金属纳米粒子二聚体组装及其应用

金属纳米粒子的组装是用来构建更高层次的纳米结构和研究纳米粒子之间构效关系的一种有效手段.作为最简单的组合方式,二聚体提供了一个简洁的模型用于深入研究两个粒子间的相互作用.本文总结了金属纳米二聚体组装中常用的方法,如静电吸附、双巯基分子连接、模板法组装等;讨论了等离激元纳米二聚体在纳米光电子学中表现出的表面等离激元耦合、电子隧穿等效应;介绍了金属纳米二聚体在表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)和等离激元诱导光催化中的具有代表性的应用.     

金/铜纳米异质界面的电荷转移等离激元调控

金属纳米结构由于其独特的局域表面等离激元共振现象而倍受关注,对催化、传感、纳米医学以及光学器件等具有重要意义.电荷转移等离激元共振强烈依赖于纳米单元间的导电结点,可产生频率连续可调的共振光吸收和光散射,为获得高度局域化的增强光磁场和光热效应提供了可能.然而,受制于已有构筑手段和有限的结构种类,相关研究仍处于初级阶段.针对此,本工作发展了一种十分简单、有效的Au/Cu纳米异质结点调控策略,利用廉价易得的天然DNA分子在金纳米粒子“种子”表面发生非特异性吸附,有效控制铜在金表面发生异相成核时的相间接触面积,得到导电结点宽度连续可调的电荷转移纳米粒子二聚体.实验光谱和理论模拟显示,结点宽度、铜和金纳米粒子的尺寸是决定电荷转移等离激元性质的重要参数,其分别可由DNA吸附量、Cu²⁺加入量和金纳米粒子尺寸加以控制,进而实现共振波长在可见至近红外区的宽广调节.通过与其它吸附分子对比证明了DNA吸附调控模式的独特性.这种具有可调控导电结点的双金属纳米异质界面为实现电荷转移等离激元共振与催化和传感等功能的集成以及相关应用探索奠定了重要基础.     

表面等离激元增强金属光致发光助力表面增强拉曼光谱获取表界面分子的本征化学信息

<正>表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)因其具有单分子的检测灵敏度和特异的分子指纹信息,在表面科学和分析检测领域得到广泛关注~1。拉曼光谱研究中除了利用谱峰频率外,还利用不同谱峰间的相对强度,以获得吸附分子的吸附构象、分子与金属界面电荷转移、材料局域化学性质等多种重要物理化学信息。然而在SERS中,贵金属纳米结构的局域表面等离激元共振(LSPR)不仅增强了样品的拉曼信号的绝对强度,也改变了SERS谱图中不同谱峰的相对强度,即不同频率的拉曼信号受到的增强作用不同,从而导致用SERS峰的相对强度所获得的样品的物理化学信息变得不可靠。虽     

Au-Ag合金纳米粒子制备及其表面增强拉曼光谱研究

首先采用柠檬酸钠法制得Au-Ag合金纳米种子, 然后采用盐酸羟胺生长法得到不同组成的Au-Ag合金纳米粒子. 在其UV-Vis光谱中只观察到一个位于单金属银和金之间的等离子体共振峰, 表明Au-Ag合金纳米粒子已经形成. TEM结果表明, 合金纳米粒子的粒径约为60 nm, 且颜色均一, 没有明显的核壳结构. 用苯硫酚(TP)作为探针分子研究了合金纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS). 结果表明, SERS强度与合金纳米粒子的组成和尺寸有关. 当纳米粒子粒径一定时, 除Au25Ag75外, 随着金的增加SERS强度增强. Au25Ag75的粒径比Ag小, 导致SERS强度比Ag低. Au50Ag50和Au75Ag25加入TP分子后, 其聚集方式与Au相似, 等离子体共振峰逐渐靠近1064 nm, 金含量较高时, TP的SERS归于聚集体的等离子体共振增强的贡献.     

