红磷中磷化氢的缓释研究

利用顶空气相色谱法和加速老化技术研究了工业红磷中微量杂质对磷化氢产生的影响以及减慢磷化氢产生的方法。混入抑制剂可以减慢磷化氢的释放速度,加入纳米氢氧化镁可大大减慢磷化氢的生成速度小于而使之04mg/(m3·d),而且红磷的分散性和流动性很好。     

外来水分对煤自燃过程影响及作用机制研究

通过浸泡方法制备一系列不同外来水分含量的煤体,利用程序升温氧化实验模拟煤自燃过程,研究外来水分对煤自燃特性的影响;结合热分析和孔结构表征实验,探讨外来水分对煤自燃过程影响作用机制。外来水分对煤自燃过程的作用机制随着煤自燃状态发展而发生变化,主要表现出四个阶段。在缓慢氧化阶段,外来水分主要隔离煤与氧气的接触反应,对煤自燃起到物理抑制作用;在加速氧化阶段,水分可直接参与煤氧反应,起到化学促进作用;经过缓慢氧化阶段和加速氧化阶段,大量外来水分的蒸发导致煤颗粒表面裂隙增大,水分越大的煤生成的活性点位会更多,当煤自燃进入快速氧化阶段,外来水分对煤氧化反应的影响表现出延迟促进效应;当煤体温度达到180℃后,随着煤体温度进一步升高,不同初始外来水分含量的煤体自燃特征逐渐趋于一致。     

二元醇改性密胺甲醛树脂包覆红磷

用乙二醇和1,4-丁二醇对密胺甲醛树脂(MF)包覆红磷(MFRP)进行了化学改性,并对改性前后MFRP的磷化氢释放情况进行了比较。 在模拟材料加工条件下,纯红磷(RP)的磷化氢释放量为44.51 mg/L,MFRP磷化氢释放量降低到24.13 mg/L,而二元醇改性包覆红磷,磷化氢释放量降低到8.05 mg/L。 改性包覆效果显著。 用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)表征改性前后MFRP的结构,证实改性剂成功介入树脂结构中。 热重分析(TG/DTG)结果表明,改性后,MFRP的初始分解温度由未改性的264 ℃降到182 ℃,最大失重速率由11%/min下降到4.1%/min,800 ℃时,改性前后的MFRP残留量相同,均为11%。     

微量元素对固态锡在持续升温时氧化过程的影响

用DTA、TG研究了不同粒度纯Sn和含微量Ga、S、Cu时的Sn在20℃·min-1的持续升温过程中的氧化过程,测定了升温过程中间产物的XRD图.结果表明,随着粒度增大,Sn开始氧化的温度提高.添加0.1%的Ga提高了锡的氧化稳定性,表面生成一层SnO;添加微量Cu对Sn的氧化影响很小;添加0.1%的S时,氧化稳定性降低.氧化过程中,除添加Ga者外,其它无中间产物SnO生成.     

CS2与大气颗粒物的多相催化反应研究

利用原位FTIR,XRD,XPS,BET,质谱和连续微量反应等手段研究了大气颗粒物及部分氧化物样品上CS₂多相催化反应,确认了反应产物,并对催化剂的晶化状况和比表面积等进行了考察.结果表明,CS₂在氧化物和大气颗粒物样品上发生氧化反应,生成COS及单质硫,部分样品上生成CO₂,活化状态下的[S]在大气颗粒物表面上能被进一步氧化为六价态硫.收集所得到的大气颗粒物样品成分主要是Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)·4H₂O;CS₂在氧化物或大气颗粒物样品上催化生成COS是催化剂表面吸附氧的作用之故.     

