基于C—H键断裂的多氯烷基化反应研究进展

多氯代烃在有机合成和化学工业,特别是制药和材料领域中尤其重要,引起了化学家们的广泛关注,诞生了各种合成氯代有机化合物的方法.引入多氯烷基能够作为关键成分改变化合物的药物活性,同时,多氯烷基可以作为前体转化为醛、酮和羧酸等具有不同功能性的官能团,为实现天然产物的后期合成和修饰提供强有力的支持.通过断裂多氯烷烃中的C—H键来构建多氯代化合物的策略,由于具有高步骤经济性,已成为化学家们的研究热点,取得了重要的研究进展.总结了利用二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷作为多氯烷基的前体,从不同的反应体系(过渡金属催化、可见光介导、无金属参与)出发,综述了近十年来基于C—H键断裂策略的多氯烷基化反应的相关工作,并对反应设计、机理研究、研究展望等给予评述.     

铜催化下苯并五元杂环化合物的C—S偶联反应

以二苯二硫醚为硫源,在无强碱和配体的条件下,通过碘化亚铜催化促进S—S键断裂,再与苯并五元杂环化合物反应生成了芳基硫醚,采用1H NMR和13C NMR对目标化合物进行了表征,并确定了最佳反应条件.在苯并五元杂环化合物和二苯二硫醚的物质的量比为2∶1,催化剂Cu I用量为10 mol%,溶剂为二甲基亚砜(DMSO),反应温度110℃,时间12 h时,产率达到89.9%.同时,通过高效液相色谱(HLPC)进行跟踪监测,对该反应的机理进行了探讨.     

铁(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化反应合成α-氯代甲基酮类化合物

研究了Fe(Ⅲ)催化氯代炔烃水化生成α-氯代甲基酮化合物的反应,考察了催化剂的种类、酸的种类、反应温度以及溶剂对反应的影响.结果表明,采用Fe Cl3·6H2O(摩尔分数5%)和甲基磺酸(摩尔分数20%),在1,2-二氯乙烷溶剂中,氯代炔烃于80℃进行水化反应3 h,可以高产率得到α-氯代甲基酮产物.所得化合物的结构采用IR,1H NMR,13C NMR及MS等方法进行了表征.该水化反应合成方法简单、条件温和且收率良好,为合成α-氯代甲基酮提供了一种简便途径.     

过硼酸钠选择氧化苯硫基乙酸酯的研究

近年来,亚砜的研究十分活跃,苯亚磺酰基乙酸酯是有用的合成中间体,它可以起烷基化反应、Michael反应和缩合反应.我们在含硫碳负离子的研究工作中需要一系列的苯亚磺酰基乙酸酯(3_(a—j))作为合成中间体.合成这类化合物最方便的方法是用合适的硫酚制成硫醚后进行选择性氧化,常用的氧化剂是过氧化氢、过碘酸钠和间氯过苯甲酸.但是,各种方法均有不足之处.例如,用过氧化氢容易发生过度氧化,导致产品不纯;间氯过苯甲酸价高;按文献用过碘酸钠氧化硝基苯硫乙酸酯(2_(a—j)),反应难以进行.不久前,Mckillop等报道用过硼酸钠(NaBO_3·4H_2O)可使硫醚氧化生成亚砜.但是,他们的研究对象仅局限于结构简单的二烃基硫醚,而在分子内若有其它官能团时能否进行选择性氧化,则未见报道.我们进行了过硼酸钠选择氧化苯硫基乙酸酯的研究,取得了很好的结果.     

硅烷基取代苯并二硫杂环戊烯的合成及电化学性质

以苯并-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯为原料,通过金属化反应以及锂化二硫杂环戊烯与氯代硅烷反应合成了系列2-硅烷基取代苯并-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯化合物.测定了化合物的氧化电位,发现硅的引入导致苯并-1,3-二硫杂环戊烯的氧化电位明显降低,给体的给电子能力增强.     

在特殊环境中硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯光解机理的研究

本工作对两种具不同取代基的硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯在苯溶液和硅胶薄层色谱板上的光解进行了研究,发现硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯在苯溶液中的光解产物有苯甲醛(3)、苯硫酚(4)、二苯基硫醚(8)、二苯基二硫醚(5)、联苯(9)以及邻巯基苯甲酰基苯(6)与对巯基苯甲酸基苯(7)两个Fries光重排产物.实验结果表明,光解产物的分布受环境和介质的强烈影响.讨论了笼效应和外加磁场效应在硫代苯甲酸-S-苯酯光解中的作用,并进一步确定此类化合物的光解反应是通过其三重态而发生的.     

气相中卤代苯离子-分子反应产物的串联质谱研究

应用碰撞诱导解离技术研究了氯代苯、溴代苯和碘代苯离子-分子反应产物的碎裂反应特性,与联苯的分子离子和质子化溴代联苯的碰撞诱导解离谱比较获得了产物离子的结构信息.     

MEDV-13预测多氯二苯并噻吩化合物的气相色谱保留指数

氯代多环芳烃化合物,如多氯代二苯并二噁英(PCDD)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDF)、多氯联苯(PCB)等,这些化合物通常以有害或危险的化合物形式存在于不同的环境中~([1]),由于其脂溶性、抗代谢性或难降解性,平面氯代多环芳烃化合物具有在食物链中积聚并引起毒性的作用.     

芳香卤代物C—S偶联反应的研究进展

含硫化合物在天然产物、药物、农药和材料中广泛存在,具有多种生物活性或独特功能.C—S偶联反应是合成含硫化合物的重要方法,是有机合成领域的研究热点之一.随着对催化剂的深入开发和对含硫偶联反应物的不断扩展,近年来涌现出大量的C—S偶联反应方法,为含硫化合物的合成提供了便利.芳香卤代烃是合成含硫化合物的主要底物,通过设计不同的反应体系和含硫偶联反应物进行C—S偶联反应,能够高效地合成硫酚、硫醚、二硫醚和砜等含硫化合物.按照不同种类的含硫偶联反应物类型和催化剂种类(钯、铜和镍等)进行分类,综述了近年来以芳香卤代烃为底物的C—S偶联反应,并对代表性反应的机理做了简要说明和比较.此外,还对这一领域目前存在的问题和局限性进行简要分析,并对未来发展方向提出展望.     

1，5—苯并硫氮杂Zuo氯代β—内酰胺衍生物的合成、光谱及立体化学

苯并硫氮杂Zuo是一类具有重要生理活性的七元杂环化合物,近年来,通过亚胺双键（C＝N）的环加成反应向此类化合物分子中引入新的环系引起了它们的关注^[1-4]。这项工作对于合成新的杂Zuo类化合物从而筛选出具有特殊生理活性的物质有着重要意义。本文通过1,5－苯并硫氮杂Zuo与氯乙烯酮的反应向原分子中并合一个β－内酰胺活性单元,合成了一系列新型的1,5－苯并硫氮杂Zuo-α氯代－β－内酰胺衍生物（B1－B5）,研究了它们的波谱特征及立体结构。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.