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1.
《Electroanalysis》2005,17(11):947-952
Iridium oxide films (IROFs) are known to have an enhanced or the so‐called super‐Nernstian (<59 mV/pH) pH‐sensitivity. The intention in the present study was to find out the reasons of such behavior and also to elucidate the nature of iridium anodic oxidation processes. The methods employed were combined cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. Iridium layers of 0.1 to 0.2 μm thickness, deposited thermally on titanium or gold‐plated titanium substrates, were used for investigations. IROFs on the surface of working electrodes were formed anodically by applying a constant potential in deaerated and oxygen‐containing solutions of 0.5 M H2SO4, 0.1 M KOH and 0.5 M H3PO4+KOH. Linear pH‐dependences of the stationary open‐circuit potential with the slopes close to 59 mV/pH were found for iridium electrode oxidized at 0.4 V–0.8 V (RHE) in deaerated and at 0.8 V–1.2 V (RHE) in O2‐containing solutions. They were attributed to reversible Ir/Ir(OH)3 and Ir/ IrO2?nH2O metal‐oxide electrodes, respectively. It has been suggested that the main current peaks seen in the voltammograms of iridium electrode in acid and alkaline solutions are of different nature. The difference between iridium electrode surface states in acid and alkaline solutions has been presumed to be the main reason of super‐Nernstian pH‐sensitivity of the IROFs. On the basis of the results obtained standard potential of Ir/Ir(OH)3 electrode and the solubility product of Ir(OH)3 have been evaluated: =0.78±0.02 V and Ksp=3.3×10?64.  相似文献   

2.
Volatile compounds of iridium(I): (acetylacetonato)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) Ir(acac)(cod), (methylcyclopentadienyl) (1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium(I) Ir(Cp’)(cod), (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(dicarbonyl) iridium(I) Ir(Cp*)(CO)2 and (acetylacetonato)(dicarbonyl)iridium(I) Ir(acac)(CO)2 were synthesized and identified by means of element analysis, NMR-spectroscopy, mass spectrometry. Thermal properties in solid phase for synthesized iridium(I) complexes were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis in inert atmosphere (He). By effusion Knudsen method with mass spectrometric registration of gas phase composition the temperature dependencies of saturated vapor pressure were measured for iridium(I) compounds and the thermodynamic characteristics of vaporization processes enthalpy ΔH T* and entropy ΔS T0 were determined. The energy of intermolecular interaction in the crystals of complexes was calculated.  相似文献   

3.
The present study represents comparative analysis of voltammetric and microgravimetric behavior of active ruthenium (Ru), electrochemically passivated ruthenium (Ru/RuO2) and thermally formed RuO2 electrodes in the solutions of 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M KOH. It has been found that cycling the potential of active Ru electrode within E ranges 0 V–0.8 V and 0 V–1.2 V in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.1 M KOH solutions, respectively, leads to continuous electrode mass increase, while mass changes observed in alkaline medium are considerably smaller than those in acidic one. Microgravimetric response of active Ru electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 within 0.2 V–0.8 V has revealed reversible character of anodic and cathodic processes. The experimentally found anodic mass gain and cathodic mass loss within 0.2–0.8 V make 2.2–2.7 g F?1, instead of 17 g F?1, which is the theoretically predicted value for Ru(OH)3 formation according to equation: Ru+3H2O?Ru(OH)3+3H++3e?. In the case of Ru/RuO2 electrode relatively small changes in mass have been found to accompany the anodic and cathodic processes within E range between 0.4 V and 1.2 V in the solution of 0.5 M H2SO4. Meanwhile cycling the potential of thermally formed RuO2 electrode under the same conditions has lead to continuous decrease in electrode mass, which has been attributed to irreversible dehydration of RuO2 layer. On the basis of microgravimetric and voltammetric study as well as the coulometric analysis of the results conclusions are presented regarding the nature of surface processes taking place on Ru and RuO2 electrodes.  相似文献   

4.
Through the electrodeposition of aniline with hemoglobin (Hb) on zincoxide‐gold colloidal sols (ZnO‐AuNPs) modified indium oxide electrode, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor was constructed. Polyaniline (PANI) form a nano‐cage wrapped Hb, which provided a comfortable and stable site for the immobization of Hb. UV‐vis spectrum was employed to characterize Hb retained original structure in the resulting Hb‐PANI/ZnO‐AuNPs membrane. Electrochemical investigation of the biosensor showed a pair of well‐defined, quasi‐reversible redox peaks with Epa= ‐0.139 V and Epc = ‐0.238 V (vs. SCE) in 0.1 M pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution at the scan rate of 100 mV/s. The biosensor displayed a fast response time (<3 s) and broad linear response to H2O2 in the range from 1.5 μM to 1.7 mM with a detection limit of 0.8 μM (S/N = 3).  相似文献   

