Thin Heterojunctions and Spatially Separated Cocatalysts To Simultaneously Reduce Bulk and Surface Recombination in Photocatalysts

Efficient charge separation and light absorption are crucial for solar energy conversion over solid photocatalysts. This paper describes the construction of Pt@TiO₂@In₂O₃@MnO_x mesoporous hollow spheres (PTIM‐MSs) for highly efficient photocatalytic oxidation. TiO₂–In₂O₃ double‐layered shells were selectively decorated with Pt nanoparticles and MnO_x on the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. The spatially separated cocatalysts drive electrons and holes near the surface to flow in opposite directions, while the thin heterogeneous shell separates the charges generated in the bulk phase. The synergy between the thin heterojunctions and the spatially separated cocatalysts can simultaneously reduce bulk and surface/subsurface recombination. In₂O₃ also serves as a sensitizer to enhance light absorption. The PTIM‐MSs exhibit high photocatalytic activity for both water and alcohol oxidation.     

Synergetic Effect of Dual Co‐catalysts on the Activity of p‐Type Cu2O Crystals with Anisotropic Facets

Spatial separation of reduction sites and oxidation sites to inhibit the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of photocatalyst systems. It is very challenging to rationally deposit cocatalysts on the right facets (sites), namely, the reduction cocatalyst on the reduction facets (sites) and the oxidation cocatalyst on the oxidation facets (sites). Herein, we report that the reduction and oxidation cocatalysts can be selectively constructed on the different facets of p‐type Cu₂O crystals with anisotropic facets, but not on the Cu₂O crystal with isotropic facets. The deposition of dual cocatalysts on the different facets resulted in a remarkable synergetic effect in the photocatalytic performance, which could be attributed to the spatial separation of the photogenerated charges between facets. Our work reports an instructive strategy for constructing high‐efficiency photocatalyst systems for solar energy conversion.     

First-principles modeling of unpassivated and surfactant-passivated bulk facets of wurtzite CdSe: a model system for studying the anisotropic growth of CdSe nanocrystals

Equilibrium geometries, surface energies, and surfactant binding energies are calculated for selected bulk facets of wurtzite CdSe with a first-principles approach. Passivation of the surface Cd atoms with alkyl phosphonic acids or amines lowers the surface energy of all facets, except for the polar 000 facet. On the nonpolar facets, the most stable configuration corresponds to full coverage of surface Cd atoms with surfactants, while on the polar 0001 facet it corresponds only to a partial coverage. In addition, the passivated surface energies of the nonpolar facets are in general lower than the passivated polar 0001 facet. Therefore, the polar facets are less stable and less efficiently passivated than the nonpolar facets, and this can rationalize the observed anisotropic growth mechanism of wurtzite nanocrystals in the presence of suitable surfactants.     

Construction of hole‐transported MoO3‐x coupled with CdS nanospheres for boosting photocatalytic performance via oxygen‐defects‐mediated Z‐scheme charge transfer

The establishment of Z‐scheme charge transfer between semiconductors is an effective method to improve the performance of hybridized semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, the novel photocatalysts consisting of MoO_3‐x and varying amounts of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanospheres were successfully prepared via the one‐pot hydrothermal method in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). It is indicated that the PVP not only served as the reducing agent for the formation of oxygen defects in MoO_3‐x, but also the cross‐linking agent for the coupling between MoO_3‐x and CdS. The CdS/MoO_3‐x composite allowed for higher visible‐light photocatalytic performance for enhanced removal of methylene blue and tetracycline with an efficiency of 97.6% and 85.5%, respectively. The improved performance of the CdS/MoO_3‐x composite was found to be mainly attributable to the remarkable charge carrier separation and transfer between CdS and MoO_3‐x based on the favorable hole‐transporting nature and oxygen deficiencies of MoO_3‐x. In addition, the hole‐oxidized photocorrosion of CdS was efficiently suppressed due to the presence of hole‐attractive MoO_3‐x. At the solid interface, an oxygen‐defects‐mediated Z‐scheme charge carrier transfer pathway was proposed as the underlying mechanism for the superior photocatalytic reaction.     