金纳米粒子-金单晶微米片自由碰撞行为中“热点”限域空间内的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

纳米粒子的自由运动及与其他介质的相互作用研究已成为纳米粒子应用拓展的重要领域,特别是动态行为的实时监测仍然是目前亟待解决的难题.本工作基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术及布朗运动下Au纳米粒子与Au单晶微米片碰撞过程中“热点”的形成,以苯硫酚(TP)为探针分子,实现了碰撞过程中Au纳米粒子自由运动行为的实时监测和动态SERS研究.通过对检测到SERS强度轨迹的“尖峰”及所含“单峰”和“簇峰”的统计分析,深入解析了纳米粒子的微观运动本质及影响因素.结果表明,“尖峰”主要来源于纳米粒子与平面的可逆碰撞所形成的“热点”对SERS的贡献.“单峰”对应Au纳米粒子与平面碰撞后快速离开Au片表面,“簇峰”对应Au纳米粒子与平面碰撞后在Au片表面短暂停留然后离开或可能多个粒子连续碰撞的过程.“尖峰”内多个TP的SERS光谱谱峰的相对强度不同,并表现出振动模式的依赖性,伸缩振动模式出现几率更高,主要来源于动态碰撞过程中“热点”限域空间内分子的取向不同.该研究实现了纳米粒子动态研究,有利于理解纳米粒子的微观运动本质,为研究碰撞过程中“热点”限域空间内动态表界面化学反应奠定基础.     

TiO2电极表面氰基吡啶吸附的电化学SERS光谱

采用基于核壳纳米粒子的壳层隔绝纳米粒子增强拉曼(SHINERS)以及Au纳米粒子增强技术, 对比研究了4-氰基吡啶(4-CNPy)在TiO2表面的吸附行为. 结果表明, 采用2种技术所获得的光谱存在明显的差别. 利用前者得到了4-CNPy在TiO2电极上随电极电位变化的吸附方式. 在电位为0时, 分子以吡啶环上的N垂直吸附; 随电位负移, 部分分子变为倾斜吸附, 且在电位为-1.0 V时倾斜角度变大. 在正电位区间, 分子始终以吡啶环上的N垂直吸附. 而采用Au纳米粒子滴加在TiO2电极上的方式, 则得到吸附在TiO2, Au及TiO2/Au复合结构上的总光谱信息.     

对氯硝基苯吸附在银纳米粒子上的偶联反应

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)具有极高的检测灵敏度, 通过检测吸附分子的SERS信号, 可以获得表面吸附分子的结构以及可能发生的反应. 在拉曼激发光源的辐射下, 在碱性溶液中, 银纳米粒子表面吸附的对氯硝基苯(PCNB)的SERS光谱与其固体的常规拉曼光谱相比, 出现异常SERS谱. 通过采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算, 对PCNB以及可能的偶联产物p,p''-二氯偶氮苯(DCAB)进行理论分析以及谱峰归属, 发现这些异常峰来自其偶联产物DCAB的偶氮C－N＝N－C基团的基频振动.     

帽状铜纳米粒子的制备及表面增强拉曼散射活性研究

采用真空热蒸发法在SiO₂纳米粒子自组装单层膜上沉积铜薄膜制备了帽状铜纳米粒子。用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计对帽状复合纳米粒子的表面形貌和光学性质进行了表征。以亚甲基蓝和吡啶-(2-偶氮-4)间苯二酚为探针分子,研究了该复合纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性。通过比较吸附在不同基底上的吡啶-(2-偶氮-4)间苯二酚的谱峰强度,探讨了SERS效应与表面等离子体共振(SPR)的关系。     

分子与金属纳米粒子间能量传递研究重要进展

正北京大学郑俊荣教授与厦门大学郑南峰教授等合作,利用时间分辨多维振动光谱技术,深入系统地研究了金属纳米粒子表面吸附分子体系的能量转移超快动力学过程。他们的研究发现,当吸附在金属纳米粒子(Pt和Pb)表面的一氧化碳分子被激发到振动激发态后,CO分子会很快弛豫回基态,同时通过电子-空穴对的激发把能量传递给纳米粒子。当纳米粒子的直径从2 nm缩小到1 nm时,这一过程的速率变慢了20倍!而且CO分子吸     

金纳米微粒表面能量转移及半胱氨酸的高灵敏度高选择性分析法

根据荧光染料在金纳米粒子表面的能量转移,本文建立了一种具有高灵敏和高选择性半胱氨酸分析方法.研究表明,通过静电作用吸附在柠檬酸根包被的金纳米粒子表面的阳离子荧光染料如罗丹明B分子在受光激发时,发生从荧光染料到金属纳米微粒的能量转移,导致荧光染料的荧光猝灭.但当体系中存在半胱氨酸时,由于半胱氨酸与金纳米粒子之间具有更强的共价作用,罗丹明B分子远离金纳米粒子表面,降低了能量转移效率,使得罗丹明B的荧光得到恢复.恢复的荧光强度与0.025～4.5μmol/L半胱氨酸呈很好的线性关系,检测限为8.0nmol/L(3σ),而其他十九种基本氨基酸的响应非常微弱.     

