乙二醇甲醚中电解锡电解液直接水解制备纳米SnO2

采用锡金属为阳极，在无隔膜电解槽中，电化学溶解锡于乙二醇甲醚中制备得到纳米SnO2前驱体Sn(OCH2CH2OCH3)4，将电解液直接水解经溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米SnO2，前驱体通过拉曼和红外光谱进行表征.纳米SnO2采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征.实验表明,电解合成的Sn(OCH2CH2OCH3)4能够溶解于乙醇中, 适宜作为溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备纳米SnO2的原料，制得的纳米SnO2经600 ℃煅烧后呈球形单分散结构，晶型为四方锡石型, 比表面为62.58 m2·g－1，平均粒径在(10.0±0.4) nm左右.产率为89.3％，电流效率为86.9％.     

碳纳米管/氧化锌纳米复合材料的制备及其形貌控制

0引言碳纳米管(CNT)优良的力学、电学、热学性能使其在材料、储能、传感等许多领域都有广泛的应用前景,近年来,以碳纳米管为载体制备的纳米复合材料因其独特的应用潜力而受到广泛关注:彭峰等[1]用FeSO4-H2O2体系修饰碳纳米管,成功地制备了由碳纳米管负载的Fe2O3催化剂;Chen等[2]用溶胶凝胶法制备了CNT/SnO复合材料,作为Li离子电池阴极材料,测试表明它的电化学性能比单独的CNT和SnO材料都有所增强;Jitianu等[3]用溶胶凝胶和水热方法得到不同形貌的TiO2/CNT复合结构,这种新型的纳米复合材料在光催化方面有着重要的应用前景。纳米Z…     

SnO2纳米薄膜的制备、显微结构及气敏性能

SnO2纳米薄膜的制备、显微结构及气敏性能;SnO2薄膜;溶胶-凝胶法     

纳米SnO的溶胶-凝胶法制备与电化学性能

以氯化亚锡、草酸和无水乙醇为原料，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米SnO粉末，并用热重-差热分析、X-射线衍射分析、透射电镜和扫描电镜等多种电化学方法对其进行了表征。结果表明，采用溶胶-凝胶法可以制备出粒度分布较集中，平均粒径在20 nm左右的纳米SnO粉末。该纳米SnO的可逆容量达到607 mAh·g^-1，经80次循环后平均每次循环的容量损失只有0.056%，说明纳米SnO是一种优秀的高容量锂离子电池负极材料。     

二氧化锡填充多壁碳纳米管材料的制备及电化学性能

用硝酸氧化法处理多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs), 使得MWCNTs端口打开, 长度变短, 表面得到改性. 通过二氯化锡与硝酸银反应, 过滤后的溶液在浓硝酸环境中, Sn2+在毛细作用下扩散进入碳纳米管管腔, 吸附、成核并在热处理作用下沉积, 从而制备出SnO2/MWCNTs纳米复合材料. XRD和TEM测试表明, 部分SnO2填充到MWCNTs管腔, 形成不连续的纳米颗粒. 电化学测试表明, SnO2填充的MWCNTs可以结合两者的优势, 使得复合材料的循环性能和比容量均有所改善.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3

溶胶-凝胶法;纳米晶;溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3     

纳米SnO2/TiO2电极的制备及其电催化降解间-硝基苯酚

用电化学方法在乙二醇溶液中制备锡、钛醇盐配合物Sn0.75Ti(OCH2CH2OH)(7-x),将电解液水解、干燥后在400℃煅烧2 h,得到纳米级SnO2/TiO2粉体。通过红外光谱(FT-IR)和拉曼光谱(Raman)对电解产物进行测试,纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征。实验表明,在有机体系电解得到的纳米SnO2/TiO2粉体颗粒分散较理想,粒径在100～200 nm。再通过溶胶-凝胶法在钛丝表面得到纳米SnO2/TiO2电极,采用循环伏安法研究电极在酸性溶液和间-硝基苯酚溶液中的氧化还原行为和电催化活性。结果表明,纳米TiO2掺杂SnO2电极的氧化峰电流达到143×10-3A/cm2,氧化还原峰电位差明显减小,催化降解间-硝基苯酚的COD去除率达到86.1%,具有较高的电催化活性。     

天然模板辅助水/醇溶胶浸渍-煅烧法合成纳米SnO2

选择孔道丰富的竹炭、锯末、脱脂棉和滤纸等作为天然模板,结合水/醇溶胶浸渍-煅烧法成功地制备了纳米SnO2;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)分析了所制备的纳米材料的晶型、形貌、粒径.结果表明,纳米SnO2产物呈球形,具有四方相金红石型结构,平均粒径在10～25 nm范围内;其粒径大小与模板类型和溶胶体系有关...     