光催化分解水制氢反应中助催化剂的作用及机理（英文）

近年来,随着一次能源过度消耗所带来的能源和环境问题日益突出,开发廉价、可持续的清洁能源备受关注.光催化分解水制氢可利用太阳能普遍率高和几乎免费等特点制取燃烧热值高、燃烧产物无污染的氢气能源.自从1972年日本的Fujishima教授和Honda教授首次发现TiO2单晶电极光催化分解水可以产生氢气以来,光催化制氢被认为是实现可持续制氢最有潜力的方法之一.有效地将太阳能转换为化学能的关键是设计高效的电荷分离和运输结构.然而,现有的大多数半导体光催化剂因缺少活性位点、光生载流子易复合等缺点而无法达到较高的转换效率.因此,如何提高半导体光催化产氢的转换效率是现阶段面对的重要问题.在众多解决方法中,助催化剂的引入可以为光催化制氢反应增加活性位点,促进光生载流子的有效分离,进而有效地提高半导体光催化产氢速率.本文总结了多种不同类型的助催化剂应用于光催化产氢研究的最新进展,详细讨论了助催化剂在增强光吸收、提供活性位点、增加催化剂稳定性和促进电荷分离等方面的作用,阐明了助催化剂在光催化分解水制氢中的反应机理,同时还提出了光催化制氢的未来研究和预测.本文将助催化剂分为以下几种类别进行讨论:(1)单一助催化剂,包括金属/合金、金属氧化物/氢氧化物、金属磷化物、金属硫化物、碳基材料等助催化剂材料;(2)双助催化剂;(3)Z-Scheme助催化剂;(4)MOFs助催化剂.近年来,助催化剂材料在光催化产氢中应用的发展趋势从当初价格昂贵的贵金属趋于价格相对低廉的非贵金属,从单一体系趋于更复杂的体系.虽然现阶段关于助催化剂与基底之间的匹配还需要进一步研究,但我们相信随着技术的发展,这些问题都可以迎刃而解.希望在不久的将来,可以精确设计和构建出具有高效光催化产氢活性的催化剂体系,开发出更多新的可再生清洁能源,从而缓解能源紧缺和环境恶化等棘手问题.     

Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO2 by Improving the Specific Facet‐Induced Spontaneous Separation of Photogenerated Electrons and Holes

Recently, it has been proven that directional flow of photogenerated charge carriers occurs on specific facets of TiO₂ nanocrystals. Herein, we demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals in both photoreduction and photooxidation processes can be enhanced by selectively depositing Pt nanoparticles on the {101} facets, which strengthens spontaneously surface‐induced separation between photogenerated electrons and holes in the photocatalysis process. An optimal ratio of the oxidative {001} facets to the reductive {101} facets exists with regard to the photocatalysis of the faceted TiO₂ nanocrystals, and this is crucial for balancing the recombination and redox reaction rates of photogenerated electrons and holes. The present work might help us gain deeper insight into the relation between the specific surface of semiconductor photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activities and provides us with a new route to design photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity.     

Surface‐Polarity‐Induced Spatial Charge Separation Boosts Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on GaN Nanorod Arrays

Photocatalytic overall water splitting has been recognized as a promising approach to convert solar energy into hydrogen. However, most of the photocatalysts suffer from low efficiencies mainly because of poor charge separation. Herein, taking a model semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) as an example, we uncovered that photogenerated electrons and holes can be spatially separated to the nonpolar and polar surfaces of GaN nanorod arrays, which is presumably ascribed to the different surface band bending induced by the surface polarity. The photogenerated charge separation efficiency of GaN can be enhanced significantly from about 8 % to more than 80 % via co‐exposing polar and nonpolar surfaces. Furthermore, spatially assembling reduction and oxidation cocatalysts on the nonpolar and polar surfaces remarkably boosts photocatalytic overall water splitting, with the quantum efficiency increased from 0.9 % for the film photocatalyst to 6.9 % for the nanorod arrays photocatalyst.     