5.
The electropolymerization of trans-[RuCl2(vpy)4] (vpy=4-vinylpyridine) on Au or Pt electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique, and Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry of the monomer at a microelectrode shows the typical Ru(III/II) and Ru(IV/III) waves, together with the vinyl reduction waves at −1.5 and −2.45 V and adsorption wave at −0.8 V. Electrodeposition on EQCM technique performed under potential cycling between −0.9 and −2.0 V revealed that the polymerization proceeded well in advance of the vinyl reduction waves. At potentials more positive than −0.9 V, soluble oligomers were deposited irreversibly on the electrode during the oxidative sweep. The film also showed reversible mass changes due to the oxidation and accompanying ingress of charge-balancing anions and solvent into the film. In contrast, potentiostatic growth of the polymer at −1.6 V was slower because the oligomeric material was lost completely from the electrode. Unreacted vinyl groups were detected by in situ Raman spectroscopy for films grown at −0.7, −0.9, and −1.6 V but were absent when the polymerization was carried out at −2.9 V vs Ag/Ag+.  相似文献   

6.
《Electroanalysis》2004,16(19):1622-1627
The pH‐dependence of the stationary open‐circuit potential Ei=0st of rhodium electrode with a surface layer of anodically formed insoluble compounds has been studied in sulfate and phosphate solutions by means of cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry. The range of potentials of the investigations performed has been confined to the region of rhodium electrochemical oxidation/reduction, i.e., 0.2<E<1.2 V (RHE) in order to prevent any possible interference of other reactions such as H2 and O2 evolution. It has been shown that rhodium electrode with a layer of surface compounds formed anodically at E<<1.23 V (RHE) behaves like a reversible metal‐oxide electrode within the range of pH values from ca. 1.0 to ca. 8.0. It has been presumed that the stationary potential of such electrode is determined by the equilibrium of the following electrochemical reaction: Rh+3H2O??Rh(OH)3+3H++3e?. The pH‐dependence of the reversible potential of Eequation/tex2gif-inf-6.gif electrode has been found to be: Eequation/tex2gif-inf-8.gif=Ei=0st=0.69?0.059 pH, V. In acid solutions (pH<2.0) rhodium hydroxide dissolves into the electrolyte, therefore, to reach equilibrium, the solution must be saturated with Rh(OH)3. This has been achieved by adding Rh3+ ions in the form of Rh2(SO4)3. The solubility product of Rh(OH)3, estimated from the experimental Eequation/tex2gif-inf-16.gif?pH dependence obtained, is ca. 1.0×10?48, which is close to the value given in literature.  相似文献   

7.
The electropolymerisation of N-benzylaniline (NBA) at transparent ITO glass electrodes was investigated with in situ UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry. An intermediate was found to be generated during electrolysis as the precursor of poly(N-benzylaniline) (PNBA). The intermediate, which shows an absorbance band at λ = 460 nm, is able to react spontaneously with NBA, forming a polymeric end product, which is deposited on the electrode surface. UV-Vis spectra were obtained with PNBA-modified electrodes at various electrode potentials. It was shown that the colouration of the PNBA film after a positive-going potential step proceeds ca. 5 times slower than its discolouration after the reverse negative-going potential step. Anodic degradation of PNBA film was shown to proceed when holding the electrode at a sufficiently high positive potential. A linear dependence between the first-order degradation rate constant (k/s−1) and electrode potential (E/V) was found in the potential range of E RHE = +0.8 to +1.1 V: log k = a + bE, where a = −8.75 and b = 5.45 are empirical coefficients. In the whole spectral range investigated, the degradation of PNBA was found to proceed faster as compared to that of polyaniline (for polyaniline, coefficients a = −12.7 and b = 8.96 were obtained in the potential range of E RHE = +0.85 to +1.1 V). The electrooxidation of hydroquinone, as well as the electroreduction of benzoquinone, were shown to proceed at PNBA-modified electrodes. In these processes, PNBA was shown to play the role of an electron mediator between the ITO electrode and solution phase redox species. Received: 8 January 1999 / Accepted: 27 January 1999  相似文献   

