离子液体[BMIM]Cl预处理对微晶纤维素酶解的影响

以微晶纤维素为研究对象, 设计了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [BMIM]Cl)预处理微晶纤维素Avicel的实验方法以实现纤维素的高效酶解糖化. 在[BMIM]Cl中Avicel完全溶解, 经水洗沉淀得到再生纤维素, 回收后的离子液体可重复利用. 预处理后底物酶解的可溶性糖转化率在24 h时高达94.65%, 较之同样条件下未经预处理底物的酶解糖转化率(48.57%)有飞跃性提升. 进一步考察了离子液体预处理对纤维素结构及形态的影响, 结果表明: [BMIM]Cl预处理后Avicel氢键减弱; 结晶度明显下降, 结晶型态由纤维素I型转变为纤维素II型; 由规整的平行排布转变为疏松有孔的无序形貌. 正是离子液体预处理引起的纤维素微观与宏观结构性质的显著改变使得再生后纤维素酶解的可溶性糖转化率大幅提高.     

离子液体预处理生物质提高糖化产率

采用酶解糖化法检测离子液体EmimAc和AmimCl对生物质(甘蔗渣和桉木)的预处理效果,考察了温度、时间和固/液质量比对离子液体预处理效果的影响。 结果表明, 2种离子液体对2种生物质的最佳预处理温度均为140 ℃,固液质量比均为1∶15,EmimAc对桉木和甘蔗渣的预处理时间分别是12和4 h,而AmimCl所需的时间分别是14和8 h,EmimAc对桉木和甘蔗渣的预处理效果分别是传统方法的13.931和3.886倍,而AmimCl对这2种生物质分别是传统方法的4.665和2.835倍。 可见EmimAc的预处理效果优于AmimCl。     

离子液体预处理生物质提高糖化产率

采用酶解糖化法检测离子液体EmimAc和AmimCl对生物质(甘蔗渣和桉木)的预处理效果,考察了温度、时间和固/液质量比对离子液体预处理效果的影响。结果表明,2种离子液体对2种生物质的最佳预处理温度均为140℃,固液质量比均为1∶15,EmimAc对桉木和甘蔗渣的预处理时间分别是12和4 h,而AmimCl所需的时间分别是14和8 h,EmimAc对桉木和甘蔗渣的预处理效果分别是传统方法的13.931和3.886倍,而AmimCl对这2种生物质分别是传统方法的4.665和2.835倍。可见EmimAc的预处理效果优于AmimCl。     

离子液体介质中纤维素酶降解纤维素的研究进展

以不可再生资源为原料和能源进行的传统加工工业正面临着资源日益枯竭的现实,所以对可再生资源的研究势在必行。在各种可再生资源中,纤维素生物质是唯一可再生的碳资源,具有取之不尽用之不竭的物质基础,被普遍认为将会部分替代或补充不可再生资源。但由于纤维素的超分子结构,传统的工艺很难将其降解转化,离子液体作为一种新型的绿色溶剂,不仅能够很好地溶解纤维素,同时也是纤维素酶解反应的良好溶剂。综述了国内外离子液体对纤维素溶解、再生以及降解的近期研究成果,分析了其中存在的问题,提出了离子液体降解纤维素的发展方向。     

超临界二氧化碳偶合超声预处理强化玉米秸秆酶水解(英)

提出了一个木质纤维素生物质预处理的全绿色加工过程.以玉米秸秆和玉米芯为原料,以超临界CO₂和超声偶合法对木质纤维素进行预处理.超临界CO₂预处理条件为:压力15-25 MPa,温度120₁70℃,含水量50%,反应时间0.5₄ h.超声场功率600W,温度80℃,作用时间2-8 h.用纤维素酶水解反应获得的还原糖总量来评价预处理效果.结果表明,单纯超临界CO₂和超临界CO₂偶合超声预处理都能够提高生物质水解反应还原糖产量.对于玉米芯,超临界CO₂预处理（170℃,20 MPa,3 0min）后,还原糖产率为62%（未预处理的为12%）.对于玉米秸秆（170℃,20 MPa,2.5 h）,还原糖产率为46.4%.对于玉米芯,超临界CO₂偶合超声预处理（600 W,80℃下超声处理6 h,然后用170℃,20 MPa超临界CO₂预处理30 min）后,还原糖产率为87%.对于玉米秸秆,超临界CO₂偶合超声预处理（600 W,80℃下超声处理8 h,然后用170℃,20 MPa超临界CO₂预处理1 h）后,还原糖产率为25.5%.与未处理生物质相比,X射线衍射结果表明玉米秸秆和玉米芯在超临界CO₂和超声预处理后其结晶度没有明显变化.扫描电镜分析则发现木质纤维素的表面积显著增加.     

离子液体预处理的纤维素酶解糖化

利用离子液体氯化1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑([C4mim]Cl)对纤维素进行预处理.结果表明,纤维素经离子液体预处理后聚合度下降,糖化速度随预处理温度增加呈现先增大后下降的趋势,在90℃出现最大值11 77 g/(L·h). 延长预处理时间和采用乙醇作为沉淀剂,可促进酶解糖化,糖化速度比未处理的纤维素提高70%. 根据扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察,纤维素出现了明显的解聚.     