溶胶-凝胶法制备α-Fe2O3纳米晶

钛酸四丁酯;十二烷基磺酸钠;溶胶-凝胶法制备α-Fe2O3纳米晶     

纳米二氧化钛/碳纳米管复合催化剂光催化性能及碳纳米管组分的作用

运用溶胶-凝胶及低温水热法合成纳米TiO₂/碳纳米管复合催化剂, 以甲基橙为目标降解物考察复合物的光催化活性. 运用X光衍射、透射电镜、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller低温氮气吸附、差热-热重分析及紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱等表征催化剂. 结果表明, 与单纯纳米TiO₂相比, 溶胶-凝胶法制备的复合催化剂的光催化活性显著提高, 实验条件下复合的碳纳米管最适含量为3%(碳纳米管/TiO₂, 重量百分比), 复合催化剂经在缓和氧化气氛中焙烧处理可在保持碳纳米管热稳定前提下获得纳米TiO₂的充分晶化. 观察到了低温水热合成的复合催化剂的甲基橙降解活性的进一步提升, 复合催化剂中纳米TiO₂在碳纳米管表面分散均匀, TiO₂和碳纳米管组分间的紧密和充分键合及低温水热条件下催化剂的大比表面积、超细粒径以及碳纳米管的热稳定等有利于复合催化剂的光催化活性. 进一步地, 探讨了复合催化剂中适量碳纳米管组分的光活性促活机制.     

Effect of SnO2 Nanocrystals on the Emission of Eu3+ Ions in Silica Matrix

Silica xerogels containing Eu³⁺ ions and SnO₂ nanocrystals were prepared in the sol‐gel process, and characterized by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectra. Under the excitation at 393 nm, characteristic emission of Eu³⁺ ions at 614 nm was enhanced with increasing amount of SnO₂ nanocrystals. Moreover, when the Eu³⁺/SnO₂ co‐doped samples were excited at 345 nm, corresponding to the sideband of SnO₂ nanocrystals, the emission of Eu³⁺ ions at 614 nm was clearly observed, while no emission of Eu³⁺ ions for the Eu³⁺‐doped sample. It may be ascribed to the energy transfer from SnO₂ conduction band to Eu³⁺ conduction band. Further experimental results suggest that the energy transfer may be achieved through surface transition state.     

Eu<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-fluorescence properties in nano-crystallized SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> glass-ceramics

Fluorescence and spectral hole burning properties of Eu³⁺ ions were studied in nanocrystals-precipitated SnO₂-SiO₂ glasses. The glasses were prepared to contain various amount of Eu₂O₃ using the sol-gel method, in which SnO₂ nanocrystals were precipitated by heating in air. In the glasses containing Eu₂O₃ less than 1%, the Eu³⁺ ions were preferentially doped in the SnO₂ nanocrystals and their fluorescence intensities were enhanced by the energy transfer due to the recombination of electrons and holes excited in SnO₂ crystals. The SnO₂ nanocrystals-precipitated glasses exhibited the persistent spectral holes with the depth of ∼25% of the total fluorescence intensities of the Eu³⁺ ions. With the increasing Eu₂O₃ concentration, the amount of SnO₂ nanocrystals decreased and the Sn⁴⁺ ions formed the random glass structure together with the silica network. This structure change induced the fluorescence intensities and the hole depth to decrease.     

A New Concept for Obtaining SnO2 Fiber‐in‐Tube Nanostructures with Superior Electrochemical Properties

Tin oxide (SnO₂) nanotubes with a fiber‐in‐tube structure have been prepared by electrospinning and the mechanism of their formation has been investigated. Tin oxide‐carbon composite nanofibers with a filled structure were formed as an intermediate product, which were then transformed into SnO₂ nanotubes with a fiber‐in‐tube structure during heat treatment at 500 °C. Nanofibers with a diameter of 85 nm were found to be located inside hollow nanotubes with an outer diameter of 260 nm. The prepared SnO₂ nanotubes had well‐developed mesopores. The discharge capacities of the SnO₂ nanotubes at the 2nd and 300th cycles at a current density of 1 A g^?1 were measured as 720 and 640 mA h g^?1, respectively, and the corresponding capacity retention measured from the 2nd cycle was 88 %. The discharge capacities of the SnO₂ nanotubes at incrementally increased current densities of 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 5 A g^?1 were 774, 711, 652, and 591 mA h g^?1, respectively. The SnO₂ nanotubes with a fiber‐in‐tube structure showed superior cycling and rate performances compared to those of SnO₂ nanopowder. The unique structure of the SnO₂ nanotubes with a fiber@void@tube configuration improves their electrochemical properties by reducing the diffusion length of the lithium ions, and also imparts greater stability during electrochemical cycling.     

SnO2@MWCNT nanocomposite as a high capacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries

We report the synthesis and characterization of SnO₂@multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite as a high capacity anode material for sodium-ion battery. SnO₂@MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized by a solvothermal method. SEM and TEM analyses show the uniform distribution of SnO₂ nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes. When applied as anode materials in Na-ion batteries, SnO₂@MWCNT nanocomposite exhibited a high sodium storage capacity of 839 mAh g^− 1 in the first cycle. SnO₂@MWCNT nanocomposite also demonstrated much better cycling performance than that of bare SnO₂ nanoparticles and bare MWCNTs. Furthermore, the nanocomposite electrode also showed a good cyclability and an enhanced Coulombic efficiency on cycling.     