8.
Single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as an immobilization matrix to incorporate [Ir(ppy)2(phen‐dione)](PF6) complex onto a glassy carbon electrode for the study of electrocatalytic reduction of periodate ion. Detailed preliminary electrochemical data for the Ir(III)‐complex in acetonitrile solution and for the modified GCE/SWCNTs/[Ir(ppy)2(phen‐dione)](PF6)/CGE are presented. The modified electrode was applied to selective amperometric detection of periodate through its electrocatalytic reduction to iodide at 0.200 V and pH 2.0. The use of amperometry resulted in two calibration plots over the concentration ranges of 1‐20 μM and 20‐450 μM, with a detection limit of 0.6 μM and sensitivity of 198 nA μM?1.  相似文献   

9.
《Electroanalysis》2006,18(11):1105-1113
We report for the first time the effective catalytic electrooxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) on the pencil 8B‐scrawled gold electrode of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The EQCM allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the catalytic activity of the pencil‐scrawled Au electrode. With increasing the mass of modified pencil powders, the peak potential for NADH oxidation shifted negatively, with maximum shift of ?0.35 V at saturated pencil modification; the NADH‐oxidation peak current density (jp) was also notably increased, and the jp at saturated pencil modification was found to be larger than those at conventional pencil 8B and bare Au electrodes. Sensitive amperometric detection of NADH was achieved at the gold electrode with saturated pencil modification, with low detection potential (0.4 V versus SCE), low detection limit (0.08 μmol L?1) and wide linear range (0.2–710 μmol L?1). The fluoroelectrochemical measurements of NADH at bare and pencil‐modified gold electrodes were also conducted with satisfactory results. The convenient and low‐cost modification of pencil powders on the Au electrode may have presented a new functional surface of the EQCM, which is recommended for wider applications to bioelectrochemical studies, especially in view of the EQCM's capability of providing abundant in situ information in relevant processes.  相似文献   

10.
Ammonia electro-oxidation on Pt–Ir alloys has been studied applying cyclic voltammetry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), and the results were compared with pure Pt. Bimetallic alloys were prepared by electrodeposition and characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Auger spectroscopy, before and after oxidation of ammonia. Pt/Ir atomic composition was 70:30 obtained from 1:1 solutions. Substitution alloys were established where Ir atoms replace Pt positions in the face-centered cubic structure. Preferential crystal orientations were detected in the electrodeposits with the development of a crystallographic texture. DEMS showed that N2 is the main product during ammonia oxidation for both Pt and Pt–Ir, but the formation of nitrogen oxides is observed for E > 0.8 VRHE. The yield of N2 is higher for the alloy, which also displays lower poisoning of the surface when increasing ammonia concentration. These results confirm Pt–Ir alloys as alternatives to Pt electrodes concerning ammonia oxidation. Finally, it was observed that XRD patterns, as well as texture coefficient values, change after using the electrodeposits for ammonia oxidation, with the less compact planes the more affected ones. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Teresa Iwasita on the occasion of her 65th birthday in recognition of her numerous contributions to interfacial electrochemistry.  相似文献   

11.
Direct electron transfer of myoglobin (Mb) was achieved by its direct immobilization on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) with a conductive hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl pyridinium hexaflourophosphate ([BuPy][PF6]) as binder for the first time. A pair of well‐defined, quasi‐reversible redox peaks was observed for Mb/CILE resulting from Mb redox of heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) with oxidation potential of ?0.277 V, reduction potential of ?0.388 V, the formal potential E°′ (E°′=(Epa+Epc)/2) at ?0.332 V and the peak‐to‐peak potential separation of 0.111 V at 0.5 V/s. The average surface coverage of the electroactive Mb immobilized on the electrode surface was calculated as 1.06±0.03×10?9 mol cm?2. Mb retained its bioactivity on modified electrode and showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2. The cathodic peak current of Mb was linear to H2O2 concentration in the range from 6.0 μM to 160 μM with a detection limit of 2.0 μM (S/N=3). The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K and the electron transfer rate constant (ks) were estimated to be 140±1 μM and 2.8±0.1 s?1, respectively. The biosensor achieved the direct electrochemistry of Mb on CILE without the help of any supporting film or any electron mediator.  相似文献   