{111}晶面暴露对介孔金红石TiO2单晶光催化产氢的促进作用

光催化反应发生在半导体材料的表面,材料表面的原子/电子结构直接影响光催化剂的活性或选择性。因此,发展具有特定晶面的半导体光催化剂受到各国学者的普遍关注,被认为是调控光催化材料性能的有效途径之一。自2008年yang等首次合成高表面能{001}晶面占优的锐钛矿TiO2单晶以来,控制合成暴露不同晶面TiO2晶体的研究得到了迅猛的发展,已发展了多种方法合成了具有不同晶面的TiO2晶体。研究表明,选择性地暴露特定的活性晶面能够显著地提高光催化剂的活性或者改变光催化反应的选择性。但是,含有完整晶面构型的TiO2单晶样品的颗粒尺寸一般都较大,通常为几微米,因而显著增加了光生载流子传输与分离的难度,并且导致材料较小的比表面积,限制了对光催化活性的进一步提高。能否在合成含特定晶面单晶的同时增加多孔结构成为有效解决这一问题的关键。最近, Crossland等采用晶种模板法成功合成了介孔的锐钛矿TiO2单晶,并且通过光电器件研究证实了采用该思路可进一步提高材料的光电性能。金红石TiO2在光催化全分解水方面具有独特的优势,然而关于多孔单晶金红石TiO2的研究相对较少,尤其是合成热力学不稳定的高表面能{111}晶面完全暴露的多孔金红石单晶面临较大的技术挑战因而一直未见文献报道。本文利用晶种模板法,以TiCl4溶液为含Ti前驱体、NaF为形貌控制剂、采用水热处理制备出不同比例{111}晶面的介孔金红石单晶。我们前期工作表明, NaF可作为形貌控制剂合成低表面能{110)晶面占优的介孔金红石单晶。本文发现,通过改变NaF的添加量,可有效调变{111}/{110}晶面比例,最终合成完全暴露{111}高表面能的介孔金红石TiO2单晶。扫描电镜结果显示,当添加20 mg NaF时,合成{110}占优的具有高长径比的介孔晶体;当NaF用量增加到40 mg时{110}晶面进一步缩短;至80 mg时则制备出{111})高能面完全暴露的金红石TiO2晶体。值得注意的是,对比研究表明,不采用模板合成了与多孔晶体完全相对应的不同{111}/(110}晶面比例的实心金红石晶体。透射电镜及选区电子衍射以及结合X射线衍射进一步证实,多孔的金红石TiO2晶体与实心金红石单晶均都为单晶结构,孔结构贯穿于样品内部且具有较高的晶面结晶性。氮气吸附实验发现,虽然三个不同晶面比例介孔金红石单晶样品间的形貌具有显著的差异,但比表面积非常相近(分别为24,25,28 m2/g),孔径也都为50 nm左右,该值与所用SiO2模板球的直径以及TEM观察结果相一致。光催化产氢性能结果表明,选择性的暴露活性晶面显著提高了光催化活性,仅含高能面{111}的介孔金红石单晶样品具有最高的产氢速率(约800μmol h–1 g–1),比常规{110}晶面占优的介孔单晶样品速率提高了约一倍。尤其比实心单晶样品的产氢速率提高了至少一个数量级,这应归结于介孔结构特性所导致的表面反应活性位增加、电子传输距离缩短以及光吸收增强协同作用的结果。     

Synthesis of BiOClxBr1−x Nanoplate Solid Solutions as a Robust Photocatalyst with Tunable Band Structure

The use of bismuth oxyhalides as photocatalysts has received extensive interest because of their high photocatalytic activity and stability. However, available methods for the synthesis of bismuth oxyhalides with tailored morphologies, well‐defined facets, and tunable band gaps are still lacking. In this work, two‐dimensional BiOCl_xBr_1?x solid solution with exposed {001} facets and tunable band gaps were synthesized by using solvothermal methods. The BiOCl_xBr_1?x solid solution nanoplates crystallized in a homogeneous crystal structure but possessed continuously tuned band gaps from 3.39 to 2.78 eV by decreasing the ratio of Cl/Br. Among the synthesized nanoplates, the BiOCl_0.5Br_0.5 sample exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for degrading Rhodamine B (RhB), a typical organic pollutant, under visible light. The highest photoactivity of the BiOCl_0.5Br_0.5 sample was attributed to a synergetic effect of higher surface area, facets exposed, and optimized band structure. The results are of profound significance for the design of novel photocatalyst materials.     

