亚临界水中葡萄糖转化生成5-羟甲基糠醛的理论研究

采用色散修正的密度泛函理论,分别采用隐性溶剂模型和显性溶剂模型,对比研究了亚临界水中葡萄糖异构化为果糖以及果糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的反应机理。结果表明,显性溶剂模型更接近真实反应情况,溶剂水分子能够参与反应并在质子迁移过程起催化作用。葡萄糖异构化反应的控速步骤为开环葡萄糖的醛-烯醇异构化,其活化能取决于开环葡萄糖中α-H提取的难易程度及生成的碳负离子的稳定性。果糖脱水反应控速步骤为呋喃果糖的第一次分子内脱水,所需活化能取决于呋喃果糖C(2)位OH质子化脱水后形成的碳正离子的稳定性。本工作揭示了Br?nsted碱对葡萄糖异构化反应及Br?nsted酸对果糖脱水反应促进作用的根本原因,为葡萄糖降解转化催化剂的调控及溶剂的筛选提供理论依据。     

负载型纳米金催化葡萄糖氧化研究进展

负载型金催化剂的制备具有重要的理论和应用价值。葡萄糖作为一种可再生资源已用于合成具有应用价值的葡萄糖酸。作为“绿色化学”反应过程,负载型金催化剂催化葡萄糖氧化已经成为热门的研究领域。负载型金催化剂具有产物专一性强、催化活性高、反应条件温和、长期催化稳定性等优点。本文主要对负载型金催化剂制备方法及其催化葡萄糖氧化方面近年来的进展进行综述。     

纤维素基生物质催化转化制备二醇

生物质作为最有潜力替代化石能源的可再生资源之一,受到日益广泛的重视。纤维素基生物质是催化转化为各种燃料和化学品的重要原料。近年来,二醇(包括乙二醇、丙二醇和丁二醇等)作为燃料和化学品广泛应用于各个领域,市场需求很大。传统制备二醇是以化石能源为原料,存在原料不可再生和环境污染大等缺点。因此采用非化石原料途径制备二醇受到越来越多的关注,其中以纤维素基生物质催化制备二醇是克服化石燃料短缺和减少环境污染的重要途径之一。本文系统总结了近年来以纤维素基生物质(纤维素、葡萄糖、果糖和山梨醇)为原料催化转化制备二醇的研究现状,对反应途径、反应机理、催化剂稳定性和反应溶剂类型等进行了详细介绍,在此基础上对利用纤维素基生物质原料催化制备二醇的发展趋势进行展望,以期为相关研究者提供参考。     

生物质平台化合物电催化制备高值燃料与化学品研究进展

生物质是一类丰富的可再生碳基资源, 有望代替传统化石资源生产燃料和化学品, 受到了广泛关注和研究. 近年来, 电催化作为一种绿色高效的转化策略, 成为生物质催化转化的重要研究方向之一, 具有巨大的应用前景. 本文总结了生物质平台化合物电催化制备高附加值燃料与化学品的研究进展, 根据反应类型重点介绍了电催化氧化、 还原和偶联反应, 对催化反应过程和机理进行了阐述, 并对电催化生物炼制的前景进行了展望.     

氧化钽及钽钨复合氧化物固体酸催化己糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛以及非等计量比的甲酸和乙酰丙酸（英文）

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是最具应用前景的平台化合物之一, HMF制备的研究越来越成为热点,并且已经取得了令人瞩目的研究成果.尽管如此,在现阶段利用固体酸催化剂催化碳水化合物制备HMF的研究仍然面临许多挑战,以葡萄糖为原料制备HMF时产物选择性普遍较低.因此,合成制备高活性催化糖类化合物脱水制HMF的固体酸催化剂,并且研究固体酸催化剂表面酸性质比如酸密度、酸强度以及Br?nsted/Lewis酸比值等对糖类化合物制HMF反应中各反应产物选择性的影响,对新型高效催化剂的开发设计具有重要意义.本文通过溶剂挥发自组装法合成了一系列介孔Ta及Ta-W氧化物固体酸催化剂,并用于催化果糖和葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛.以三甲基膦(TMP)为探针分子,利用31P固体核磁共振谱技术表征催化剂表面酸性质,考察复合金属氧化物固体酸催化剂酸量、酸强度以及酸类型对催化果糖和葡萄糖制备HMF反应性能的影响,为高效催化剂的设计提供一定的理论指导.另外,我们还通过引入2-丁醇构建有机溶剂/水体系,考察有机溶剂对葡萄糖脱水制HMF反应中所用催化剂活性和产物选择性的影响.31P固体核磁共振技术表征样品的酸性质发现,随着W掺杂量的增加,系列Ta及Ta-W氧化物的酸强度和Br?nsted/Lewis酸量比值逐渐增加.催化反应结果表明,以介孔Ta及Ta-W复合氧化物为催化剂时,果糖和葡萄糖脱水制HMF反应的催化活性和HMF选择性与所用催化剂的酸量、酸类型和酸强度有关.介孔Ta及Ta-W复合氧化物催化剂表面的B/L比值越高,催化反应过程中的己糖转化率也越高, HMF选择性也普遍越高.具有较高Br?nsted酸强度的催化剂在水溶液中更易降低HMF产物选择性,归结于HMF的再水解和葡萄糖的非选择性脱水等副反应.实验结果发现,产物甲酸(FA)的选择性远高于乙酰丙酸(LA),说明过量FA很可能来自果糖在Lewis酸位上的分解.2-丁醇的引入能够提高己糖转化率和HMF选择性,并且在B/L比值越高的催化剂上提升的效果越显著.其中, Ta_7W_3氧化物为催化剂时, HMF选择性最高可达54%,并且该催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性,这主要是因为2-丁醇的加入能够有效地抑制反应中胡敏素等聚合物的生成,防止后者在催化剂表面附着导致催化活性降低,进而提高了催化剂在催化反应中的稳定性.     