12.
The electrochemical behaviour of the anticancer herbal drug shikonin was investigated at glassy carbon electrode in 0.16 M HAc-NaAc (20% ethanol, pH 3.98) buffer solution using cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and chronocoulometry. Shikonin gives a pair of quasi-reversible redox peaks at potentials of E pc = 0.698 V and E pa =0.632 V by absorption-controlled process at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The electrode process dynamics parameters (saturated adsorptive amount Γ, charge transfer coefficient α, and apparent rate constant K s) and reaction mechanism were also investigated with result of two electrons and two hydrogen ions participating in electrode reaction. The experimental conditions were optimized for the determination of shikonin and the square-wave anodic peak currents were linearly related to the shikonin concentrations in the range from 2.08 × 10−8 to 1.82 × 10−6 M with correlation coefficient of 0.998 and detection limit of 7.8 × 10−9 M. Using the established method without pretreatment and pre-separation, shikonin in herbal drug Gromwell Root was determined with satisfactory result.  相似文献   

13.
荣联清  张志凌  林毅  谢娅妮  庞代文 《分析化学》2006,34(12):1683-1687
用魔芋多糖(KGM)和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的加合物,将肌红蛋白(Mb)固定在玻碳电极(GCE)上,制备了稳定的Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极,并研究了Mb在修饰电极上的直接电化学行为和电催化性能。该电极在pH=7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,-0.38 V(E0′)处有一对氧化还原峰,峰电位差ΔEp=70 mV,该峰正是Mb中血红素辅基FeⅢ/FeⅡ电对的氧化还原特征峰。在0.2~9.0 V/s扫速的范围内,氧化还原峰峰电流大小和扫描速率成正比,呈现出表面控制行为。在pH为5.0~12.0的范围内,式电位和pH值呈线性关系,表明电子传递过程伴随着质子转移。同时,Mb-KGM-DMF/GCE修饰电极表现出良好的电催化性能,对氧、H2O2有显著的催化作用。在4.70~75.0μmol/L的范围内,其催化峰电流大小与H2O2的浓度有良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程i=0.127 0.093C,r=0.9989,表观米氏常数为80.8μmol/L。  相似文献   

14.
The underpotential deposition of copper onto polycrystalline rhodium was studied as a function of the degree of oxidation of the electrode surface in acidic media using potentiodynamic techniques. Surface oxidation of the rhodium electrode was carried out using a triangular sweep potential between E L (lower limit) and E U (upper limit: 0.94≤E U≤1.4 V). Cu electrodeposition was performed at the same time as the total or partial reduction of the oxidized species. The surface oxides produced at E U≤1.09 V were completely reduced during Cu electrodeposition. In this case, the potentiodynamic I-E patterns for oxidative dissolution of Cu were characterized by three anodic peaks located at 0.41 V (peak I), 0.47 V (peak II) and 0.59 V (peak III) and the coverage degree by Cu, θCu, was on the order of a monolayer. Surface oxides produced at E U>1.09 V were partially reduced during the copper electrodeposition. In this case, the I-E profiles exhibited only two anodic peaks (II and III) and θCu was <1. The Rh-oxygen species that remain on the electrode surface block the active sites of lower energy and modify the binding energy of strongly adsorbed Cu. Electronic Publication  相似文献   

15.
A Electrosynthesis of conducting poly(3-methylpyrrole) (P3MPy) and poly(3-methylpyrrole-2,6-dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin) (poly(3MPy-β-DMCD)) films on a gold electrode in acetonitrile electrolyte solution containing lithium perchlorate has been carried out by potential cycling. Products were characterized with cyclic voltammetry CV, in situ UV-Vis spectroscopy, and in situ resistance measurements. Electrosynthesis of poly(3MPy-β-DMCD) started with a (1:1) (3MPy-β-DMCD) supramolecular cyclodextrin CD complex of 3-methylpyrrole characterized with proton NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation peak of poly(3MPy-β-DMCD) in CVs is shifted to more positive values than P3MPy. In situ resistance measurements show that the resistance of poly(3MPy-β-DMCD) is higher than of P3MPy by approximately an order of magnitude. Minimum resistance can be observed for P3MPy and poly(3MPy-β-DMCD) at 0.40 < E Ag/AgCl < 1.10 V and 0.60 < E Ag/AgCl < 1.10 V, respectively. The higher resistance of P3MPy compared with polypyrrole may result from the presence of the methyl group substituent resulting in a decreased conjugation length. When CD is present during synthesis, resistance is even higher. In situ UV-Vis spectroelectrochemical data for both films prepared potentiodynamically by cycling the potential in the range −0.20 < E Ag/AgCl < 1.10 V in acetonitrile electrolyte show major effects of CD presence during electrosynthesis.   相似文献   

