高温气相色谱和高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡的分离和鉴定（英文）

费托合成蜡是费托合成反应中的重要产物之一。采用高温气相色谱与冷柱头进样相结合的方式,建立了一种分离分析费托合成蜡的气相色谱方法。该方法无需对费托合成蜡进行预处理,使用氦气为载气,选用更长的高温色谱柱,具有平稳的色谱基线,对费托合成蜡中正构烷烃和其他未知组分有很好的分离效果,能够洗脱费托合成蜡中碳数大于C_(90)的重组分。用高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡馏分进行定性分析,其组分有烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物。该方法对了解费托合成蜡组分的详细信息和费托合成工艺的开发有重要意义。     

高温气相色谱和高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡的分离和鉴定

费托合成蜡是费托合成反应中的重要产物之一。采用高温气相色谱与冷柱头进样相结合的方式,建立了一种分离分析费托合成蜡的气相色谱方法。该方法无需对费托合成蜡进行预处理,使用氦气为载气,选用更长的高温色谱柱,具有平稳的色谱基线,对费托合成蜡中正构烷烃和其他未知组分有很好的分离效果,能够洗脱费托合成蜡中碳数大于C₉₀的重组分。用高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡馏分进行定性分析,其组分有烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物。该方法对了解费托合成蜡组分的详细信息和费托合成工艺的开发有重要意义。     

辉光放电质谱法测定高纯铝中杂质元素

建立了利用辉光放电质谱法(GDMS)对高纯铝样品进行定量分析的方法。讨论了仪器工作参数、预溅射时间和质谱干扰的影响。采用高纯铝标样得出相对灵敏度因子(RSF)对实验结果进行校正,同时利用另一高纯铝标样HP1000验证实验的准确性,测定值与标准值的相对误差在-53.2%~16.6%之间,RSD在1.9%~11%之间,能够满足高纯铝中杂质的定量分析要求。     

三种α—SiO_2标样

上海市测试技术研究所研制的三种X射线衍射α—SiO_2标样于84年1月通过鉴定,公开发放。三种标样为: 1.X射线衍射仪校正及鉴别用的α—SiO_2标样。粒度<20μm,纯度>99.99%,点阵常数a_0=4.9132(?)±0.0001(?),C_0=5.4051(?)±0.0001(?)(25℃)。可作为鉴别X射线衍射仪分辨率、仪器角度标定和精确测定未知样品点阵常数的内标(测量误差     

简易法测定涤纶树脂分子量及分子量分布

凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)是测定高聚物分子量及分子量分布的一种相对方法,因此在测试样前必须对GPC柱子标定。通常采用“普适校正”和窄分布标样直接标定法来确定待测试样的分子量和淋出体积之间的关系,其结果的误差一般为±10～20％。近年来,有人借助电子计算器采用宽分布校正法标定GPC柱,但报道不多。     

硫氰酸钾-自动电位滴定法测定锡铅焊料中银

建立了KSCN自动电位滴定法测定锡铅焊料中Ag的方法。富锡或铅焊料试样以HNO3-酒石酸-Na2EDTA混合试剂分解与络合,可使其溶解完全并能抑制Sn水解沉淀,Fe(Ⅲ)用抗坏血酸还原,在1.6 mol/L HNO3-聚乙烯醇(20 g/L)-水介质中,以银电极作指示电极,用0.02 mol/L KSCN标准溶液动态滴定Ag含量。对仪器滴定参数、试样分解、滴定时酸度、试剂用量、测定范围、等当点重现性、共存元素影响等分析条件进行了实验优化。Ag量在3.0~50.0 mg范围内与其耗用KSCN标准滴定溶液体积呈线性关系,相关系数为0.99999,方法的检出限(3s/k)为6.8μg。方法用于代表样及标样中0.513%~5.01%Ag的测定,RSD(n=11)为0.42%~1.7%,回收率为98.8%~103%,标样测定值与标准值相吻合。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中痕量元素