Organosulfur-functionalized Au, Pd, and Au-Pd nanoparticles on 1D silicon nanowire substrates: preparation and XAFS studies

A hybrid preparative method was developed to prepare organosulfur-functionalized Au nanoparticles (NPs) on silicon nanowires (SiNWs) by reacting HAuCl(4) with SiNW in the presence of thiol. A number of organosulfur molecules-dodecanethiol, hexanethiol, 1,6-hexanedithiol, and tiopronin-were used to functionalize the Au surface. Size-selected NPs ranging from 1.6 to 7.5 nm were obtained by varying the S/Au ratio and the concentration of HAuCl(4). This method was further extended to the preparation Pd and Pd-Au bimetallic NPs on SiNWs. The morphology of the metal nanostructures was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The local structure and bonding of the SiNW-supported metal nanostructures were studied using X-ray absorption fine structures (XAFS) [including both X-ray near-edge structures (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structures (EXAFS)] at the Au L(3)-, Pd K-, S K-, and Si K-edges. It was also found that the annealing of the thiol-capped Au NPs up to 500 degrees C transforms the surface of the thiol-capped NPs to gold sulfide, as identified using Au L(3)- and S K-edge XANES. We also illustrate that this preparative approach can be used to form size-controllable Au NPs on carbon nanotubes.     

Photophysical Properties of Au‐CdTe Hybrid Nanostructures of Varying Sizes and Shapes

We design well‐defined metal‐semiconductor nanostructures using thiol‐functionalized CdTe quantum dots (QDs)/quantum rods (QRs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein‐conjugated Au nanoparticles (NPs)/nanorods (NRs) in aqueous solution. The main focus of this article is to address the impacts of size and shape on the photophysical properties, including radiative and nonradiative decay processes and energy transfers, of Au‐CdTe hybrid nanostructures. The red shifting of the plasmonic band and the strong photoluminescence (PL) quenching reveal a strong interaction between plasmons and excitons in these Au‐CdTe hybrid nanostructures. The PL quenching of CdTe QDs varies from 40 to 86 % by changing the size and shape of the Au NPs. The radiative as well as the nonradiative decay rates of the CdTe QDs/QRs are found to be affected in the presence of both Au NPs and NRs. A significant change in the nonradiative decay rate from 4.72×10⁶ to 3.92×10¹⁰ s^?1 is obtained for Au NR‐conjugated CdTe QDs. It is seen that the sizes and shapes of the Au NPs have a pronounced effect on the distance‐dependent energy transfer. Such metal‐semiconductor hybrid nanostructures should have great potentials for nonlinear optical properties, photovoltaic devices, and chemical sensors.     

Resolving Optical and Catalytic Activities in Thermoresponsive Nanoparticles by Permanent Ligation with Temperature‐Sensitive Polymers

Thermoresponsive nanoparticles (NPs) represent an important hybrid material comprising functional NPs with temperature‐sensitive polymer ligands. Strikingly, significant discrepancies in optical and catalytic properties of thermoresponsive noble‐metal NPs have been reported, and have yet to be unraveled. Reported herein is the crafting of Au NPs, intimately and permanently ligated by thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), in situ using a starlike block copolymer nanoreactor as model system to resolve the paradox noted above. As temperature rises, plasmonic absorption of PNIPAM‐capped Au NPs red‐shifts with increased intensity in the absence of free linear PNIPAM, whereas a greater red‐shift with decreased intensity occurs in the presence of deliberately introduced linear PNIPAM. Remarkably, the absence or addition of free linear PNIPAM also accounts for non‐monotonic or switchable on/off catalytic performance, respectively, of PNIPAM‐capped Au NPs.     

