电纺纳米纤维固相萃取拟除虫菊酯的研究

将电纺纳米纤维用于萃取分离拟除虫菊酯农药.实验发现电纺纳米纤维对甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯和联苯菊酯农药有较好的吸附能力,对6种拟除虫菊酯农药的最大吸附容量分别为5.4、5.8、6.0、6.5、6.5和8.0μg/mg.应用电纺纳米纤维固相萃取一高败液相同时测定蔬菜样品中6种拟除虫菊酯农药.在优化实验条件下,6种拟除虫菊酯类农药分离效果较好,并在(0.01～0.04)～10mg/L浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.9995～0.9999);方法的最小检测限为5～12μg/L,其加标回收率在85.8%～96.6%之间.     

中空纤维膜液相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定水样中拟除虫菊酯类农药

提出了气相色谱-质谱法测定水中的拟除虫菊酯类农药胺菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯菊酯的方法。样品采用中空纤维膜液相微萃取法萃取,以甲苯为萃取剂,于35℃在600r.min-1转速下萃取20min。在优化的试验条件下,胺菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯菊酯的富集倍数分别为292,63,76倍。3种拟除虫菊酯类农药的响应信号值与其质量浓度在一定的线性范围呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)均小于0.5μg.L-1。方法用于分析实际水样,回收率为92.4%～98.0%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.9%～8.6%。     

分散固相萃取/分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定甘蓝中的拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

采用分散固相萃取和分散液液微萃取方法,建立了气相色谱法快速检测甘蓝中氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。使用乙腈作为萃取溶剂,经乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷固相萃取吸附剂净化提取液,分散液液微萃取将农药富集到50μL二甲苯中后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行分析。考察了萃取溶剂的种类与体积、分散剂体积及盐效应等因素对分散液液微萃取萃取效率的影响。结果表明:除氟氯氰菊酯在0.01~0.1 mg/L范围外,其余3种拟除虫菊酯农药均在0.01~5.0mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.997 9~0.999 2;加标浓度为0.02~0.5μg/g时,除氟氯氰菊酯外其他拟除虫菊酯农药的平均回收率为81.9%~93.5%,相对标准偏差为9.5%~20.7%。该方法简单、高效、重现性好、富集倍数高,可用于甘蓝中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测。     

分散固相萃取/分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定甘蓝中的拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

采用分散固相萃取和分散液液微萃取方法,建立了气相色谱法快速检测甘蓝中氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯4种拟除虫菊酯农药残留量的分析方法。使用乙腈作为萃取溶剂,经乙二胺-Ｎ-丙基硅烷固相萃取吸附剂净化提取液,分散液液微萃取将农药富集到50 μL二甲苯中后,采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器进行分析。考察了萃取溶剂的种类与体积、分散剂体积及盐效应等因素对分散液液微萃取萃取效率的影响。结果表明：除氟氯氰菊酯在 0.01~0.1 mg/L范围外,其余3种拟除虫菊酯农药均在 0.01~5.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.997 9~0.999 2;加标浓度为0.02~0.5 μg/g时,除氟氯氰菊酯外其他拟除虫菊酯农药的平均回收率为81.9%~93.5%,相对标准偏差为9.5%~20.7%。该方法简单、高效、重现性好、富集倍数高,可用于甘蓝中拟除虫菊酯类农药的快速检测。     

分散固相萃取分离-气相色谱法测定银鱼中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

以冰乙酸-乙腈溶液为萃取溶剂,采用乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)、C18和石墨化炭黑固相材料分散净化技术,以气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定银鱼中6种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯)。该方法在0.05~1.0 mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3S/N):氯氰菊酯为0.02 mg.kg-1,其余5种拟除虫菊酯均为0.01 mg.kg-1。以银鱼试样为基体,加入两种不同浓度的6种拟除虫菊酯标准溶液作回收试验,测得回收率在82.9%~106.1%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在2.9%~7.1%之间。     

微波处理-气相色谱法测定蒜薹中多种有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了微波处理-气相色谱法快速测定蒜薹中的8种有机氯类、拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品切成2 cm左右的小段,采用家用微波炉处理,再用乙腈提取,提取液采用固相萃取技术分离、净化、浓缩后,进气相色谱分析,外标法定性、定量。该方法适用于三唑酮、联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯等8种农药的残留分析。经过添加回收试验,8种农药的平均回收率在76.4%~105.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤10%,符合农残分析要求。     