16.
The electrochemical precipitation on glassy carbon and gold electrodes of Ag(II) tetraphenylsulfonate porphyrin (Ag(II)TPPS) from aqueous HClO4 solutions, is reported. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) results indicate the possible formation of an Ag(II)–Ag(III) porphyrin dimer species. This species is oxidized and reduced in two consecutive steps: oxidation at +0.31 and +0.36 V (vs. SCE) and reduction at +0.11 and +0.07 V. The films show catalytic behavior toward O2 reduction in 10−2 M HClO4 at relatively low potentials (E<−0.1 V) but catalyze NO reduction at relatively high-reduction potentials (E<0.4 V). The electrochemical results seem to indicate that the catalytic cycle in the case of NO involves formation of Ag(II)TPPS–Ag(II)TPPS(NO)+ and its electroreduction to regenerate Ag(II)TPPS–Ag(III)TPPS and NO-reduction products.  相似文献   

17.
(4S)-4′-diisopropyl-2,2′-bithiazoline (DPT) is an electroactive organic chiral compound giving two reduction responses in square-wave voltammograms at potentials about −0.2 and −0.4 V by forming a complex with mercury which deposits at the electrode surface. By the addition of copper(II) ion to the solution of DPT a third peak appears between them at about −0.3 V, which corresponds to the reduction of adsorbed Cu-DPT complex. Optimal pH for the investigation of those redox processes was found to be 2.8. By square-wave voltammetric measurements it was interpreted that these redox reactions were quasireversible with immobilized reactants. By plotting ip/f vs. frequency a quasireversible maximum was obtained, and the apparent standard reaction rate constants were calculated: log (ks)DPT=(0.91 ± 0.9) and 1 < ks < 65S−1, log (ks)CuDPT= (0.35 ± 0.9) and 0.3 < ks < 18 S−1 in 0.55 M NaCl.  相似文献   

18.
合成了一种新型橙红色磷光材料铱的配合物(npp)2Ir(acac)(npp=2-(1-萘基)-4-苯基吡啶,acac=乙酰丙酮),通过 1H NMR、MS、元素分析对其结构进行了表征。以铱配合物(npp)2Ir(acac)作为发光体,制备了结构为ITO/Ir(5%):PVK(60 nm)/F-TBB(15 nm)/Alq3(15 nm)/LiF(1 nm)/Al(150 nm)的电致发光器件,研究了其电致发光性质。结果表明器件的最大发射波长在599 nm,最大发光亮度为3 841 cd·m-2,最大电流效率达3.9 cd·A-1。  相似文献   

19.
We have prepared and characterized a series of substituted imidazole ligands namely dmmppi, dmmpfpi, dmdmppi and dmdmpfpi. These compounds will readily undergo cyclometalation with iridium trichloride and form di-irrido and the six coordinated iridium(III) dopants of the substituted imidazole ligands. They emit green colour both in solid and in solution phase. The peak emission wavelength of the dopants (λmax = 428–497 nm) can be finely tuned depending upon the electronic properties of the phenyl, fluorophyenyl, methoxy phenyl and dimethoxyphenyl substituents as well as their positions in the imidazole ring. These iridium complexes namely Ir(dmmppi)2(pic) 1a, Ir(dmmpfpi)2(pic) 1b, Ir(dmdmppi)2(pic) 1c and Ir(dmdmpfpi)2(pic) 1d were characterized by 1H NMR, MS and elemental analysis. All these iridium complexes 1a1d show unusual high HOMO levels (EHOMO = 5.21–5.41 eV) and high phosphorescence. These complexes emit green light with exceedingly high efficiency.  相似文献   

20.
Carbonyl–iridium half-sandwich compounds, Cp*Ir(CO)(EPh)2 (E=S, Se), were prepared by the photo-induced reaction of Cp*Ir(CO)2 with the diphenyl dichalcogenides, E2Ph2, and used as neutral chelating ligands in carbonylmetal complexes such as Cp*Ir(CO)(μ-EPh)2[Cr(CO)4], Cp*Ir(CO)(μ-EPh)2[Mo(CO)4] and Cp*Ir(CO)(μ-EPh)2[Fe(CO)3], respectively. A trimethylphosphane–iridium analogue, Cp*Ir(PMe3)(μ-SeMe)2[Cr(CO)4], was also obtained. The new heterodimetallic complexes were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular geometry of Cp*Ir(CO)(μ-SePh)2[Mo(CO)4] has been determined by a single crystal X-ray structure analysis. According to the long Ir…Mo distance (395.3(1) Å), direct metal–metal interactions appear to be absent.  相似文献   

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