基于等离激元热电子调控的全谱光催化产氢增强（英文）

等离激元效应在光催化体系中的集成为实现广谱光吸收提供了一个新的途径,然而等离激元热电子的较低迁移率和不确定扩散方向使得其光催化效率仍较低.等离激元金属与n型半导体接触后,其界面间会形成肖特基结.在特定波长太阳光照射下,等离激元金属将其表面等离子体能量聚集在表面自由电子上,进而产生热电子.当这些热电子具有的能量高于肖特基势垒时,热电子便可注入到半导体导带上.与此同时,半导体上的电子可以通过肖特基接触发生回流,与金属上的空穴复合,进而降低半导体-等离激元金属复合材料的光催化性能.因此,为了提高光催化效率,如何调控等离激元热电子迁移和充分利用等离激元效应是一个重要挑战.本文尝试将"表面异质结"与肖特基结相结合的复合结构,得以有效地调控等离激元热电子的迁移.在该复合结构中,金纳米颗粒和铂纳米颗粒分别作为等离激元吸光单元和助催化剂,集成在TiO_2纳米片表面.其中"表面异质结"是由TiO_2纳米片的两种不同表面晶面所构成,我们选择由{001}和{101}两组晶面组成的TiO_2纳米片作为半导体衬底.该结构中的{001}晶面导带能级高于{101}导带能级,因而电子由高能级的{001}流向低能级的{101}晶面,可以用来引导等离激元热电子从可见光响应的金纳米颗粒向TiO_2进行高效转移.通过巯基丙酸的桥联作用,将等离激元Au纳米颗粒锚定在TiO_2纳米片的{001}晶面上,获得Au-TiO_2{001}样品.另一方面,利用TiO_2纳米片自身光生电荷导向性光沉积,得到与{101}晶面结合形成的Au-TiO_2{101}样品.我们对两组样品进行光电流和光催化产氢实验对比,确认在"表面异质结"诱导下Au-TiO_2{001}样品中Au产生的光生热电子可以更好地注入到TiO_2纳米片导带上.我们进一步通过光沉积Pt纳米颗粒来判定光生电子所能到达的区域,验证了以上结论.与此同时,肖特基结由铂纳米颗粒与TiO_2纳米片所形成,可以促使电子由TiO_2向铂纳米颗粒进行转移,而避免发生向金纳米颗粒的反向迁移,从而在Au-TiO_2体系中实现高效的单向载流子转移.基于该设计,等离激元光催化剂实现了明显改善的全谱光催化产氢性能.本文为全谱光催化的复合结构理性设计提供了一个新的思路.     

Synthesis of heterosegment-junctioned hybrid nanotubes of polythiophene and heterometallic nanoparticles by sequential template-based electropolymerization

New heterosegment-junctioned hybrid nanotubes of polythiophene and heterometallic nanoparticles (Pd, Au NPs) have been synthesized by sequential electropolymerization of terthiophene-modified Pd and Au NPs in a nanoporous template.     

Engineering inorganic hybrid nanoparticles: tuning combination fashions of gold, platinum, and iron oxide

Multistep colloidal chemical routes were employed to synthesize Pt/Au, Pt/iron oxide (IO), and Au/Pt/IO hybrid nanoparticles (NPs). The starting templates, Pt NPs, were synthesized by controlling the decomposition kinetics of platinum acetylacetonate in oleylamine. The morphologies of binary metal Pt/Au hybrid NPs were modulated by controllable attachment of Au nanoscale domains to Pt templates. Similarly, Pt/IO and Au/Pt/IO hybrid NPs were fabricated by the controllable attachment of Fe to the Pt or Pt/Au template NPs. The noble metal domains of as-prepared hybrid NPs had face center cubic crystal structures and did not alloy, as verified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectrometry. X-ray diffraction spectrometry study indicates that the IO domains in the as-prepared NPs have a spinel structure. UV-vis study of binary metal Pt/Au hybrid NPs revealed that they have a characteristic plasmon resonance around 525 nm, while dumbbell-like Au/Pt/IO NPs had a plasmon resonance around 600 nm. Furthermore, magnetism study of the binary Pt-IO NPs clearly indicated that the interfacial interactions between Pt and IO domains could result in a shift of the blocking temperature.     

