硒在癌症治疗中的作用

通过对近几年国内外文献检索,综述了微量元素硒防癌抗癌作用的研究进展。近年来的研究表明,硒对癌症有明显的预防和治疗作用,适量补硒能使癌症的发病率和死亡率下降。硒的防癌抗癌机制是多方面的,硒能通过多种途径诱导肿瘤细胞发生调亡是其抗癌的重要机制之一。     

第二代抗癌药物卡铂与L-硒代蛋氨酸和L-蛋氨酸的相互作用研究

硒作为一种生命体所必须的微量营养元素，近年来由于其在防癌犤１，２犦和抗氧化，增强免疫力等方面的作用而越来越受到广泛的关注。其中L－硒代蛋氨酸（L－Se－MetH）作为一种有效的防癌剂正处在临床试验阶段犤２犦。对于硒代蛋氨酸在抑制癌细胞生长和在体内的抗氧化作用的机理已有很多报导犤３～５犦，但作为生物体的主要含硒氨基酸之一，与L－蛋氨酸（L－MetH）相比，它与金属离子的作用却少见报导犤６，７犦。本文利用电喷雾质谱（ESMS）和２D犤１H－１５N犦HSQCNMR的手段研究了第二代铂类抗癌药物卡铂（犤Pt（NH３）２（CB…     

硒抗大鼠肺纤维化的实验研究

为了解硒对肺纤维化的预防作用，采用油酸大鼠尾静脉注射制作肺纤维化模型，观察了硒对损伤肺组织中中性粒细胞聚集及氧自由基的干预作用。结果显示，硒可通过抑制中性粒细胞而减少氧自由基的产生，进而控制肺泡炎变、渗出，减轻炎性因子对肺脏的慢性刺激，预防肺纤维化，因此硒对油酸所致的肺纤维化有一定的预防作用。     

微量元素硒及有机硒药物研究进展

从硒的营养学、硒的免疫学、硒的肿瘤学三个方面概括了微量元素硒的研究进展。研究表明，一些含硒有机化合物具有抗氧化性、抗炎、防癌、抗癌等药用前景。     

硒与肺癌

为深入研究硒的抑癌机制,对肺癌患者进行合理的硒治疗和对肺癌高危人群进行适当的硒干预,概述了硒在自然界的分布,人体硒营养状况的评价指标,硒与肺癌的流行病学、动物实验、体外试验、人体干预试验、发病机制的研究现状。     

微量元素硒的抗癌作用

对硒在恶性肿瘤的防治及其作用机理进行了总结和讨论,硒通过调节机体免疫功能、介入致癌物的代谢、抑制癌细胞生长及抗过氧化作用等发挥防癌和抗癌功能。另外,硒对白血病的治疗引起了人们的重视。     

有防癌功能的元素——硒

硒是近年来特别引人注意的必需微量元素。过去一直认为硒是一种有毒元素 ,可是 ,近十几年来 ,大量事实表明 ,硒是人体必需的元素 ,而且对人的健康有很多奇特的有益功能。成年人体内大约含有 15ｍｇ硒。硒是一种多功能的营养素。虽然对硒的生理功能研究时间不长 ,但已经肯定硒可以防癌、抑癌、保护心脏、治疗克山病和大骨节病、防衰老、防治关节炎、防治肝病和不育症、防放射性辐射、防性功能衰退等。为什么硒有防癌作用 ,其原因仍在研究之中 ,但对人群的大量调查和对动物的实验结果 ,充分表明硒有防癌作用。例如 ,在 2 7个国家中进行乳房癌…     

硒与癌症

硒是人体必需微量元素。流行病学调查表明。土壤硒含量，谷物硒含量。食物硒摄入量及人体血硒水平与多种癌症发病率（死亡率）呈负相关，动物实验证实，适量硒具有抑癌抗癌作用，硒抗癌机理研究及人体干预试验进一步说明硒与癌症关系密切。     

有机硒化合物药用研究进展

硒是人体及一些动物必需的微量元素，有机硒化合物具有抗氧化，抗炎，防癌，抗癌等药用前景。     

硒补充：防治艾滋病的有效新策略

从以下四方面：（1）低硒——引发艾滋病的基础性因素,（2）病毒复制——进一步消耗体内的硒,（3）硒水平——艾滋病结局的独立预测指标,（4）硒补充——防治艾滋病的有效新策略,详细论述了硒在艾滋病发生、发展和结局中的作用,列举了硒剂防艾滋病干预试验的某些初步结果。如能采用理想的“硒”,并在随机化、大样本量的对照试验中得到进一步证实,则硒补充作为一种简单易行、消费得起的干预措施,可能具有公共健康效益。     