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了水样(地下水、地表水、饮用水等)中51项痕量元素,对分析条件包括测定同位素的选择、仪器的工作参数、方法的精密度及检出限的测试等进行了研究。应用此方法测定了混合标准中51项元素,所得测定值与标准值相符,相对偏差(除钨外)均小于±10%,回收率在90%~110%之间。,     

石油焦中硫含量二次标样的制备

本实验由两部分组成。第一部分内容主要是尝试制备用于测定石油焦中硫含量的二次标样,解决了因国内目前还没有石油焦中硫标样为分析带来的困难。还由于采用了二次标样,基本排除了基体对本方法测定结果的影响。本实验在尝试制备二次标样的过程中,用4种测试方法定值。首先对二次标样用方差法进行了均匀性检验。经检验合格后,用定值计算的数据统计方法(包括测定结果的离群值检验、数据分析正态性检验,各方法平均值间一致性检验和等精密度检验)进行定值。第二部分内容主要是使用所制备的二次标样,并用简单、快速的库仑滴定原理设计的快速定硫仪仪器分析替代了操作步骤复杂的管式炉法[1]来分析测定石油焦中硫含量。本方法具有操作简单、测定快速、结果准确及重复性好的优点。本方法基本满足了本公司铝工业用石油焦中硫含量的测定要求。本方法适用范围为0~2.0(m/m)%,方法标准偏差为1.2%。     

惰性气体熔融-热导法测定硅材料中的氧

采用惰性气体熔融–热导法测定硅材料中杂质氧的含量。经试验确定了仪器的最佳分析条件:称样量为0.05～0.15g,分析功率为4 500 W,使用镍助熔剂、座坩埚;采用(30+40)s二次腐蚀方法处理助熔剂,以降低助熔剂的空白值。选择与待测试样性质类似、氧含量接近的标准物质校正仪器,氧的质量在0.01～0.30 mg之间与信号积分面积呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r=0.999 8,方法检出限为27μg/g。对氧含量不同的硅材料试样进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.5%～3.4%(n=11),加标回收率为96.2%～99.2%。该方法操作简单快捷,测定结果准确。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定奶粉中的营养元素

采用粉末压片制样,波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定奶粉中的氮、钠、镁、磷、氯、钾、钙。从仪器的X射线光管铍窗厚度、电流强度、测量时间和样品制样压力等方面优化了N元素的测定参数。选择不同种类的奶粉,由标准方法定值,采用标样建立校准曲线,理论α影响系数法校正基体效应。研究发现,铍窗厚度是制约N元素测定的主要因素,而电流强度的影响较小;手工研磨可较好地实现样品的均质处理;X射线辐照可以引起奶粉褐变,形成类似美拉德反应的外观和气味,并严重破坏内部蛋白质,P,Cl,K,Ca等元素测量结果均发生有规律的变化。该方法对N元素的检出限和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=9)分别为900 mg/kg和2.9%,其它元素的检出限和RSD分别小于10 mg/kg和3.0%,测定结果与标准方法一致。     

X-ray fluorescence determination of total sulfur in fly ash

Standard addition, double dilution and standard calibration were used for x-ray fluorescence (XRF) determinations of sulfur in fly ashes. Samples were analysed as pellets prepared by mixing with acrylate copolymer or with microcrystalline cellulose (in the case of the double dilution method). Lithium sulfate was used for the standard addition method and also as standard with known sulfur content for the double dilution method. Fly ashes analysed by optical emission spectrometry with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) were used as standards for the standard calibration XRF method. Sulfur was determined in the range of ca. 10^–1–10⁰ % S. For the fly ashes from the North-Bohemian brown coals, the differences between the XRF determinations and the ICP-OES determinations ranged from ca. 1.4 to 10% rel. and precision (repeatability) was better than 10% (RSD). The standard calibration method is suitable for routine analyses of real samples of similar nature. The methods of standard addition and double dilution are rather laborious in sample preparation compared with the standard calibration. Received: 27 October 1998 / Revised: 5 March 1999 / Accepted: 11 March 1999     