油页岩热解过程矿物质行为分析

采用XRD、SEM、灰成分测定等方法对桦甸两个矿区的油页岩样品以及制备的半焦样品矿物质组成进行了分析,确认其主要成分均为,石英、方解石和黏土矿物。而半焦中矿物组成反映了油页岩中矿物质在热解中的变化。研究表明,在热解过程中油页岩中矿物质变化细微,其中,石英、长石没有变化;方解石有微量分解,生成的固体产物CaO与黄铁矿分解的硫反应生成CaS矿物;黏土矿物质受热脱除羟基,放出大量水分,同时分解产生的无定形玻璃体氧化硅与其他金属形成低熔点的共融物,导致部分半焦样品颗粒表面出现熔融态囊状结构。     

不同形态水分对煤自燃过程微观作用机制研究

制备不同外在水分和原始赋存水分含量的煤体,通过模拟煤自燃升温氧化过程得到不同温度下的氧化煤样;利用原位傅里叶红外变换光谱仪测定不同氧化煤样中活性官能团的含量,研究形态水分对煤自燃过程微观官能团生成和转化的影响;利用氮吸附仪表征不同氧化煤样中比表面积大小,研究形态水分对煤自燃过程微观孔结构变化的影响;同时结合官能团与比表面积的变化规律,探讨形态水分对煤自燃过程的微观作用机制。形态水分对煤自燃过程的作用机制随着煤自燃状态发展而发生变化,表现出阶段性特征。外来水分含量和原始赋存水分都会促进酚、醇类羟基及含羧基类化合物的生成。外来水分和原始赋存水分的含量对煤自燃过程中微观比表面积、脂肪族C-H组分、含羟基化合物以及含羰基类化合物的生成和转化影响具有差异性;水分形态对微观比表面积和脂肪族C-H组分含量的变化影响具有差异性,而对含羟基化合物以及羧基化合物的生成和转化具有相似性。     

Li含量对Li/MgO丙烷氧化脱氢制烯烃反应催化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了不同Li含量的Li/MgO催化剂,并通过TG-DTA、N_2吸附及XRD等手段对其进行了表征;对丙烷在Li/MgO催化剂表面的两种吸附状态所占据的空间体积大小进行了计算,研究了Li含量对其丙烷氧化脱氢制烯烃反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,随着Li/MgO催化剂中Li含量的增加,丙烷转化率与乙烯、甲烷、乙烷和COx的选择性均先增加,在Li物质的量分数为3%时达到最高,然后随Li含量增加而降低,而丙烯选择性则出现相反的变化趋势。丙烷在Li/MgO催化剂上的吸附和反应同时受动力学和热力学两个因素的制约;Li负载量不同,反应活性位Li+O-分散状态也不同,导致产物分布发生变化。活性位分散度高时受热力学因素影响,有利于生成丙烯;活性位分散度低时受吸附动力学影响,更趋向于生成乙烯等其他产物。     

多醛基海藻酸钠交联剂的制备及性能

采用水/乙醇为反应溶剂,用高碘酸钠氧化海藻酸钠,制备了多醛基海藻酸钠(multi-aldehyde sodium alginate,MASA)。采用费林试剂、盐酸羟胺-NaOH电位滴定法、乌氏粘度计、与明胶的交联反应分别对氧化后的海藻酸钠进行表征。结果发现,氧化的海藻酸钠溶液可与费林试剂反应生成砖红色沉淀;海藻酸钠的氧化度随高碘酸钠用量及反应时间的增加而增加。投料比为80%时,氧化度最高可达约80%,收率约58.7%。MASA的粘度随反应时间、高碘酸钠浓度的增加而急剧下降。氧化度分别为20%、40%、60%的MASA,37℃下可使明胶在5min内生成凝胶。因此,水/乙醇作为反应介质、通过控制氧化剂的用量和反应时间,可以得到产率较高、分子量及氧化度可控的多醛基海藻酸钠多糖交联剂。     

取样量对润滑油中微量水分检测结果的影响

研究取样量对润滑油中微量水分测定结果的影响。基于卡尔·费休滴定法,在选定的测量条件下,用发生电极为有隔膜的自动库仑水分仪对基础油、有机热载体油、压缩机油、膨胀机油等新油和发动机油、汽轮机油、涡轮机油、压缩机油、齿轮油、液压油、导热油、船用油、电器绝缘油、风动工具油、金属加工油等在用油在0.1~2.0 g内各取9组不同质量的样品进行测定,得到了润滑油中微量水分准确测定所需的取样量。实验结果表明,新油取样量大于1.0 g,在用油取样量在1.0~1.5 g范围内,可以准确测定润滑油中微量水分含量。测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.83%~3.51%(n=10),样品加标回收率为95.0%~103.0%。在选择的取样量下,该方法具有良好的精密度、准确度,可连续测定多个样品,满足测定需求。     