硒对铅诱发动物体内变化的效应

综述了实验动物体内硒和铅的相互作用。研究结果表明,硒有拮抗铅毒的作用。全文包括上部分：（１）硒对铅诱发动物生长变化的效应;（２）硒对铅诱发动物血和器官中变化的效应;（３）三对铅诱发组织脂质过氧化的效应;（４）硒对抗铅毒性的可能机理。     

Novel library of selenocompounds as kinase modulators

Although the causes of cancer lie in mutations or epigenic changes at the genetic level, their molecular manifestation is the dysfunction of biochemical pathways at the protein level. The 518 protein kinases encoded by the human genome play a central role in various diseases, a fact that has encouraged extensive investigations on their biological function and three dimensional structures. Selenium (Se) is an important nutritional trace element involved in different physiological functions with antioxidative, antitumoral and chemopreventive properties. The mechanisms of action for selenocompounds as anticancer agents are not fully understood, but kinase modulation seems to be a possible pathway. Various organosulfur compounds have shown antitumoral and kinase inhibition effects but, in many cases, the replacement of sulfur by selenium improves the antitumoral effect of compounds. Although Se atom possesses a larger atomic volume and nucleophilic character than sulfur, Se can also formed interactions with aminoacids of the catalytic centers of proteins. So, we propose a novel chemical library that includes organoselenium compounds as kinase modulators. In this study thirteen selenocompounds have been evaluated at a concentration of 3 or 10 μM in a 24 kinase panel using a Caliper LabChip 3000 Drug Discover Platform. Several receptor (EGFR, IGFR1, FGFR1…) and non-receptor (Abl) kinases have been selected, as well as serine/threonine/lipid kinases (AurA, Akt, CDKs, MAPKs…) implicated in main cancer pathways: cell cycle regulation, signal transduction, angiogenesis regulation among them. The obtained results showed that two compounds presented inhibition values higher than 50% in at least four kinases and seven derivatives selectively inhibited one or two kinases. Furthermore, three compounds selectively activated IGF-1R kinase with values ranging from -98% to -211%. In conclusion, we propose that the replacement of sulfur by selenium seems to be a potential and useful strategy in the search of novel chemical compound libraries against cancer as kinase modulators.     

Novel selenium containing non-detergent sulphobetaines

The first selenium containing non-detergent sulphobetaines are described. They have been prepared in multi-gram quantities from readily available pyridyl precursors. Incorporation of selenium was achieved using nucleophilic organoselenide anions. The resulting products were shown by ⁷⁷Se NMR spectroscopy to be homogeneous with respect to selenium oxidation state.     

Solid phase extraction for the speciation and preconcentration of inorganic selenium in water samples: A review

Selenium is an essential element for the normal cellular function of living organisms. However, selenium is toxic at concentrations of only three to five times higher than the essential concentration. The inorganic forms (mainly selenite and selenate) present in environmental water generally exhibit higher toxicity (up to 40 times) than organic forms. Therefore, the determination of low levels of different inorganic selenium species in water is an analytical challenge. Solid-phase extraction has been used as a separation and/or preconcentration technique prior to the determination of selenium species due to the need for accurate measurements for Se species in water at extremely low levels. The present paper provides a critical review of the published methods for inorganic selenium speciation in water samples using solid phase extraction as a preconcentration procedure. On the basis of more than 75 references, the different speciation strategies used for this task have been highlighted and classified. The solid-phase extraction sorbents and the performance and analytical characteristics of the developed methods for Se speciation are also discussed.     

Investigation of reactions involved in graphite furnace atomic absorption procedures: Part 12. A study of some factors influencing the determination of selenium

An experimental and theoretical study of various factors influencing the determination of selenium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (g.f.a.a.s.) is reported. It is shown that the atomization efficiency can be increased as compared to the L'vov platform technique by means of a constant temperature furnace as a consequence of the possibility of choosing a higher atomization temperature. This is explained by means of high temperature equilibrium calculations, which include the formation of the thermodynamically relatively stable gaseous diselenium, hydrogen selenide and selenium sulphide. The extent of losses of selenium during thermal pretreatment was established by measurements with ⁷⁵Se for different types of selenium compounds, Se(-II)-methionine, selenite and selenate, in aqueous solutions as well as in chloride and sulphate matrices. It is shown that the addition of 20 μg of nickel is effective in stabilizing Se(IV) and Se(VI) in the presence of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and pure water. However, in the presence of both an organic matrix (glucose) and sodium chloride, nickel is shown to lose its stabilizing effect.     

