Functionalization of three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous cross‐linked polystyrene by atom‐transfer radical polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and subsequent derivatization

The surface‐initiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique was applied to the graft polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) from three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous crosslinked polystyrene (3DOM CLPS) on which the initiator (benzyl chloride) was immobilized onto the pore wall of 3DOM CLPS by chloromethylation of benzene ring. By the adjustment of the monomer concentration or graft polymerization time, the thickness of grafted polymer layers can be controlled. FTIR analysis confirms that the graft polymerization of HEMA via ATRP had been taken place at the pore wall of 3DOM CLPS. SEM images of PHEMA‐grafted 3DOM CLPS show that the ordered structure is well preserved after graft polymerization and the grafted layers are dense and homogeneous. The maximum thickness of grafted layer is up to 35 nm and the corresponding percent weight increase is 102.8% in this study. Moreover, the PHEMA layers were further functionalized in high yield via their reactive hydroxyl groups under gentle condition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7950–7959, 2008     

三维有序大孔杂化SiO2的制备、表征及应用

本研究将有机-无机杂化功能材料与有序大孔材料独特的有序开孔结构相结合,在制备的三维有序大孔二氧化硅（3DOM SiO₂）孔壁上可控接枝带有功能基团的聚合物链段,制备3DOM杂化材料。采用表面引发原子转移自由基（SI-ATRP）接枝技术在3DOM SiO₂孔壁上可控接枝聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（PGMA）链段,讨论了接枝条件对接枝量及接枝链段分子量的影响,并利用FT-IR、SEM、TGA、GPC等对接枝过程进行了表征。PGMA接枝链段上环氧基团可进一步与亲核试剂（二乙醇胺,浓硫酸和二乙烯三胺）发生开环反应,得到一系列带有不同官能团的具有较高接枝密度的功能杂化多孔材料,同时,利用该种材料对水中的水杨酸进行了吸附实验,吸附结果表明经二乙烯三胺开环后得到的功能化多孔材料对水杨酸具有很高的吸附量。本研究对于发展新型杂化多孔材料提供了新的方法。     

三维有序大孔杂化SiO2的制备、表征及应用

将有机-无机杂化功能材料与有序大孔材料独特的有序开孔结构相结合,在制备的三维有序大孔二氧化硅(3DOM Si O2)孔壁上可控接枝带有功能基团的聚合物链段,制备3DOM杂化材料。采用表面引发原子转移自由基(SI-ATRP)接枝技术在3DOM Si O2孔壁上可控接枝聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(PGMA)链段,讨论了接枝条件对接枝量及接枝链段分子量的影响,并利用FTIR、SEM、TGA、GPC等对接枝过程进行了表征。PGMA接枝链段上环氧基团可进一步与亲核试剂(二乙醇胺,浓硫酸和二乙烯三胺)发生开环反应,得到一系列带有不同官能团的具有较高接枝密度的功能杂化多孔材料,同时,利用该种材料对水中的水杨酸进行了吸附实验,吸附结果表明经二乙烯三胺开环后得到的功能化多孔材料对水杨酸具有很高的吸附量。     

Introduction of PEGs on pore-wall of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene for catalyzation of α-butylation of phenylacetonitrile

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrenes (3DOM CLPS) attached polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with different molecular weights were prepared for use as a novel tri-phase transfer catalyst. The 3DOM catalysts were characterized by FTIR and SEM. The catalytic activity of functionalized 3DOM CLPS was evaluated using ??-butylation reaction of phenylacetonitrile in organic phase and potassium hydroxide aqueous solution in water phase as a model system. The effects of various factors on the phase transfer catalysis reaction of liquid-solid-liquid were investigated. Reusing performance of the catalyst was also examined. The results show that the 3DOM CLPS attached PEG400 is an effective and stable tri-phase catalyst for ??-butylation reaction. The reaction yield increases with the increasing of temperature and extension of time. After reusing for eight times, the PEG chains did not run off and the ordered structure was well preserved, and the yield of ??-butyl phenylacetonitrile was still above 90%.     