微波法合成离子液体[AMIM]Cl及其对纤维素的预处理

利用微波法合成了离子液体1-烯丙基,3-甲基咪唑氯盐[AMIM]Cl,并利用合成的离子液体分别对微晶纤维素、麦草秸杆和玉米芯进行预处理,得到了再生纤维素。考察了纤维素在离子液体中的溶解过程,并通过FT-IR、SEM和酶解对其预处理效果进行了表征。结果表明:微波法可以大大减少反应时间,合成的离子液体[AMIM]Cl可以有效降低纤维素的结晶度,增加其表面粗糙度,提高纤维素酶的可及性及底物的利用率。     

共溶剂存在下N-烯丙基吡啶氯盐离子液体对纤维素的溶解性能研究

采用一步法合成N-烯丙基吡啶氯盐离子液体([APy]Cl),考察其对纤维素的溶解性能.结果发现,在120℃下对棉浆粕(聚合度(DP)=556)的溶解度可高达19.71%,但再生后聚合度为223,热降解严重.通过添加不同种类共溶剂的方法克服此缺点.结果表明,有机溶液(DMSO,DMAc,DMF或吡啶)作为[APy]Cl的共溶剂时,[APy]Cl/DMAc复合溶剂对棉浆粕的溶解效果最佳,100℃下溶解度为15.03%,再生后聚合度为403.此外降低了溶剂成本.但70℃下,溶解度仅为1.36%,溶解能力较弱.继续探讨了[AMIM]Cl作为[APy]Cl的共溶剂时对纤维素的溶解性能,结果表明,70℃下,[APy]Cl/[AMIM]Cl复合溶剂对棉浆粕的溶解度为8.78%,再生后聚合度为516.可知添加上述2种共溶剂均使[APy]Cl在低于自身熔点下形成液体并能够溶解一定量纤维素,拓宽了溶解温度区间及应用平台.对FTIR,XRD和TGA谱图分析,结果表明上述为纤维素的直接溶剂,可将其晶型由Ⅰ型转变成Ⅱ型,再生后热稳定性稍有降低.通过照片和SEM表明再生膜无色透明,结构致密.     

离子液体对锯末中纤维素的溶解及再生研究

探讨了离子液体1-(4-磺酸基丁基)-3-甲基咪唑的硫酸氢盐(IL-1)作为催化剂,金属氯化物作为助催化剂时纤维素的水解,利用离子液体IL-1对杨木锯末中纤维素的直接溶解并再生,考察了温度、碱性溶液的浓度以及溶解时间对溶解率的影响,通过傅里叶红外光谱FT-IR、X-射线衍射仪及热失重对处理前后锯末、再生纤维素的结构、结晶性及热性能进行了研究.结果表明,温度为90℃,NaOH质量分数为6%,溶解时间为2 h时,离子液体对杨木锯末具有最佳的溶解性,溶解率可达45%左右.离子液体主要溶解杨木锯末中的纤维素,且为非衍生化的直接溶解,再生后的纤维素结晶形态由纤维素I变为II,热稳定性能有所降低.     

纤维素在离子液体中的降解转化

随着社会对能源资源的需求越来越大,生物质资源得到了广泛的重视,世界上存储量最大的生物质资源--纤维素在新兴溶剂离子液体中的降解转化受到了越来越多的关注。本文简要介绍了近几年来纤维素在离子液体中的溶解、单糖(果糖、葡萄糖)在离子液体中脱水转化为5-HMF(5-羟甲基糠醛)和纤维素在离子液体中一步降解转化为5-HMF的研究。指出目前研究存在的缺点与不足,并提出了可能的解决方法。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Cu0-catalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α-amino acid derived N,N-cyclic azomethine imines to ynones

A series of 20 CuAIAC reactions between eight 4-acylamino substituted pyrazolidine-3-one-1-azomethine imines and four terminal ynones were performed using Cu⁰ as catalyst. The corresponding fluorescent cycloadducts were obtained in very high yields upon simple workup. Thus, Cu-metal turned out to be a better catalyst than Cu^I in terms of yield and ease of isolation. Availability of azomethine imines, mild reaction conditions, and simple workup enable a “click” access to libraries of densely substituted 2,3-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazol-1-ones. Reactivity of differently substituted dipoles was evaluated experimentally and by quantum chemical methods (DFT).     

Synthesis and antioxidative/anti-inflammatory activity of novel fullerene–polyamine conjugates

(E)-4-(Fullerenopyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid and its corresponding succinimidyl ester, readily obtained through Prato-type modification of C₆₀, were used for the selective N-acylation of polyamines. The thus obtained conjugates were evaluated for their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity and their cytotoxicity was determined. Members of this family of compounds showed interesting anti-lipid peroxidation, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-inflammatory activity and comparable cytocompatibility to spermidine.