Analytical Strategy for the Determination of Selenium in Biological Materials by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with a Dynamic Reaction Cell

Selenium was determined in serum, hair, and tobacco by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using ⁷⁷Se, ⁷⁸Se, and ⁸²Se. The set of standards method (SSM) and the standard addition method (SAM) were applied to calibration with and without the use of internal standards (⁷²Ge and ¹⁰³Rh). In addition, the usefulness of the dynamic reaction cell (DRC) with methane as the reaction gas was characterized. The results obtained in different conditions were evaluated in terms of precision and accuracy. It was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that an internal standard is a potential source of systematic errors as it can be influenced multiplicatively and additively by its own interferents (independently of selenium). Furthermore, it was shown that—against common opinion—an internal standard can fail in elimination of chemical interference effects influencing selenium and in increasing of precision of selenium determinations. The DRC was shown to be effective in the elimination of additive effects, although the results obtained by both SSM and SAM with DRC were systematically positively erroneous. Finally, selenium was determined accurately in each examined sample when SAM was applied to calibration, and signals were measured either for ⁸²Se without the use of the DRC, or for ⁷⁷Se or ⁷⁸Se with the use of the DRC. In addition, it has also been shown that samples should be diluted prior to analysis to the greatest acceptable extent.     

1,2,5-硒二唑嘧啶衍生物ASPO的合成及抗氧化与抗肿瘤活性

合成了5-氨基-[1,2,5]硒二唑[3,4-d]嘧啶-7-酮(ASPO), 研究了其抗氧化与抗肿瘤活性, 并初步阐述了其作用机制. 结果表明, ASPO具有良好的抗氧化活性, 可抑制溶液中1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(DPPH)和2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的形成, 并呈剂量效应. 此外, ASPO能有效抑制5种肿瘤细胞的生长, 其中, A-375黑色素瘤细胞对ASPO具有良好的敏感性, 其IC₅₀值为14.1 μg/mL. 对作用机制的研究发现, ASPO处理可诱导肿瘤细胞中 Sub-G1 凋亡峰的累积、 染色质固缩及凋亡小体的形成, 说明诱导细胞凋亡是 ASPO发挥抗肿瘤活性的主要机制. 进一步利用光谱滴定和黏度实验研究了ASPO与CT-DNA的相互作用, 发现ASPO以沟面结合方式与CT-DNA结合, 表明ASPO可能通过与DNA相互作用而触发肿瘤细胞凋亡通路.     

Differential determination of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and dithizone by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with a carbon-tube atomizer

The extraction behaviour of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and dithizone in organic solvents has been investigated by means of flameless atomic-absorption spectrophotometry with a carbon-tube atomizer. The selective extraction of selenium(IV) and differential determination of selenium(IV) and selenium(VI) have been developed. With sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and carbon tetrachloride, when the aqueous phase/organic solvent volume ratio is 5 and the injection volume in the carbon tube is 20 microl, the sensitivity for selenium is 0.4 ng/ml for 1% absorption. The relative standard deviations are ca. 3%. Interference by many metal ions can he prevented by masking with EDTA. The proposed methods have been applied satisfactorily to determination of Se(IV) and Se(VI) in various types of water.     

The ESR spectrum and structure of the dimer radical cation of dimethyl selenide (Me2Se-SeMe+2) in a γ-irradiated single crystal

The dimer radical cation of dimethyl selenide has been identified in a γ-irradiated single crystal of the parent compound, its main (^evenSe) ESR spectrum showing hyperfine coupling to twelve equivalent hydrogens. Also, the relative intensity of the naturally abundant⁷⁷Se satellite spectrum is in agreement with a hyperfine interaction involving two anisotropically equivalent selenium atoms. The principal values and direction cosines of the⁷⁷Se hyperfine andg tensors have been determined and are shown to be satisfactorily interpreted in terms of a centrosymmetric structure, the unpaired electron occupying an antibonding (σ^*) orbital built almost entirely from the p_σ orbitals of the two selenium atoms. Analysis of theg tensor components indicates that the CSeC planes are perpendicular to the direction of the Se-Se bond. It is also shown that the isotropic¹H splitting andg factor obtained previously from solution ESR studies of the dimethyl sulphide dimer cation are consistent with the structure advanced here for the selenium dimer. The results seem to rule out the possibility of any significant d orbital participation in the bonding.     

表面活性剂控制的硒纳米线的室温生长

以表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为形貌导向剂,利用Na₂Se在室温碱性水溶液中的自发氧化,成功制备了Se纳米线。用TEM、SEM、EDX、XRD、HRTEM、SEAD等手段表征了Se纳米线的组成和结构。结果表明,合成的Se纳米线是沿六方相Se的[001]轴方向生长,具有良好的晶型结构。使用TEM对不同时间Se纳米结构的生长过程的形貌进行了跟踪,探讨了Se纳米线的形成机理,发现其形成与生长过程符合“solid-solution-solid”机理。同时,选择了具有特异官能团(如-OH,-COOH,-CONH₂)的3种表面活性剂,研究它们在纳米硒的取向性生长中的导向作用,只有SDS能引导合成出高质量的Se纳米线。