Unprecedented Eighteen‐Faceted BiOCl with a Ternary Facet Junction Boosting Cascade Charge Flow and Photo‐redox

Exposure of anisotropic crystal facets allows the directional transfer of photoexcited electrons (e^?) and holes (h⁺), for spatial charge separation. High‐index facets with a high density of low‐coordinated atoms always serve as reactive catalytic sites. However, preparation of multi‐facets or high‐index facets is highly challenging for layered bismuth‐based photocatalysts. Herein, we report the preparation of unprecedented eighteen‐faceted BiOCl with {001} top facets and {102} and {112} oblique facets via a hydrothermal process. Compared to the conventional BiOCl square plates with {001} top facets and {110} lateral facets, the eighteen‐faceted BiOCl has highly enhanced photocatalytic activity for H₂ evolution and hydroxyl radicals (^.OH) production. Theoretical calculations and photodeposition results disclose that the of eighteen‐faceted BiOCl has a well‐matched {001}/{102}/{112} ternary facet junction, which provides a cascade path for more efficient charge flow than the binary facet junction in BiOCl square plates.     

构建低成本的Ni3C/孪晶Zn0.5Cd0.5S异质结/同质结纳米杂化体系来实现高效的光催化分解水产氢

开发低成本的半导体光催化剂以实现可见光下高效、持久的光催化分解水产氢化是一个非常具有挑战性的课题.近年来,具有孪晶结构的ZnxCd1-xS(ZCS)固溶体引起了人们的研究兴趣,这主要是由于孪晶相之间形成了同质结,同质结可以通过提高体相光生电子-空穴对的分离效率,从而提高原始硫化物光催化剂的光催化分解水产氢活性.但由于孪晶ZCS固溶体表面超快载流子复合以及活性位点不足,进一步提高其光催化析氢活性还需解决这些不足.负载助催化剂被认为是加速产氢动力学和促进表面光生电子空穴分离最有效策略之一.因此,我们将低成本的类金属Ni3C助催化剂与孪晶ZCS固溶体通过简单的研磨方法结合来实现高效的可见光催化分解水产氢.合成的Zn0.5Cd0.5S-1%Ni3C(ZCS-1)异质结/同质结最高的可见光光催化分解水产氢速率可达783μmol h–1,是纯ZCS的2.88倍.在420 nm时,ZCS和ZCS-1的表观量子效率分别为6.13%和19.25%.这是由于孪晶ZCS固溶体中闪锌矿段和纤锌矿段的同质结连接可以显著提高光生电子空穴对的体相转移和分离.同时,ZCS与金属Ni3C助催化剂间的异质结可以有效地增加孪晶ZCS固溶体的光捕获及表面载流子分离,增强产氢活性位,从而提高催化活性.本文以乙酸镉、乙酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料合成了CdZn(OH),后者与硫代乙酰胺水热合成了孪晶CZS,并用超声研磨方法合成CZS-Ni3C.在可见光下进行了产氢测试,实验结果证实了优化的ZCS-1在Na2S·9H2O和Na2SO3的水溶液中光催化析氢活性最高.经过4次连续的循环反应,ZCS-1二元复合体系展现出良好的稳定性.为深入探讨高效产氢机制,对纳米级ZCS复合材料的光催化物化性能及载流子分离机制进行了表征.通过X射线衍射确定了ZCS和ZCS-1的晶体结构.用高分辨电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱证实合成了ZCS和Ni3C助催化剂的成功复合.用紫外-可见漫反射光谱法对制备的ZCS和ZCS-1复合样品的光吸收特性进行了表征.结果表明,在ZCS上负载Ni3C以后,样品的可见光吸收能力显著提升.利用稳态及瞬态荧光光谱研究了ZCS-1光催化剂的电荷载流子复合和转移行为.进一步对纯ZCS和ZCS-1复合光催化剂的瞬态光电流响应(I-t曲线)进行了研究,确定了光生载体的分离效率.阻抗是深入研究电荷载流子迁移和界面转移的最有力技术,利用阻抗技术证实ZCS-1界面高效的载流子分离性能.极化曲线结果表明,加入Ni3C可以降低ZCS的产氢过电势,因此加速表面产氢动力学.由此可见,本文所构建的ZCS同质结与Ni3C助催化剂的协同作用可以明显促进体相及表面光生电子空穴对的分离,从而显著增强光催化分解水产氢活性.该文所采用基于ZCS纳米孪晶与异质助催化剂耦合策略可以作为一种通用策略扩展到各种传统半导体的改性,从而极大地推进高效光催化产氢材料的持续进步.     

