chiral tartrate ligands by liquid-phase synthesis for Sharpless epoxidation of a variety of allylic alcohols through ligand diversity. The influence of substituent in chiral tartrate ligands on the enantioselectivities of the reaction was disclosed. Moderate chemical yields and good enantiomeric excesses were obtained by using soluble polymer-supported tartrate ester in the epoxidation of allylic alcohols with Ti(O-i-Pr)(4)/tert-butyl hydroperoxide.     

Second-generation DBFOX ligands for the synthesis of beta-substituted alpha-amino acids via enantioselective radical conjugate additions

A set of second-generation DBFOX ligands possessing extended aryl or benzyl-type groups was synthesized. The requisite amino alcohols were either commercially available (DBFOX/Bn) or constructed via Sharpless asymmetric aminohydroxylation (DBFOX/Nap, DBFOX/ t-BuPh, DBFOX/Pip) or phase-transfer-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation (DBFOX/MeNap). Complexes of the ligands with Mg(NTf2)2 were evaluated as promoters of enantioselective radical conjugate additions to alpha,beta-unsaturated alpha-nitro amides and esters. Reactions employing the DBFOX/Nap ligand exhibited improved enantioselectivity relative to previously published additions mediated by DBFOX/Ph. However, the relatively modest increase in diastereomeric ratio suggests that our substrate-Lewis acid binding model, which was formulated based on results from DBFOX/Ph-promoted radical conjugate additions, is in need of revision.     

Catalytic asymmetric Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation of silyl enol ethers. Efficient synthesis of optically active cyclopropanol derivatives

[reaction: see text] This paper describes a catalytic asymmetric Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation of silyl enol ethers using dipeptide 2 as the ligand. A variety of optically active cyclopropyl silyl ethers can be obtained in high yields. Up to 96% ee was obtained. The dipeptide can be recovered after the reaction in good yield and reused without the loss of reactivity or enantioselectivity.     

Asymmetric synthesis of cyclic hydroxy ketones derived from enol ethers via sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation. A study in the correlation of the enol ether chain length and enantioselectivity

The Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction of enol ethers derived from their corresponding cyclic ketones, gave alpha-hydroxyketones with high enantioselectivity. The enantiomeric excess was found to be proportional to the length of the unbranched enol ether chain with a maximum ee for the pentyl enol ether. An efficient synthesis of alpha-hydroxy chromanone in >90% ee was demonstrated using this method.     

Synthesis of chiral iridium complexes immobilized on amphiphilic polymers and their application to asymmetric catalysis

This article details the enantioselective catalytic performance of crosslinked, polymer immobilized, Ir‐based, chiral complexes for transfer hydrogenation of cyclic imines to chiral amines. Polymerization of the achiral vinyl monomer, divinylbenzene, and a polymerizable chiral 1,2‐diamine monosulfonamide ligand followed by complexation with [IrCl₂Cp*]₂ affords the crosslinked polymeric chiral complex, which can be successfully applied to asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of cyclic imines. Polymeric catalysts prepared from amphiphilic achiral monomers have high catalytic activity in the reaction and can be used both in organic solvents and water to give chiral cyclic amines with a high level of enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). The asymmetric reaction allows for reuse of the heterogeneous catalyst without any loss in activity or enantioselectivity over several runs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 3037–3044     

An experimental and theoretical study on free ligand conformational preferences and enantioselectivity relationship for the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

An experimental and theoretical study on free ligand conformational preferences and enantioselectivity relationship has been described for the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The results show that a correlation must exist between the ground-state ligand conformational populations and the observed ee values in this reaction. As the populations of the free ligand conformation (the desired conformation) in favor of the improvement of the reaction enantioselectivity increase, so does the reaction enantioselectivity. However, the desired conformation must not be the preferred one of the ground-state ligand. This conformation-enantioselectivity relationship is well explained based on a zinc amino-alkoxide (a true asymmetric catalyst). The final synthesis and assessment of the new chiral catalyst in the asymmetric addition of Et₂Zn to benzaldehyde revealed that this necessary relationship guided our design of highly enantioselective ligands or rational improvement of existing ligands by means of knowledge of conformational analysis.     