生物基平台化合物催化转化制备糠醇

糠醇(FOL)作为一种重要且多用途的有机化工原料,可以有效地转化为各种高价值的化学品,如糠醛树脂、脲醛树脂、酚醛树脂、果酸、增塑剂和火箭燃料等。以糠醛(FAL)、木糖和果糖为原料经催化加氢制备FOL的绿色生产工艺,具有良好的应用前景和研究价值。本文系统总结了近年来国内外以FAL、木糖、果糖为原料制备FOL的研究现状,从催化剂类型、催化效率和催化机理等方面对制备FOL的催化剂进行了总结,并在此基础上对催化加氢制备FOL的发展趋势进行了展望,为开发更为新型、高效、绿色、稳定的催化剂体系提供理论指导和有益借鉴。     

木质纤维素催化转化制备能源平台化合物

可再生生物质资源的能源化利用能有效缓解能源短缺和环境恶化的双重压力。木质纤维素类生物质原料通过催化转化途径可以转化成为用途广泛的平台化合物,如呋喃类化合物、多元醇和有机酸及其酯类衍生物等。以这些平台化合物为原料,通过基元反应的转化可以制备高附加值的生物质基液体燃料。基于上述背景,本文概述了国内外木质纤维素通过不同催化转化途径制备各种新能源平台化合物的研究进展。目前木质纤维素制备新能源平台化合物的可行途径主要包括液体酸催化、固体酸催化、离子液体催化和多功能材料催化。在介绍这些催化途径的同时,重点讨论了所使用的催化剂,分析了仍然存在的问题和可能的解决措施,同时对今后该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

二次法(同晶取代)快速合成Sn-β沸石用于葡萄糖异构制果糖

采用二次法快速合成了Sn-β沸石.该方法包含杂原子脱除和与SnCl₄的同晶取代两个步骤,合成时间从水热法的约40 d缩短为少于1 d,Sn含量更高.将该沸石用于水相催化葡萄糖异构化制果糖反应,详细考察了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量、溶剂以及卤盐添加物对反应性能的影响.在优化的反应条件下,果糖收率最高可达约43%.催化剂可以通过焙烧再生.     

金属氧化物改性的HZSM-5催化热解木质素定向制备对二甲苯（英文）

对二甲苯是石化行业中一种重要的大宗化学品,而且生物质基对二甲苯的制备在学术和工业领域都具有重要意义.对木质素和甲醇在不同金属氧化物改性的HZSM-5催化剂作用下共催化热解一步法制备可再生的对二甲苯的过程进行了研究.研究结果表明,在HZSM-5催化剂中引入La,Mg,Ce和Zn元素可以调节催化剂的酸强度和强酸性位点,进而促进轻芳烃(如苯和甲苯)烷基化形成对二甲苯以及间/邻二甲苯向对二甲苯的异构化.木质素和甲醇的共催化热解显著地提高了对二甲苯的产率.在20%La_2O_3/HZSM-5催化剂作用下,木质素与33 wt%甲醇共催化热解获得的对二甲苯的最高收率为13.9%,对二甲苯/二甲苯比率为82.7%.并且基于产物的分析以及催化剂的表征,提出了由木质素制备对二甲苯的可能反应途径.     

单糖化学催化制取运输燃料

农作物秸秆和林业废弃物是资源量大、可再生的非粮生物质。它们由半纤维素、纤维素和木质素组成,源于这些生物质的单糖不仅可以经过生物催化过程制备纤维乙醇,还是化学催化法制备传统烃类运输燃料的重要平台。本文首先介绍了木质生物质酶法和酸催化法水解制备单糖的工艺特点,然后详细介绍了近几年来开发的从单糖出发制取烃类生物燃料的各种新型催化方法,如单糖直接HZSM-5分子筛催化重整制备液体烃类,以及单糖经乙酰丙酸和酯化加氢工艺、经多元醇和水相脱水加氢（APD/H）工艺、经糠醛类化合物和羟醛缩合加氢工艺、经单官能团化合物和催化提质工艺。对这些催化方法的工艺条件、催化剂组成和化学反应进行了总结评述。考虑到由单糖制备C₆以上烃类可以直接或混配为传统的液体燃料,本文对这两条工艺路线进行了重点介绍,总结了过程所发生的反应和脱氧机理,并探讨了工业化过程中需要注意的科学难题。     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.     

Synthesis of N-substituted carbazolones from α-iodo enaminones via Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular coupling under microwave irradiation

A variety of N-aryl and N-alkyl carbazolones were conveniently achieved in good to high yields via Pd₂(dba)₃-mediated intramolecular coupling of N-substituted α-iodo enaminones under microwave irradiation. The Pd(0)-catalyzed cyclization was found to proceed favorably with the more electron-deficient phenyl ring during the reactions involving unsymmetrical N,N-diaryl α-iodo enaminones. This unique property enables the construction of carbazolone skeleton containing nitro substituted benzenoid ring.     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Synthesis of substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles by intramolecular nitrilimine cycloaddition

Both substituted 2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazoles and 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles have been synthesized by the 3+2 intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines to alkynes. This cyclization has been extended to more versatile 3-bromo derivatives by the use of alkynylbromides as dipolarophiles.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.