Rh/Cr2O3 and CoOx Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals

In situ photo-deposition of both Pt and CoO_x cocatalysts on the facets of poly (triazine imide) (PTI) crystals has been developed for photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the undesired backward reaction (i.e., water formation) on the noble Pt surface is a spontaneously down-hill process, which restricts their efficiency to run the overall water splitting reaction. Herein, we demonstrate that the efficiency for photocatalytic overall water splitting could be largely promoted by the decoration of Rh/Cr₂O₃ and CoO_x as H₂ and O₂ evolution cocatalysts, respectively. Results reveal that the dual cocatalysts greatly extract charges from bulk to surface, while the Rh/Cr₂O₃ cocatalyst dramatically restrains the backward reaction, achieving an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 20.2 % for the photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction.     

Porous TiO2 Nanotubes with Spatially Separated Platinum and CoOx Cocatalysts Produced by Atomic Layer Deposition for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and associated surface reactions, is a crucial aspect of efficient semiconductor photocatalytic systems employed for photocatalytic hydrogen production. A new CoO_x/TiO₂/Pt photocatalyst produced by template‐assisted atomic layer deposition is reported for photocatalytic hydrogen production on Pt and CoO_x dual cocatalysts. Pt nanoclusters acting as electron collectors and active sites for the reduction reaction are deposited on the inner surface of porous TiO₂ nanotubes, while CoO_x nanoclusters acting as hole collectors and active sites for oxidation reaction are deposited on the outer surface of porous TiO₂ nanotubes. A CoO_x/TiO₂/Pt photocatalyst, comprising ultra‐low concentrations of noble Pt (0.046 wt %) and CoO_x (0.019 wt %) deposited simultaneously with one atomic layer deposition cycle, achieves remarkably high photocatalytic efficiency (275.9 μmol h⁻¹), which is nearly five times as high as that of pristine TiO₂ nanotubes (56.5 μmol h⁻¹). The highly dispersed Pt and CoO_x nanoclusters, porous structure of TiO₂ nanotubes with large specific surface area, and the synergetic effect of the spatially separated Pt and CoO_x dual cocatalysts contribute to the excellent photocatalytic activity.     

Overall Water Splitting on the Transition‐Metal Oxynitride Photocatalyst LaMg1/3Ta2/3O2N over a Large Portion of the Visible‐Light Spectrum

One of the main targets of studies on water splitting photocatalysts is to develop semiconductor materials with narrower bandgaps capable of overall water splitting for efficient harvesting of solar energy. A series of transition‐metal oxynitrides, LaMg_xTa_1?xO_1+3xN_2?3x (x≥1/3), with a complex perovskite structure was reported as the first example of overall water splitting operable at up to 600 nm. The photocatalytic behavior of LaMg_1/3Ta_2/3O₂N was investigated in detail in order to optimize photocatalyst preparation and water‐splitting activity. Various attempts exploring photocatalyst preparation steps, that is, cocatalyst selection, coating material and method, and synthesis method for the oxide precursor, revealed photocatalyst structures necessary for achieving overall water splitting. Careful examination of photocatalyst preparation procedures likely enhanced the quality of the produced photocatalyst, leading to a more homogeneous coating quality and semiconductor particles with fewer defects. Thus, the photocatalytic activity for water splitting on LaMg_1/3Ta_2/3O₂N was largely enhanced.     