X射线荧光光谱法测定电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量

熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量。用熔融后的四硼酸锂制作铂金坩埚保护层,以BaO2做氧化剂,在马弗炉内通过逐渐升温来氧化电解锰,然后熔融制取玻璃熔片,用X射线荧光(XRF)光谱法分析电解锰中锰、硅、磷和铁含量。锰、硅、磷和铁的相对标准偏差RSD分别为0.23%、2.82%、0.31%和0.53%。与其它分析方法比较,其结果更稳定。有效消除了电解锰熔融制样过程中的坩埚腐蚀问题,分析误差可完全控制在国家相关标准允许的范围内,实现了电解锰中各元素的快速准确测定。     

Determination of trace elements in bee honey,pollen and tissue by total reflection and radioisotope X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Multielemental determinations in samples of various types of bee honey, pollen and bee tissue have been carried out using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) and radioisotope excited X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The objective was to establish whether the elemental content of bee honey, in particular, correlates with any useful information about the environment, variety of honey, etc. An attempt has also been made to determine the X-ray techniques' ability to compete with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), with regard to elemental sensitivity, accuracy, sample preparation procedures, and in particular, economic performance, which is very important in selecting an appropriate technique for the analysis of large numbers of samples. The results confirm the advantages of the TXRF method for trace element analysis, but only when utilising monochromatic excitation and selecting a proper sample preparation procedure. The radioisotope XRF technique, which does not require any sample preparation, is still very competitive in analysis of elements with concentrations above a few ten ppm. Preliminary results also confirm some correlations between the elemental content of honey and the status of the environment, and encourage further work in this direction     

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for high throughput analysis of atmospheric aerosol samples: The benefits of synchrotron X-rays

The determination of trace element mass concentrations in ambient air with a time resolution higher than one day represents an urgent need in atmospheric research. It involves the application of a specific technique both for the aerosol sampling and the subsequent analysis of the collected particles. Beside the intrinsic sensitivity of the analytical method, the sampling interval and thus the quantity of collected material that is available for subsequent analysis is a major factor driving the overall trace element detection power. This is demonstrated for synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (SR-XRF) of aerosol samples collected with a rotating drum impactor (RDI) in hourly intervals and three particle size ranges. The total aerosol mass on the 1-h samples is in the range of 10 µg. An experimental detection of the nanogram amounts of trace elements with the help of synchrotron X-rays was only achievable by the design of a fit-for-purpose sample holder system, which considered the boundary conditions both from particle sampling and analysis. A 6-µm polypropylene substrate film has evolved as substrate of choice, due to its practical applicability during sampling and its suitable spectroscopic behavior. In contrast to monochromatic excitation conditions, the application of a ‘white’ beam led to a better spectral signal-to-background ratio. Despite the low sample mass, a counting time of less than 30 s per 1-h aerosol sample led to sufficient counting statistics. Therefore the RDI-SR-XRF method represents a high-throughput analysis procedure without the need for any sample preparation. The analysis of a multielemental mass standard film by SR-XRF, laboratory-based wavelength-dispersive XRF spectrometry and laboratory-based micro XRF spectrometry showed that the laboratory-based methods were no alternatives to the SR-XRF method with respect to sensitivity and efficiency of analysis.     

K金饰品中金含量的检测方法比对

目前实验室对金首饰金含量的主要检测方法为火试金法、X射线荧光光谱（XRF）法和电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法.当测试结果出现争议时,国家标准GB 11887-2012中以火试金法作为仲裁方法.采用上述3种不同的金含量测试方法分别对14K、18K和22K饰品的金含量进行测定,并对3种方法检测结果进行比对.结果发现,在3种方法均可满足样品分析对准确度的要求时,以火试金法为基准,XRF法与ICP-AES法对同纯度的金首饰检测结果的相对误差差异较大,XRF法的结果可满足检测要求,而ICP-AES法的结果无法满足检测要求.其中,XRF法的相对误差为0.05%~0.77%,ICP-AES法的相对误差为1.24%~3.89%.从结果来看,低纯度的K金饰品使用XRF法的检测结果要更接近于火试金法.     