Microscopic studies of a SnO2/α-Fe2O3 architectural nanocomposite using Mössbauer spectroscopic and magnetic measurements

A SnO₂/α-Fe₂O₃ architectural nanocomposite, which was evidenced as SnO₂ nanorod arrays assembled on the surface of α-Fe₂O₃ nanotubes in our previous study, was investigated microscopically by means of Mössbauer spectroscopic and magnetic measurements. It was found for the SnO₂ nanorods that Fe³⁺ ions substituted slightly to Sn_0.998Fe_0.002O₂. Concerning the α-Fe₂O₃ tubes, the Morin transition, which was completely suppressed in the mother, SnO₂-free α-Fe₂O₃ nanotubes, was found to be recovered locally. We speculate that it takes place in the interface area as a result of structural modification needed for the connection with the SnO₂ nanorods.     

Structural and electrochemical properties of SnO2/nanocarbon families as lithium-ion battery anodes

Hybrid SnO₂/nanocarbon families (graphene nanosheets (GNSs), single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanospheres (CNSs)) have been synthesized by a similar wet chemical method. SnO₂ nanoparticles are uniformly loaded on the surface of the nanocarbon families. As lithium battery anodes, their electrochemical properties of the reaction of lithium are investigated under the same conditions. To compare between them, SnO₂/GNSs have the largest capacity; SnO₂/GNSs and SnO₂/SWCNTs have high cyclability; and SnO₂/MWCNTs can maintain the capacity at high current density. Such behaviors are ascribed to their surface-to-volume ratio, structure flexibility, ion mobility and electron conductivity. The present results are the bases for their practical applications in lithium-ion battery anodes.     

Enhanced gas sensing by assembling Pd nanoparticles onto the surface of SnO2 nanowires

SnO₂ nanowires with an average 0.6 μm in length and about 25 nm in diameter were prepared by a hydrothermal method. The sensors were fabricated using SnO₂ nanowires assembled with Pd nanocrystals. The sensing properties of the sensors such as selectivity, response-recovery time and stability were tested at 290 °C. After assembling Pd nanocrystals onto the surface of SnO₂ nanowires, the gas sensing properties of the sensors toward H₂S were improved. The sensors based on Pd nanoparticle@SnO₂ nanowires exhibit high stability owing to stable single crystal structure. The mechanism of promoting sensing properties with Pd nanoparticles is discussed.     

Low-Temperature CH4 Total Oxidation on Catalysts Based on High Surface Area SnO2

Pure SnO₂, sulfated SnO₂-SO₄ ^2- and Pd supported on SnO₂ and SnO₂-SO₄ ^2- were prepared from SnO₂ precursor with high surface area, and used for CH₄ deep oxidation. The catalysts were characterized by means of N₂-BET, XRD, TG-DTA, XPS and TPD. SnO₂-SO₄ ^2- shows higher activity than SnO₂, due to the presence of more active oxygen species, superacid sites and its higher BET surface area. Pd/SnO₂ and Pd/SnO₂-SO₄ ^2- display essentially the same activity to each other, while it is much higher than the activity on SnO₂ and SnO₂-SO₄ ^2-. The main reason is ascribed to the concerted action between Pd and the supports.     

Synergistic Catalysis of SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide for VO2+/VO2+ and V2+/V3+ Redox Reactions

In spite of their low cost, high activity, and diversity, metal oxide catalysts have not been widely applied in vanadium redox reactions due to their poor conductivity and low surface area. Herein, SnO₂/reduced graphene oxide (SnO₂/rGO) composite was prepared by a sol–gel method followed by high-temperature carbonization. SnO₂/rGO shows better electrochemical catalysis for both redox reactions of VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ and V²⁺/V³⁺ couples as compared to SnO₂ and graphene oxide. This is attributed to the fact that reduced graphene oxide is employed as carbon support featuring excellent conductivity and a large surface area, which offers fast electron transfer and a large reaction place towards vanadium redox reaction. Moreover, SnO₂ has excellent electrochemical activity and wettability, which also boost the electrochemical kinetics of redox reaction. In brief, the electrochemical properties for vanadium redox reactions are boosted in terms of diffusion, charge transfer, and electron transport processes systematically. Next, SnO₂/rGO can increase the energy storage performance of cells, including higher discharge electrolyte utilization and lower electrochemical polarization. At 150 mA cm⁻², the energy efficiency of a modified cell is 69.8%, which is increased by 5.7% compared with a pristine one. This work provides a promising method to develop composite catalysts of carbon materials and metal oxide for vanadium redox reactions.     

SnO2 /MWCNTs纳米复合材料的低热固相制备及其超电容特性研究

采用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)辅助固相法制备SnO2/MWCNTs纳米复合材料,X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)测试表明,SnO2纳米颗粒均匀包裹在MWCNTs表面.循环伏安和恒流充放电测试表明,与SnO2颗粒和纯MWCNTs相比,SnO2/MWCNTs纳米复合材料在1.0 mol·L-1 Na2SO4电解液中的电化学电容性质得到明显改善.当SnO2质量分数为11%时,在电流密度0.2 A·g-1下,SnO2的电容值最大可达217.3 F·g-1.