An insight into phenomenal optical non‐linearities arising from synergistic relationship between selected BODIPYs and noble metal nanoparticles

Materials with large and quick non‐linear optical response, excellent photo thermal stability, cost effectiveness and off resonant non‐linear absorption (NLA) are essential requirements for a good optical limiting (OL). Among them, organic systems and π‐conjugated polymers are getting special interest because of their flexibility in structural modification that leads to the tuning of optical and electronic properties that are suitable for working under large bandwidth. Here, we report a drastic enhancement of non‐linear optical activity and exceptional OL action of two organic–inorganic hybrid system based on BODIPY and Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs). The organic system taken was certain set of BODIPYs with different substitution at the para and meta positions. All the compounds were found to be exhibiting good reverse saturable absorption (RSA) behaviour and negative non‐linear refraction property. An attempt was made to improve the non‐linear optical (NLO) property of the BODIPY by forming nanohybrids with Au and Ag NPs, and the best NLO active candidate among the studied system was chosen for it. A significant enhancement in NLO property was observed on hybrid system formation. The optical limiting (OL) threshold of the hybrid (1 J/cm²) was reduced almost 1/5 times than that of the parent compound (5.2 J/cm²), and this value is comparable with the benchmark OL materials like C₆₀. The mechanism behind the NLA is found to be the combination of excited state absorption (ESA) and two‐photon absorption (TPA). The enhanced NLA and OL action of C? Ag/Au nanohybrids are attributed to the synergetic effect among the two parent components as well as the local field effects of NPs. Enhancement in non‐linear optical property is found to be stronger in hybrid system with Au NPs and is due to the resonant charge transfer and intense local field effect on exciting with 532‐nm pulse compared with that of Ag NPs. Both the parent compounds and the nanohybrids exhibit negative non‐linearity, and the non‐linear refraction is also found to be enhanced. The improved NLA and OL property of hybrid system guarantees successful usage of the strategy in OL applications.     

A General Route to Construct Diverse Multifunctional Fe3O4/Metal Hybrid Nanostructures

Multifunctional nanostructures : By using 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as a linker, Au nanoparticles (NPs), Au shells, flowerlike Au/Pt hybrid NPs, and Ag or Au/Ag core/shell NPs could be supported on the surface of superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ spheres to construct hybrid nanostructures that display near‐IR absorption, high catalytic activity towards an electron‐transfer reaction, or excellent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering activity. The picture shows SEM images of Fe₃O₄ spheres coated with Au shells (top) and with Au/Pt hybrid NPs (bottom).

     

Synthesis and Characterization of MWNTs/Au NPs/HS(CH2)6Fc Nanocomposite: Application to Electrochemical Determination of Ascorbic Acid

In this article, a detailed electrochemical study of a novel 6‐ferrocenylhexanethiol (HS(CH₂)₆Fc) self‐assembled multiwalled carbon nanotubes‐Au nanoparticles (MWNTs/Au NPs) composite film was demonstrated. MWNTs/Au NPs were prepared by one‐step in situ synthesis using linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) as bifunctionalizing agent. HS(CH₂)₆Fc, which acted as the redox mediator, was self‐assembled to MWNTs/Au NPs via Au‐S bond. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Fourier transformed infrared absorption spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the properties of the MWNTs/Au NPs/HS(CH₂)₆Fc nanocomposite. The preparation of the nanocomposite was very simple and effectively prevented the leakage of the HS(CH₂)₆Fc mediator during measurements. The electrooxidation of AA could be catalyzed by Fc/Fc⁺ couple as a mediator and had a higher electrochemical response due to the unique performance of MWNTs/Au NPs. The nanocomposite modified electrode exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency, high sensitivity, good stability, fast response (within 3 s) and low detection limit toward the oxidation of AA at a lower potential.     

Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic properties of cu(2)o nanowire-au nanoparticle assemblies

Cu(2)O-Au nanocomposites (NCs) with tunable coverage of Au were prepared by a facile method of mixing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with copper(I) oxide nanowires (Cu(2)O NWs) in various ratios. These Cu(2)O-Au NCs display tunable optical properties, and their photocatalytic properties were dependent on the coverage density of Au NPs. The photocatalytic activity of Cu(2)O-Au NCs was examined by photodegradation of methylene blue. The presence of Au NPs enhanced the photodegradation efficiency of Cu(2)O NCs. The photocatalytic efficiency of Cu(2)O-Au NCs initially increased with the increasing coverage density of Au NPs and then decreased as the surface of Cu(2)O became densely covered by Au NPs. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was ascribed to enhanced light absorption (by the surface plasmon resonance) and the electron sink effect of the Au NPs.