Boosting Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Interfacial Charge Polarization in Atomically Controlled Core–Shell Cocatalysts

Platinum is a commonly used cocatalyst for improved charge separation and surface reactions in photocatalytic water splitting. It is envisioned that its practical applications can be facilitated by further reducing the material cost and improving the efficacy of Pt cocatalysts. In this direction, the use of atomically controlled Pd@Pt quasi‐core–shell cocatalysts in combination with TiO₂ as a model semiconductor is described. As demonstrated experimentally, the electron trapping necessary for charge separation is substantially promoted by combining a Schottky junction with interfacial charge polarization, enabled by the three‐atom‐thick Pt shell. Meanwhile, the increase in electron density and lattice strain would significantly enhance the adsorption of H₂O onto Pt surface. Taken together, the improved charge separation and molecular activation dramatically boost the overall efficiency of photocatalytic water splitting.     

Surface-Polarity-Induced Spatial Charge Separation Boosts Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting on GaN Nanorod Arrays

Photocatalytic overall water splitting has been recognized as a promising approach to convert solar energy into hydrogen. However, most of the photocatalysts suffer from low efficiencies mainly because of poor charge separation. Herein, taking a model semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) as an example, we uncovered that photogenerated electrons and holes can be spatially separated to the nonpolar and polar surfaces of GaN nanorod arrays, which is presumably ascribed to the different surface band bending induced by the surface polarity. The photogenerated charge separation efficiency of GaN can be enhanced significantly from about 8 % to more than 80 % via co-exposing polar and nonpolar surfaces. Furthermore, spatially assembling reduction and oxidation cocatalysts on the nonpolar and polar surfaces remarkably boosts photocatalytic overall water splitting, with the quantum efficiency increased from 0.9 % for the film photocatalyst to 6.9 % for the nanorod arrays photocatalyst.     

Reversed configuration of photocatalyst to exhibit improved properties of basic processes compared to conventional one

Performances of semiconductor photocatalysts are integrally determined by efficiencies of basic processes such as light absorption, charge separation and surface catalysis, but conventional configurations of photocatalysts normally suffers from the competition of light absorption originating from cocatalyst deposition and limited interface charge separation between the photocatalyst and cocatalyst. Herein we give the first proof-of-concept illustration that a reversed configuration of photocatalysts with a core/shell structure of microsized Mo_2N cocatalysts and nanosized CdS photocatalysts, which exhibits superior solar hydrogen production to the conventional configuration with nanosized Mo_2N cocatalysts deposited on the surface of CdS photocatalysts. It is revealed that the reversed configuration outperforms the conventional one in all areas of light absorption,charge separation and surface catalysis. Strikingly, the special core/shell structure introduced here can well avoid the competition of light absorption by cocatalysts and make an effective confinement effect to promote the surface catalysis of Mo_2N. Our finding provides an alternative strategy to improve performances of photocatalysts.     

Beyond Reduction Cocatalysts: Critical Role of Metal Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methane with Water**

Environmentally sustainable and selective conversion of methane to valuable chemicals under ambient conditions is pivotal for the development of next-generation photocatalytic technology. However, due to the lack of microscopic knowledge about non-thermal methane conversion, controlling and modulating photocatalytic oxidation processes driven by photogenerated holes remain a challenge. Here, we report novel function of metal cocatalysts to accept photogenerated holes and dominate selectivity of methane oxidation, which is clearly beyond the conventional concept in photocatalysis that the metal cocatalysts loaded on the surfaces of semiconductor photocatalysts mostly capture photogenerated electrons and dominate reduction reactions exclusively. The novel photocatalytic role of metal cocatalysts was verified by operando molecular spectroscopy combined with real-time mass spectrometry for metal-loaded Ga₂O₃ model photocatalysts under methane and water vapor at ambient temperature and pressure. Our concept of metal cocatalysts that work as active sites for both photocatalytic oxidation and reduction provides a new understanding of photocatalysis and a solid basis for controlling non-thermal redox reactions by metal-cocatalyst engineering.     

AgI/h-MoO_3异质结的构筑及其模拟燃油光催化氧化脱硫活性

利用沉积法获得了异质结AgI/h-MoO_3光催化剂,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光电子能谱(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis-DRS)、光致发光(PL)、电化学阻抗(EIS)等方法对其物相组成、形貌、光吸收特性、光电化学性能等进行了表征。以噻吩的正辛烷溶液模拟催化裂化(FCC)汽油为探针考察了AgI/h-MoO_3光催化氧化脱硫活性,结果表明,AgI/h-MoO_3-18异质结在催化剂浓度为1.5 g·L~(-1),可见光照射2 h后,光催化氧化脱硫活性达98%。利用XRD、XPS、UV-Vis-DRS揭示了AgI/h-MoO_3光照后生成少量的金属Ag,使其结构转变为Z型AgI/Ag/h-MoO_3,有利于光生电子(e~-)转移。利用活性物种捕获实验、循环实验研究了AgI/h-MoO_3光催化氧化脱硫机理及其稳定性,实验结果表明:AgI/h-MoO_3不仅具有较高的光催化氧化脱硫活性,而且还有良好的稳定性。     

Cr2O3-Rh/Ga2O3光催化分解水的时间分辨红外光谱研究

研究半导体光催化分解水反应中光生电荷动力学和助催化剂的作用对理解其反应机理至关重要.一般来说,助催化剂不仅可以促进半导体/助催化剂界面处的光生电荷高效分离,而且可以作为反应活性中心来直接催化表面氧化或还原反应.Cr₂O₃-Rh是一种重要的产氢助催化剂,通过担载Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂来提高光催化分解水的策略被应用到许多光催化分解水体系中.已有研究发现,Rh/Cr₂O₃核壳结构助催化剂的产氢活性位仍然在Rh纳米粒子表面,而Cr₂O₃壳层阻止O2到达Rh核从而抑制生成水的逆反应.此外,在(Rh_2-yCr_yO₃)/(Ga_1-xZn_x)(N_1-xO_x)光催化剂中,CrO_x促进了从半导体光催化剂到活性位RhOx的电子转移.然而,Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的作用本质(包括Cr₂O₃所起的作用)仍然是一个悬而未决的问题,特别是Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的担载对半导体催化剂中光生电荷动力学影响的研究还非常少.本文采用原位光沉积的方法制备了Ga₂O₃、Rh/Ga₂O₃、Cr₂O₃/Ga₂O₃和Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃等一系列光催化剂;采用紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、CO吸附红外光谱和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等表征手段研究了Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂的结构和形貌;采用时间分辨红外光谱(TR-MIR)研究了这些光催化剂在真空或者反应物(水汽或者氧气)存在条件下的光生电子的衰减动力学过程.UV-Vis DRS结果表明,Ga₂O₃的带隙基本上不受Rh或者Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂担载的影响.XPS结果表明,Cr₂O₃和Rh成功地担载在Ga₂O₃表面上.CO吸附红外和HRTEM结果表明,在Cr₂O₃-Rh助催化剂中Rh纳米粒子被Cr₂O₃部分覆盖.光生电子的衰减动力学研究结果显示,Ga₂O₃中光生电子很难直接参与质子还原反应,只有被Rh捕获后的电子才能高效地参与产氢反应;在水汽存在条件下Ga₂O₃、Rh/Ga₂O₃和Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃中光生电子的衰减速率随着它们光催化产氢活性的升高而增加;与Cr₂O₃/Ga₂O₃和Rh/Ga₂O₃相比,Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃中光生电子的初始吸光度和寿命均减小,说明Cr₂O₃对Rh/Ga₂O₃的结构修饰促进了电子从Ga₂O₃向Rh的转移过程,从而加速了质子还原反应.最后,基于这些结果提出了Cr₂O₃-Rh/Ga₂O₃光催化剂上的光催化分解水机理.本文的研究结果有利于更加深入地认识半导体光催化分解水反应机理,并为高效半导体光催化剂的合成提供一定的理论支持和指导.