Application of nanofiltration to re-use the sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation catalytic system

In this paper, successive batch steps of an osmium-catalyzed asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction using Sharpless conditions and nanofiltration of post-reaction mixture were coupled, allowing us to enhance the cumulative catalyst turn over number to about 3.7 times over six cycles. The nanofiltration step provides for isolation of the chiral product, whereas the catalytic system (osmium and chiral ligand) is re-used in the following batch cycle. In this work the osmium average rejection through the selected nanofiltration membrane, Starmem™120, was 83%; this result may indicate the existence of free osmium in solution and implies residual product osmium contamination at an average value of 1.5 mg Os/g-product. Effective application of this methodology to the model reaction requires improvement of catalyst rejection, which calls for an effective complexation of osmium by the ligand. Nevertheless, the enantioselectivity of the reaction was maintained constant over the six cycles at a value of 69%.     

一种可回收和重复使用配体的合成及其在AD反应中的应用

以3,6-二氯哒嗪为桥联基与奎宁及二氢奎宁在NaH和DMF中反应,生成物奎宁一侧在AIBN存在下与巯基乙醇反应,进而氧化成砜.生成的金鸡纳生物碱衍生物新配体1在AD反应中对6种烯烃的二羟化反应表现了很高的对映选择性(88%～99%e.e.)和化学产率(74%～91%).配体1可以回收和重复使用,在以肉桂酸乙酯为底物的AD反应中,重复使用4次,其催化活性和对映选择性保持不变.     

Highly enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation of beta-acetamido dehydroamino acid derivatives using a three-hindered quadrant rhodium catalyst

[reaction: see text] A previously reported three-hindered quadrant chiral ligand and its corresponding rhodium complex provide high enantioselectivity for the asymmetric hydrogenation of beta-acetamido dehydroamino acid substrates. Both (E)- and (Z)-substrates are hydrogenated with high enantioselectivity in all of the reported examples. Asymmetric hydrogenation of a cyclic beta-acetamido dehydroamino acid substrate in 85% ee is also reported.     

聚乙二醇400-水介质中水溶性钌膦二胺催化苄叉丙酮的不对称加氢反应

在聚乙二醇400-水绿色可循环介质中,以手性二胺(S,S)-1,2-二苯基乙二胺二磺酸钠((S,S)-DPENDS)与非手性钌膦络合物([RuCl2(TPPTS)2]2)原位生成的水溶性钌膦二胺为催化剂,考察了苄叉丙酮的选择性不对称加氢反应.在优化的反应条件下,羰基加氢产物4-苯基-3-丁烯-2-醇的化学选择性和对映选择性分别为98.5%和74.3%.经正己烷萃取后,催化剂即可从产物中分离出来.循环使用5次后,4-苯基-3-丁烯-2-醇化学选择性和对映选择性没有明显下降.     

手性酒石酸酯对不对称环氧化反应动力学拆分DL-1-十四烯-3-醇的催化选择性

利用Sharpless不对称环氧化反应动力学拆分二级烯丙醇DL-1-十四烯-3-醇,研究了不同手性酒石酸酯催化剂[酒石酸乙酯(DET)、酒石酸异丙酯(DIPT)、酒石酸环己酯(DCHT)以及酒石酸环十二酯(DCDT)]对该反应的催化选择性,拆分所得的烯丙醇的光学纯度有一定差异,从90%到99?.     

A new type of C2-symmetric bisphospine ligands with a cyclobutane backbone: practical synthesis and application

[reaction: see text] A highly efficient and practical optical resolution of anti-head-to-head racemic coumarin dimer, (+/-)-5, by molecular complexation with TADDOL (6) through hydrogen bonding and a convenient transformation of enantiopure 5 to a new type of C(2)-symmetric bisphosphine ligand (3) have been achieved. The asymmetric induction efficiency of these chiral bisphosphine ligands was evaluated in Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, affording the allylic substitution products in excellent yield (up to 99%) and enantioselectivity (up to 98.9% ee).     

Heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of cis-allylic alcohols: use of polymer-supported Ti(IV)-catalyst

Heterogeneous asymmetric epoxidation of cis-allylic alcohols with titanium isopropoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide has been achieved using a branched/crosslinked poly(tartrate ester) ligand. The enantioselectivities and chemical yields obtained are at least comparable to low molecular weight tartrate ligands.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-4-quinolones by rhodium-catalyzed 1,4-addition of arylzinc reagents in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane

[reaction: see text] The first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-4-quinolones has been developed by way of a rhodium-catalyzed 1,4-addition of arylzinc reagents to 4-quinolones. These 1,4-adducts can be obtained with high enantioselectivity by the use of (R)-binap as a ligand, and high yields are realized by conducting the reactions in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane.