改性纳米ZSM－5催化剂脱除汽油中烯烃的性能

 在考察ZSM－5沸石晶粒大小对脱除汽油中烯烃的影响的基础上，用纳米ZSM－5沸石作为活性组分负载Co－Mo氧化物制备了改性纳米ZSM－5沸石催化剂，并用XRF，NH3－TPD和TEM等方法对催化剂进行了表征．以脱除DCC汽油中的烯烃为探针反应，临氢条件下，在固定床反应器上对催化剂脱除烯烃的性能进行了评价，考察了反应温度、压力、质量空速和氢／油比对催化剂脱除烯烃性能的影响．结果表明，由于纳米ZSM－5沸石具有晶粒小、微孔短、扩散路程短以及表面酸中心数量多等特点，因而表现出较高的催化活性和较强的抗积碳性能．在V（H2）／V（oil）＝300，WHSV＝3h－1，p（H2）＝3．0MPa和θ＝350℃的适宜条件下，DCC汽油中烯烃的含量由60．7％下降到40％左右，芳烃和烷烃的含量增加；在脱除烯烃的同时可维持汽油的辛烷值不降低．催化剂连续运行1000h以上，其脱除烯烃的性能稳定．     

在改性纳米ZSM－5上通过异构化和芳构化减少FCC汽油中的烯烃

 用稀土氧化物浸渍改性纳米HZSM-5沸石制备了降低汽油中烯烃催化剂。临氢条件下，在固定床反应器上对催化剂的降低烯烃性能进行了考察。结果表明，催化剂表现出很强的降烯烃能力。改性的纳米ZSM-5沸石催化剂对汽油的降烯烃作用得益于其优异的异构化、芳构化和烷基化性能。在温度370 ℃、压力3 MPa、质量空速3 h-1和氢油比 （v/v）600的反应条件下, FCC汽油（＜70℃馏分）中烯烃含量从65.9%（φ） 降至32.5%（φ），异构烷烃含量从23.3%（φ）增加到44.3%（φ），芳烃和环烷烃部分增加，直链烷烃基本不变，在大量降低烯烃的同时，汽油的辛烷值（RON）不降低。催化剂连续反应1000 h以上，性能稳定。     

汽油芳构化降烯烃ZSM-5型催化剂的研究

通过催化剂表征和小型固定床反应发现，减小沸石晶粒度和提高沸石表面L酸B酸比值，或者适当采用高氢油比，可以提高ZSM-5沸石在汽油芳构化降烯烃反应中的活性稳定性．而适当提高反应温度及减小汽油进料空速则可以提高汽油中烯烃的芳构化程度．连续300h的小试运转表明，FCC和DCC汽油中的烯烃在一种晶粒度为20～50纳米的改性纳米ZSM-5沸石上可有效地转化为芳烃，降烯烃幅度达20个体积百分点以上，改质后汽油的辛烷值、组成和沸程等指标均满足新国标要求．     

磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性及其对全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应的性能

水热稳定性是决定沸石分子筛工业应用价值的重要影响因素.众所周知,沸石材料的水热稳定性主要受其拓扑机构及骨架硅铝组成的影响,但同时也受其晶粒尺寸的影响.纳米级HZSM-5沸石虽然具有优异的催化性能及抗积碳失活性能,但由于晶粒尺寸较小,导致其水热稳定性较差.如何提高纳米HZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,使其能够在高苛刻度的水热环境下(如催化裂化过程,催化剂再生需在高于700℃的水热条件下进行)得到应用,是十分有意义的课题.已有研究表明,磷改性可以提高ZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,但多集中于采用磷酸、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵等无机磷化物进行改性,水热稳定性提高效果不能令人满意.我们研究组采用有机磷化合物磷酸三甲酯改性纳米HZSM-5沸石,在提高纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性方面取得了较好的效果.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、氮气物理吸附、氨气吸附红外光谱等手段对改性沸石进行了表征.结果表明,采用磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性得到明显提高,沸石经苛刻的高温水蒸气处理(800℃,4 h)后,在相对结晶度、孔结构、酸度的保留度方面具有较大提高,提高幅度明显高于无机磷化合物磷酸氢二铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石.在上述研究基础上,我们采用固定床微反模拟流化床反应条件对磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应进行了研究.结果表明,在反应温度540℃,剂/油比等于4,油剂接触时间约为4 s的条件下,全馏分FCC汽油在磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上经烯烃组分催化裂解反应后,油品烯烃含量(尤其是重烯烃)明显降低,生成了大量高附加值的C2–C4烯烃,同时油品中芳烃含量增加.与此同时,经烯烃组分裂解后的油品还呈现出辛烷值升高,硫含量降低的有利变化.可以看出,磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解是解决FCC汽油烯烃含量高的一条有效途径,充分克服了现有FCC汽油加工工艺存在的一些缺陷,如S-zorb工艺功能单一、成本高;加氢脱硫工艺油品辛烷值损失大、氢耗高;以及OTA技术(本研究组之前的工作)烯烃转化率低、催化剂积碳失活快等缺陷.值得注意的是,磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石在全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应性能方面,明显比磷酸二氢铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石表现优异.通过我们的研究可以认为,磷酸三甲酯改性将会为纳米HZSM-5沸石在高苛刻度水热条件下的应用提供更多的机会.     

磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性及其对全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应的性能（英文）

水热稳定性是决定沸石分子筛工业应用价值的重要影响因素.众所周知,沸石材料的水热稳定性主要受其拓扑机构及骨架硅铝组成的影响,但同时也受其晶粒尺寸的影响.纳米级HZSM-5沸石虽然具有优异的催化性能及抗积碳失活性能,但由于晶粒尺寸较小,导致其水热稳定性较差.如何提高纳米HZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,使其能够在高苛刻度的水热环境下(如催化裂化过程,催化剂再生需在高于700℃的水热条件下进行)得到应用,是十分有意义的课题.已有研究表明,磷改性可以提高ZSM-5沸石的水热稳定性,但多集中于采用磷酸、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢铵等无机磷化物进行改性,水热稳定性提高效果不能令人满意.我们研究组采用有机磷化合物磷酸三甲酯改性纳米HZSM-5沸石,在提高纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性方面取得了较好的效果.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)、氮气物理吸附、氨气吸附红外光谱等手段对改性沸石进行了表征.结果表明,采用磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石水热稳定性得到明显提高,沸石经苛刻的高温水蒸气处理(800℃,4 h)后,在相对结晶度、孔结构、酸度的保留度方面具有较大提高,提高幅度明显高于无机磷化合物磷酸氢二铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石.在上述研究基础上,我们采用固定床微反模拟流化床反应条件对磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应进行了研究.结果表明,在反应温度540℃,剂/油比等于4,油剂接触时间约为4 s的条件下,全馏分FCC汽油在磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上经烯烃组分催化裂解反应后,油品烯烃含量(尤其是重烯烃)明显降低,生成了大量高附加值的C2–C4烯烃,同时油品中芳烃含量增加.与此同时,经烯烃组分裂解后的油品还呈现出辛烷值升高,硫含量降低的有利变化.可以看出,磷改性纳米HZSM-5沸石上全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解是解决FCC汽油烯烃含量高的一条有效途径,充分克服了现有FCC汽油加工工艺存在的一些缺陷,如S-zorb工艺功能单一、成本高;加氢脱硫工艺油品辛烷值损失大、氢耗高;以及OTA技术(本研究组之前的工作)烯烃转化率低、催化剂积碳失活快等缺陷.值得注意的是,磷酸三甲酯改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石在全馏分FCC汽油烯烃组分催化裂解反应性能方面,明显比磷酸二氢铵改性的纳米HZSM-5沸石表现优异.通过我们的研究可以认为,磷酸三甲酯改性将会为纳米HZSM-5沸石在高苛刻度水热条件下的应用提供更多的机会.     

改性纳米ZSM-5催化剂上正辛烷转化反应的研究

以纳米晶粒HZSM-5(20~50 nm)沸石为活性组分, 用碱性介质水热处理、 负载混合稀土和ZnO(或GaO)组合改性方法对纳米HZSM 5分子筛进行改性, 并用TEM， XRF， IR及XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征. 以正辛烷的芳构化和异构化为模型反应, 研究了改性纳米ZSM 5催化剂总酸和酸强度分布、 L/B酸位比例对正辛烷异构化和芳构化反应性能的影响以及催化剂酸强度、 L/B酸位比例与催化剂稳定性和积炭的关系. 结果表明, 碱性介质水热处理和混合稀土改性后, 总酸量减少和酸强度降低导致纳米HZSM-5催化剂的芳构化活性减弱, 异构化活性增强, 稳定性明显提高. 在碱性介质水热处理和负载混合稀土改性的基础上, 再负载适量氧化锌(或氧化镓)改性的催化剂， 总酸量增加, 强酸中心数量减少, B酸略有减少, 而L酸明显增加, L/B酸位比值增加. L酸中心和B酸中心的协同作用和较合适的L/B(1.4~1.7)比值使改性的纳米ZSM-5催化剂保持了较强的和稳定的芳构化和异构化活性, 催化剂积炭失活速率降低. 芳烃和异构烷烃产率分别达到约50%和30%, 高辛烷值的烷基芳烃(C7~C9)和异构烷烃(C4~C6)的选择性分别达到84%和80%.     

不同晶粒大小HZSM-5载体对甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

将不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5做为甲烷无氧芳构化反应催化剂的载体，系统研究了不同晶粒大小HZSM－5载体对反应的影响，研究发现，不同晶粒大小HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂具有不同的催化反应性能，同一体系下合成的不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5，其催化剂的催化活性与HZSM－5的酸量成正比，进一步证实了载体HZSM－5在该反应中起到酸催化作用，对于酸量相近的HZSM－5，其粒度越小，催化性能越好，纳米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，其反应性能优于微米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，以纳米HZSM－5为载体的6％Mo/HZSM-5催化剂具有最佳的反应性能：反应60min时，甲烷转化率为15．45％，苯收率为6．01％。     

在改性Hβ沸石催化剂上FCC汽油的加氢改质

采用Hβ沸石为载体，以Ni为主剂，分别以P、Mg、La为助剂合成了FCC汽油加氢改质双功能催化剂。考察了采用不同热处理方式脱模板剂对Naβ沸石载体的影响，以及助剂种类和助剂含量对双功能催化剂性能的影响。结果表明，采用阶段焙烧法脱模板剂可以有效的抑制分子筛脱铝，更好的保持分子筛原始结晶态和比表面积；在FCC汽油加氢改质反应中，加入0.25％磷改性后的Ni-P/β催化剂，有效的降低了汽油中的烯烃含量，使烯烃转化率达到65％，并保证汽油的辛烷值基本不降低。     

ZSM-5型分子筛的表面酸性与催化活性

合成了一批不同硅铝比的HZSM－5沸石分子筛，并用CO62 ,Fe^3 离子对其进行改性，测定了它们在醛氨缩合反应合成吡啶中的活性和选择性。对照它们的NH3－TPD，吡啶吸附红外光谱，研究了催化剂的表面酸性与醛氨缩合催化活性的关系。研究表明，硅铝比较小时，HZSM－5的酸中心较多，但过多的酸中心会引发其它的裂解反应和缩合反应，从而降低催化剂的活性和选择性；当硅铝比为120左右时，催化活性达到最大，吡啶碱产率达60％；若继续增大硅铝比，则无足够的酸中心进行反应，用Co^2 ,Fe^3 离子对HZSM进行改性，其B酸中心变化不明显，L酸中心减少，对氨气的吸附能力有所下降，从而保证了适当的酸中心暴露，有利于反应，采用CoZSM-5催化剂，吡啶碱产率可达78％。     

改性Hβ-分子筛催化FCC轻汽油醚化反应性能的研究

分别用硼，SO4^2-/Fe2O3对Hβ－分子筛进行改性，并研究改性后催化剂的表面酸性变化及其对FCC汽油醚化反应的催化活性，稳定性的影响。结果表明，两种改性剂的引入，均增加了L酸及强酸的总量，提高了烯烃的转化率。硼改性催化剂的选择性高于SO4^20-Fe2O3改性的催化剂；改性催化剂上活性组分的最佳含量约1．0％。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution

Cotton cellulose was swollen in a sodium hydroxide solution and carboxymethylated by a two-bath method for different periods of time for each process. The kinetics of acid hydrolysis and the crystallinity of the swollen and carboxymethylated samples were measured. The proportion of broken bonds, rate constants for hydrolysis, and permeability of cellulose to hydrolyzing agents were calculated. The susceptibility of glycosidic linkages to acid hydrolysis was improved by carboxymethylation more than by swelling in alkali. The increased accessibility of carboxymethylcellulose to acid was regarded as a consequence of increased intra-and intercrystalline swelling and of the glycosidic bonds' weakness caused by the electron-attracting carboxymethyl group on the C-6 position.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Oxidation of Ilmenite

The aim of the presented work was the investigation of thermal oxidation of ilmenite in static air atmosphere. The investigations were carried out by use of a derivatograph (MOM, Hungary). The changes of crystallographic structure of investigated samples were identified by X-ray diffractometry on Philips PW-1710 diffractometer. In temperature above 500°C appears structure of hematite Fe₂O₃. On the basis of the thermogravimetric measurements, the contracting area and contracting volume models were found as the best fitting experimental data. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanism of action of base-catalyzed oxygenation of phenol derivatives

Cyclopropyl derivative of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is synthesized as a probe to investigate the mechanism of base-catalyzed autooxidation of phenol derivatives. Our study indicates that one electron reduction of molecular oxygen from phenolate gives phenoxyl radical 3, a key intermediate of autooxidation. The coupling of phenoxyl radical and superoxide radical gives peroxylate anion 4 and produces the final epoxy alcohol adduct 6.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.