浊点萃取-异辛烷反萃取-气相色谱测定茶叶中拟除虫菊酯农药残留

建立了浊点萃取-异辛烷反萃取-气相色谱(ECD)检测茶叶中联苯菊酯(Bifenthrin)、甲氰菊酯(Fenpropathrin)、功夫菊酯(Cyhalothrin)、氯菊酯(Permethrin)、氰戊菊酯(Fenvalerate)、溴氰菊酯(Deltamethrin)6种拟除虫菊酯农药残留的方法.对含1.2%(m/V)聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)表面活性剂和40%(m/V)(NH4)2SO4的6种拟除虫菊酯溶液进行加热萃取,所获得的富集相用异辛烷超声反萃取,并经离心对上层异辛烷溶液进行进一步净化处理,即可获得富集倍数达75倍的6种农药.本方法的检出限(LOD)为:联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和功夫菊酯0.4 μg/kg;氰戊菊酯2.1 μg/kg;氯菊酯和溴氰菊酯3.0 μg/kg;用本方法测定了新鲜茶叶中6种拟除虫菊酯农药,含量分别为4.17, 4.15, 4.09, 4.01, 3.93和3.51 μg/kg.在上述茶叶样品中添加20 μg/kg 的6种农药后测定,添加回收率为72.3%～85.6%; 相对标准偏差为2.2%～5.6%.     

分散固相萃取-分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定茶叶中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

将分散固相萃取和分散液液微萃取(d-SPE-DLLME)相结合,并与气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(GC-MS/MS)联用,建立了快速测定茶叶中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。样品经乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)净化,四氯化碳(CCl_4)浓缩萃取后,采用GC-MS/MS进行分析。以全发酵红茶为基质,考察了提取剂种类、萃取剂的种类和体积、分散剂体积以及萃取时间对萃取效率的影响。以乙腈为提取剂进行分散固相萃取,在进行分散液液微萃取时,以200μL CCl4为萃取剂,1 m L乙腈为分散剂,萃取时间为1 min。结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药在10~500μg/kg浓度范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为1.0~10.0μg/kg。7种农药在4种茶叶(红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶和黑茶)中4个添加水平下的平均回收率为75.4%~113.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)不大于8.8%。该方法具有简单、快速、成本低、检出限低的特点。应用所建立的方法对12种市售茶叶样品进行检测,结果满意。     

气相色谱双塔双柱同时测定蔬菜中多种有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量

建立了蔬菜及其制品中16种有机氯农药和8种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的气相色谱分析方法. 样品用V(丙酮)∶V(正己烷)＝1∶1提取, 加入20 g/L Na2SO4溶液用正己烷进行液液分配, 提取液用硅镁吸附剂层析柱净化, 采用DB-1701与DB-5毛细管柱分离, 双塔同时进样双GC-uECD同时检测, 双柱定性定量, 在两个水平添加时的回收率(n=6)分别为79.8～118.7%和85.6%～118.8%, 相对标准偏差分别为2.1%～9.2%和1.8%～8.6%, 该方法的检出限为有机氯农药0.001 mg/kg, 联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯为0.002 mg/kg, 其余5种拟除虫菊酯类农药0.005 mg/kg.     

牛肉中7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定

建立了牛肉组织中胺菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氟胺氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氟氯苯氰菊酯、氯菊酯7种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法,样品经乙腈提取后,吹干提取液,用正己烷溶解,氟罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化,经BEHC18色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液和0.1%乙酸铵溶液为流动相进行洗脱。电喷雾正离子模式(ESI+)电离,多反应监测模式(MRM)检测,外标法定量。结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药标准溶液在10～1000μg/L范围内呈良好线性,r2均大于0.998;方法检出限为5μg/kg,定量下限为10μg/kg;7种拟除虫菊酯农药在10～50μg/kg添加水平内的回收率为81%～116%,批内、批间RSD均小于15%。该方法具有简便快捷、灵敏度高、定性准确等优点,能满足食品安全检测有关法规的要求。     

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Teas via QuEChERS Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

In this study, an effective gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to determine 47 pesticide residues in tea. Sample preparation involved a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure, wherein the sample is extracted by acetonitrile and cleaned up with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and primary secondary amine adsorbents; dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was subsequently performed using carbon tetrachloride as extractive solvent and the extract obtained by QuEChERS as dispersive solvent. Factors influencing DLLME efficiency, including type and volume of extractive solvent, volume of dispersive solvent, and extraction time were evaluated. For validation purposes, recovery studies were performed using matrix blanks fortified with pesticides at three concentrations, namely, 10, 50, and 100 μg kg^?1. Most of the analytes were recovered at an acceptable range of 70?120% and RSDs ≤ 20% were acquired for green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and puer tea. Limits of quantification of pesticides obtained for these teas were sufficiently low, and most pesticides levels were lower than 10 μg kg^?1, which satisfies the requirements for maximum residue levels (MRLs) as prescribed by the European Community. Twenty-four commercially available tea samples were analyzed using this optimized method. Results revealed that the contents of chlorpyrifos and alpha-HCH from different green tea samples exceed the MRLs, and chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin are among the most frequently detected pesticides in teas.     

Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid‐liquid Micro‐extraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Volatile Components in Tobacco

The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (DLLME) has been developed for extraction of volatile components in tobacco. 35 volatile components were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Methanol–methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) (8:2, v/v) was selected as PLE extraction solvent. The optimized DLLME procedure, 3 mL of pure water and 1.0 mL tobacco extract solution, 40 μL of chloroform as extraction solvent, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile as disperser solvent, was validated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range of 96‐159. The limits of detection were between 0.14 and 0.33 μg/kg. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 4.3 and 7.5% (n = 6). The recoveries of the analytes evaluated by fortification of tobacco samples were in the range of 84.7‐96.4%. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method for determination of volatile components in tobacco, the proposed method was quick and easy to operate, and had high‐enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.     

Application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in watermelon and cucumber

In this article, a new method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in cucumber and watermelon was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). Acetonitrile (MeCN) was used as extraction solvent for the extraction of OPPs from plant samples. When the extraction process was finished, the target analytes in the extraction solvent were rapidly transferred from the MeCN extract to another small volume of organic solvent, chlorobenzene, using DLLME. Recovery tests were performed for concentrations between 0.5 and 20 microg/kg; recoveries for each target analyte were in the range between 67 and 111%. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 2 and 9% (n=3). Limits of detection of the method for watermelon and cucumber were found ranging from 0.010 to 0.190 microg/kg for all the target pesticides. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method, the proposed method has the advantage of being quick and easy to operate, and having high-enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.     

Determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned seafood combining QuEChERS extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A new simple and reliable method combining an acetonitrile partitioning extractive procedure followed by dispersive solid-phase cleanup (QuEChERS) with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and further gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis was developed for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol B (BPB) in canned seafood samples. Besides the great enrichment factor provided, the final DLLME extractive step was designed in order to allow the simultaneous acetylation of the compounds required for their gas chromatographic analysis. Tetrachloroethylene was used as extractive solvent, while the acetonitrile extract obtained from QuEChERS was used as dispersive solvent, and anhydride acetic as derivatizing reagent. The main factors influencing QuEChERS and DLLME efficiency including nature of QuEChERS dispersive-SPE sorbents, amount of DLLME extractive and dispersive solvents and nature and amount of derivatizing reagent were evaluated. DLLME procedure provides an effective enrichment of the extract, allowing the required sensitivity even using a single quadropole MS as detector. The optimized method showed to be accurate (>68?% recovery), reproducible (<21?% relative standard deviation) and sensitive for the target analytes (method detection limits of 0.2?μg/kg for BPA and 0.4?μg/kg for BPB). The screening of several canned seafood samples commercialized in Portugal (total?=?47) revealed the presence of BPA in more than 83?% of the samples with levels ranging from 1.0 to 99.9?μg/kg, while BPB was found in only one sample at a level of 21.8?μg/kg.     

Determination of diflubenzuron and chlorbenzuron in fruits by combining acetonitrile‐based extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography

In this study, a simple and low‐organic‐solvent‐consuming method combining an acetonitrile‐partitioning extraction procedure followed by “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe” cleanup with ionic‐liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the determination of diflubenzuron and chlorbenzuron in grapes and pears. Ionic‐liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was performed using the ionic liquid 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as the extractive solvent and acetonitrile extract as the dispersive solvent. The main factors influencing the efficiency of the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction were evaluated, including the extractive solvent type and volume and the dispersive solvent volume. The validation parameters indicated the suitability of the method for routine analyses of benzoylurea insecticides in a large number of samples. The relative recoveries at three spiked levels ranged between 98.6 and 109.3% with relative standard deviations of less than 5.2%. The limit of detection was 0.005 mg/kg for the two insecticides. The proposed method was successfully used for the rapid determination of diflubenzuron and chlorbenzuron residues in real fruit samples.     