Expedient one-pot organometallics-free synthesis of tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine from 2-bromopyridine and elemental phosphorus

2-Bromopyridine reacts with elemental phosphorus (red or white) in a superbasic KOH/DMSO(H₂O) suspension at 100 °C (for red phosphorus) and 75 °C (for white phosphorus) over 3 h to afford tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine in a 62% yield (from red phosphorus) and a 50% yield (from white phosphorus). Under microwave assistance, the reaction with red phosphorus takes just 20 min to produce tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine in 53% yield. A hitherto unknown complex, [Pd(PPy₃)₂Cl₂]·CH₂Cl₂, synthesized from tris(2-pyridyl)phosphine and PdCl₂, has the cis-configuration; this is unusual for bis(phosphino)palladium dichloride complexes.     

Water stability of zeolite imidazolate framework 8 and application to porous membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental water samples

Zeolite imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) has permanent porosity, high surface area, hydrophobic property, open metal sites and remarkable water stability. These novel properties characterize the material as being different from other moisture sensitive metal-organic frameworks and endow ZIF-8 with the potential to extract trace analytes from environmental water samples. In the present study, ZIF-8 was synthesized and used as a sorbent for micro-solid-phase extraction of 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental water samples for the first time. Parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as desorption time, extraction time, desorption solvent and salt concentration were investigated. Environmental water samples collected from a local lake were processed using this novel μ-SPE procedure. ZIF-8 proved to be a very efficient extraction sorbent for the extraction of trace analytes from water samples. The limits of detection from gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of PAHs were 0.002-0.012 ng/ml. The linear ranges were 0.1-50 or 0.5-50 ng/ml. The relative standard deviations for five replicates of the extractions were in the range of 2.1-8.5%.     

Reactions of elemental phosphorus and phosphine with electrophiles in superbasic systems: XX. Phosphorylation of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride with elemental phosphorus

4-Vinylbenzyl chloride reacts with white and red phosphorus, as well as with nanostructured “activated” red phosphorus (complex organophosphorus polymer prepared from white phosphorus under ionizing radiation) in the system concentrated aqueous KOH-dioxane-phase-transfer catalyst (20–50°C, argon) to form tris(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphine oxide, along with (4-vinylbenzyl)- and bis(4-vinylbenzyl)phosphinic acids, the yield and product ratio being dependent on both the reaction conditions and the nature of the phosphorylating agent. The nanostructured “activated” red phosphorus is more reactive than ordinary commercial red phosphorus.     

Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of low levels of nitrite by catalytic reaction between pyrogallol red and bromate

A kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace nitrite (0.003-1.000 microg/ml) based on its catalytic effect on the reaction between potassium bromate and pyrogallol red in acidic media is described. The reaction is monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the decreasing colour of pyrogallol red at 467 nm by the fixed-time method. At a given time of 3.0 min at 30 degrees, the detection limit is 0.001 microg/ml and the relative standard deviation for 0.010 microg/ml nitrite is 1.8% (n = 8). The method is free from most interferences, especially from large amounts of nitrate and ammonium. The procedure was successfully applied to the determination of trace nitrite in natural water without preconcentration.     

Reactions of elemental phosphorus and phosphine with electrophiles in superbasic systems: XVIII. Phosphorylation of 1-(chloromethyl)naphthalene with the elemental phosphorus

1-Chloromethylnaphthalene reacts with white and red phosphorus, and also with the “activated red phosphorus,” the complex organophosphorus polymer of unknown structure obtained by irradiation of a solution of white phosphorus in benzene by the ⁶⁰Co source, in a system including KOH water solution, dioxane or benzene, and a phase transfer catalyst (22–98°C, argon), to form bis(1-naphthylmethyl)-and tris-(1-naphthylmethyl)phosphine oxides, and also (1-naphthylmethyl)phosphonous-and bis(1-naphthylmethyl)-phosphinic acids. The yield and the ratio of the reaction products depend on reaction conditions as well as on the nature of phosphorylating agent. It is shown that the reactivity of the “activated red phosphorus” is not worse than that of the white phosphorus and significantly exceeds the reactivity of the usual technical red phosphorus.     