Determination of metals in biofluids and tissues: sample preparation methods for atomic spectroscopic techniques

Several sample preparation methods unique to each instrumental technique exist for the elemental analysis of biological specimens, but no review or book has dealt with them. The present review is an attempt to fill this void and focuses on sample preparation methods unique to atomic and X-ray spectroscopic techniques. The techniques covered are: flame and electrothermal AAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) since these are most commonly used in trace element analysis of biological materials. The intent is not to present the procedural details for the various tissues or elements, but rather to highlight the methods which are unique to each instrument. The bibliography accompanying this review should aid the analytical chemist in his/her search for the detailed preparation protocols.     

Multilayers quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis applied to easel paintings

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) allows a rapid and simple determination of the elemental composition of a material. As a non-destructive tool, it has been extensively used for analysis in art and archaeology since the early 1970s. Whereas it is commonly used for qualitative analysis, recent efforts have been made to develop quantitative treatment even with portable systems. However, the interpretation of the results obtained with this technique can turn out to be problematic in the case of layered structures such as easel paintings. The use of differential X-ray attenuation enables modelling of the various layers: indeed, the absorption of X-rays through different layers will result in modification of intensity ratio between the different characteristic lines. This work focuses on the possibility to use XRF with the fundamental parameters method to reconstruct the composition and thickness of the layers. This method was tested on several multilayers standards and gives a maximum error of 15% for thicknesses and errors of 10% for concentrations. On a painting test sample that was rather inhomogeneous, the XRF analysis provides an average value. This method was applied in situ to estimate the thickness of the layers a painting from Marco d’Oggiono, pupil of Leonardo da Vinci.     

Comparative analysis of ancient ceramics by neutron activation analysis,inductively coupled plasma-optical-emission spectrometry,inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,and X-ray fluorescence

The accurate measurement of the maximum possible number of elements in ancient ceramic samples is the main requirement in provenance studies. For this reason neutron activation analysis (NAA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) have been successfully used for most of the studies. In this work the analytical performance of inductively coupled plasma-optical-emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been compared with that of XRF and NAA for the chemical characterization of archaeological pottery. Correlation coefficients between ICP techniques and XRF or NAA data were generally better than 0.90. The reproducibility of data calculated on a sample prepared and analysed independently ten times was approximately 5% for most of the elements. Results from the ICP techniques were finally evaluated for their capacity to identify the same compositional pottery groups as results from XRF and NAA analysis, by use of multivariate statistics.     

International comparability of determination of mass fractions of chromium, copper, iron, manganese and zinc in aluminium alloy: Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière key comparison K42

The degree of equivalence within the participating national metrology institutes for the measurement results of the mass fractions of the analytes Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in an aluminium alloy was assessed. This interlaboratory comité consultatif pour la quantité de matière key comparison (CCQM-K42) was organised as an activity of the Inorganic Analytical Working Group of CCQM. In total seven laboratories participated, six of them for all analytes. Measurands were the mass fractions of the analytes in a range of 0.05 and 0.2%. As an outcome the consistency of the results for all elements investigated was acceptable, hence satisfactory comparability was established. An aluminium based certified reference material—undisclosed to the analysts which one it was—was used as test sample. For the purpose of this study homogeneity was tested at BAM. Each laboratory was free to choose any analytical method they wanted to use for the analysis. Consequently various methods of measurement were employed: instrumental neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) using fused cast-bead method combined with reconstitution technique, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Metrological traceability of the measurement results to the SI unit had to be demonstrated. Therefore, methods such as spark OES or XRF (without fused cast-bead technique)—both of them being most important methods for the analysis of metals and alloys in industrial laboratories—could not be used in the frame of the key comparison.     

A rapid determination of brass composition and plating weight on brass-plated steel wire and cord by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

A rapid and simple means for determination of the brass composition and plating weight on brass-plated steel wire and cord is described. The sample preparation procedure is very simple; wires can be mounted as such, and cords can be mounted either as such or as unstranded single wires. The copper content of the brass and the plating weight are determined by measuring the intensities of the different elements by sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). There is good agreement between the results obtained by XRF and those obtained by differential pulse polarography or spectrophotometry/ complexometry; the precision is even better.