Multipesticide residue analysis in maize combining acetonitrile-based extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A fast and simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for determination of forty-one pesticide residues in maize is introduced. The sample preparation involves liquid-liquid partitioning with acetonitrile in presence of anhydrous MgSO(4) and NaCl (QuEChERS) followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) using carbon tetrachloride as extractive solvent and the extract obtained by QuEChERS as dispersive solvent. The main factors influencing DLLME efficiency including extractive solvent type and volume as well as the volume of dispersive solvent were evaluated in this study. The DLLME procedure effectively provides an enrichment of the extract and a cleanup of certain polar matrix components, which can maximize the sensitivity when a single quadrupole MS is used. For validation purposes, recoveries studies were carried out at two concentration levels, yielding recovery rates in the range 70-120% for 82% of the analytes. A good linearity and precision, with relative standard deviations generally below 20% were obtained for all forty-one pesticides. The limits of detection obtained were lower than 19 μg kg(-1) for more than 63% of the analytes. In two of a total of ten samples of maize, residues of lindane, tefluthrin, pirimicarb, folpet and bifenthrin were found, although at levels below the maximum limit established for this kind of samples.     

Tandem use of solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of mononitrotoluenes in aquatic environment

Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) in tandem with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed for the determination of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) in several aquatic samples using gas chromatography‐flame ionization (GC‐FID) detection system. In the hyphenated SPE‐DLLME, initially MNTs were extracted from a large volume of aqueous samples (100 mL) into a 500‐mg octadecyl silane (C₁₈) sorbent. After the elution of analytes from the sorbent with acetonitrile, the obtained solution was put under the DLLME procedure, so that the extra preconcentration factors could be achieved. The parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as breakthrough volume, type and volume of the elution solvent (disperser solvent) and extracting solvent, as well as the salt addition, were studied and optimized. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5–500 μg/L and the limit of detection for all analytes was found to be 0.2 μg/L. The relative standard deviations (for 0.75 μg/L of MNTs) without internal standard varied from 2.0 to 6.4% (n=5). The relative recoveries of the well, river and sea water samples, spiked at the concentration level of 0.75 μg/L of the analytes, were in the range of 85–118%.     

Combination of a modified quick,easy, cheap,efficient, rugged,and safe extraction method with a deep eutectic solvent based microwave‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: Application in extraction and preconcentration of multiclass pesticide residues in tomato samples

In this study, a new two–step extraction procedure based on the combination of a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method with a deep eutectic solvent based microwave‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of multiclass pesticides in tomato samples before their analysis by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. In this method, initially, an aliquot of tomato is crushed and diluted with deionized water. The mixture is then passed through a filter paper and its residue and aqueous phase are separated. Afterwards, acetonitrile as an extraction/disperser solvent is passed through the filter paper containing the refuse. The analytes remained in the refuse are extracted into the acetonitrile and then the obtained extract is mixed with a deep eutectic solvent. The obtained mixture is injected into the tomato juice and placed in a microwave oven for 15 s. Consequently, a cloudy state is formed and the extractant containing the analytes are sedimented at the bottom of the tube after centrifugation. Finally, 1 μL of the sedimented phase is removed and injected into the separation system. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.42–0.74 and 1.4–2.5 ng/g, respectively.     

Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction for Simultaneous Determination of Six Parabens in Aqueous Cosmetics

A simple and rapid sample preparation method of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction（DLLME） was applied in the simultaneous determination of six parabens in the aqueous cosmetics. The analysis was performed on gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detection（GC-FID）. The mixed solution containing 30 μL of chloroform（extraction solvent） and 300 μL of tetrahydrofuran（dispersive solvent） was rapidly injected into the sample solution for the purpose of microextraction. After that, the solution mentioned above was centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min, and then the organic sediment phase was detected by GC-FID. The effects of experimental parameters, such as the extraction solvent and the volume of it, and the dispersive solvent and the volume of it, on the yield of the extraction were studied in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors of the target analytes range from 87 to 214. Linearity ranges are 0.05-10.0μg/mL for methylparaben and 0.025--5.0 μg/mL for the other five parabens. The relative standard deviations（RSDs） are lower than 8.2%（n=6）. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of six parabens in eleven aqueous cosmetics. The recoveries of the target analytes in the spiked real samples are in the range of 81.0%-103%.     

Determination of pyrethroid pesticide residues in processed fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection

A gas chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 12 pyrethroids (tefluthrin, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, cyhalothrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, flucythrinate, fenvalerate, fluvalinate, and deltamethrin) in tomato puree, peach nectar, orange juice, and canned peas. A miniaturized extraction-partition procedure requiring small amounts of nonchlorinated solvents is used. Samples are extracted with acetone, partitioned with ethyl acetate-cyclohexane (50 + 50, v/v), and cleaned up on a Florisil cartridge. The final extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with both electron capture and mass spectrometric detection modes. Studies at fortification levels of 0.010-0.100 mg/kg gave mean recoveries ranging from 70.2 to 96.0% and coefficients of variation between 4.0 and 13.9% for all compounds. Quantitation limits were < 0.010 mg/kg for electron capture detection.