Reactions of Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphine with Electrophiles in Superbasic Media: XI.1 Phosphorylation of 4-Methoxybenzyl Chloride with Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphine

4-Methoxybenzyl chloride reacts with elemental (red or white) phosphorus under the conditions of phase-transfer catalysis (concentrated aqueous KOH, dioxane, benzyltriethylammonium chloride, 85-90°C, argon) to give as major product tris(4-methoxybenzyl)phosphine oxide in up to 45% yield. With white phosphorus at lower (70°C) temperature this reaction yields mainly bis(4-methoxybenzyl)phosphine oxide. Phosphine reacts with 4-methoxybenzyl chloride in superbasic KOH-DMSO suspension, and under definite conditions bis(4-methoxybenzyl)phosphine oxide is predominantly formed.     

Determination of Phosphorus by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy after Hydride Generation

Thehydridegenerationtechniquehascontributedmuchtotheimprovementofthesensitivityinatomicabsorption,emissionandfluorescencespectroscopyofAs.Sb.Bi.Se.Te.Ge.SnandPh"=.ManyworkershavesuccessfullyappliedthistechniquetodeterminationofCu.Zn.Cd3'4'5.KazukoMatsumotostudiedphosphinegenerationcoupledwithICPatomicemissionspectrometry,wherephosphateinaqueoussolutionwasfirstprecipitatedbyaddingCaCI,ascalciumphosphate,whichwasthenreducedtoCa,P,byheating(ca,1100'C)togetherwithaluminumpowder'.Thedetecti…     

The presence of trace phosphine in Lake Taihu water

Phosphine (PH₃) is a natural constituent in phosphorus (P) chemical cycles. The discovery of phosphine will shed new light on the mechanisms of P supplement and biogeochemical cycles. Since phosphine is converted to phosphate after complex oxidation via hypophosphite and phosphite, if it were present in the water column, understanding its production and emission could enhance our understanding of P speciation.

Assuming that phosphine in the gas phase is an ideal gas and at equilibrium between water and gas interface, phosphine in water solution can be quantified from the equilibrated concentration in gas phase using the Henry's Law. Application of this approach to Lake Taihu, China, phosphine in unfiltered and filtered water samples (0.45 μm) was analysed. Results showed that phosphine was universally present in Lake Taihu water. Phosphine concentration in unfiltered water ranged from 0.16 to 1.11 pg L^?1, and was much less (0.01 to 0.04 pg L^?1) in filtered samples. Over 90% of phosphine was adsorbed onto or incorporated into suspended materials with <10% dissolved in the water. Higher phosphine concentrations could be observed in warm seasons. Positive relationships were found between PH₃ and TP (average R ² = 0.59 ± 0.22) and TSP (average R ² = 0.37 ± 0.13).     

Highly efficient Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heterocyclic substrates through rational reaction design

A dicyclohexyl(2-sulfo-9-(3-(4-sulfophenyl)propyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phosphonium salt was synthesized in 64% overall yield in three steps from simple commercially available starting materials. The highly water-soluble catalyst obtained from the corresponding phosphine and [Na(2)PdCl(4)] enabled the Suzuki coupling of a broad variety of N- and S-heterocyclic substrates. Chloropyridines (-quinolines) and aryl chlorides were coupled with aryl-, pyridine- or indoleboronic acids in quantitative yields in water/n-butanol solvent mixtures in the presence of 0.005-0.05 mol % of Pd catalyst at 100 degrees C, chloropurines were quantitatively Suzuki coupled in the presence of 0.5 mol % of catalyst, and S-heterocyclic aryl chlorides and aryl- or 3-pyridylboronic acids required 0.01-0.05 mol % Pd catalyst for full conversion. The key to the high activity of the Pd-phosphine catalyst is the rational design of the reaction parameters (i.e., the presence of water in the reaction mixture, good solubility of reactants and catalyst in n-butanol/water (3:1), and the electron-rich and sterically demanding nature of the phosphine ligand).