Graft polymerization from pore wall of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene via atom transfer radical polymerization

The surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique was applied to the graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) from three-dimensionally ordered macroporous cross-linked polystyrene (3DOM CLPS) on which the initiator, halogen atom was immobilized onto the pore wall of 3DOM CLPS by chloromethylation. FT-IR and TG-DWA analyses confirm that the graft polymerization of MMA and NIPAm via ATRP had been taken place at the pore wall of 3DOM CLPS. The initiating efficiency of chloromethyl groups was calculated according to the data of TGA-titration, revealed that the benzyl chloride is not only distributed on the surface of the pore walls but also must be present throughout the inner of the cross-linked polystyrene matrix. SEM analyses show that the grafted layers are smooth and homogeneous, and the ordered structure is well preserved after polymerization. By the adjustment of the graft polymerization time, the thickness of grafted polymer layers can be controlled. The max thickness of grafted PMMA layer is 85 nm and the max thickness of grafted PNIPAm layer is 35 nm.     

Synthesis and Adsorption Properties of Polystyrene-supported Chelating Resins Containing Heterocyclic Functional Groups

A series of new chelating resins with incorporating heterocyclic functional groups： pyridine, thiadizole, benzothizole into macroporous chloromethylated polystyrene were synthesized via hydrophilic spacer arm of polyethylene glycol containing sulfur. These chelating resins were found to show high adsorption capacities for Ag^＋, Hg^2＋, Au^3＋ and Pd^2＋, and the presence of spacer arm can enhance adsorption ability due to increase the hydrophilicity of the chelating resins.     

Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase on Ordered Macroporous Silicas Functionalized with Amino Group

A novel glucose oxidase immobilized on three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) material has been prepared by firstly preparation of hybrid 3DOM SiO₂‐NH₂ materials using colloidal crystal method, and following covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase on the pore walls of the 3DOM materials. The materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, DSC and BET techniques. SEM observation shows that the macropores are highly ordered and are interconnected by small windows. FTIR measurement shows that there are amino and organic groups in the pore walls. The surface area of the 3DOM SiO₂‐NH₂ material is about 10.2 m²/g. The loaded amount of enzyme is increased with amino content in the materials. The immobilized enzyme has high activity, thermal stability and can be reused.     

葡萄糖氧化酶在氨基功能化三维有序大孔材料上的固定化研究

一类新型功能化三维有序大孔（3DOM）材料被用于固载葡萄糖氧化酶．以聚苯乙烯胶晶为模板,三氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和正硅酸乙酯为前驱物,合成了不同氨基含量的3DOM SiO2-NH2材料．并以戊二醛为交联剂,成功地在3DOM SiO2-NH2材料表面嫁接了葡萄糖氧化酶,所得材料具有较高的催化活性．SEM观察表明,3DOM SiO2-NH2材料具有规则整齐相通的大孔孔道结构．FTIR测试表明材料中含有氨基及有机基团,戊二醛及葡萄糖氧化酶以C=N键嫁接在3DOM材料孔壁表面．     

磺酸功能化三维有序大孔材料的制备与催化性能研究

采用模板法, 用正硅酸乙酯和3-巯丙基-三甲氧基硅烷的混合溶胶, 在聚苯乙烯胶晶间隙中原位转化, 除去模板后用双氧水将巯基氧化成磺酸基, 首次成功地制备了大孔规整排列的3DOM SiO₂-SO₃H材料. 样品用SEM, EDS, FT-IR等方法进行了测试表征. 结果表明, 所得到材料的三维大孔结构规整性十分好, 大孔孔径大约250 nm, 并由大约80 nm的小孔相连; 磺酸基很好地嵌入孔壁基质中, 吡啶吸附测定显示了典型的质子酸特征, 而且酸中心随硫含量增加而增多. 对乙酸与正丁醇的酯化反应显示了良好的催化性能, 磺酸含量越大, 催化活性越高. 这一研究为开发新型高效的固体酸催化剂提供了很有意义的结果.     

Preparation and characterization of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous styrene/p-methylstyrene syndiotactic copolymer

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) styrene/p-methylstyrene syndiotactic copolymer (sPMS) with pore size 170 nm were fabricated by means of silica templates using (dbm)₂ Ti(OPh)₂/MAO catalytic system. The resulting materials were characterized by NMR, SEM, GPC and DSC. The results indicated that the 3DOM sPMS were highly syndiotacic, and the pore contraction was approximately 20.6%. Compared with bulk sPMS, 3DOM sPMS possessed the lower number-average molecular weight and broader molecular weight distribution. In terms of DSC results, the bulk sPMS exhibited the lower glass transition temperature than that of 3DOM one.     

Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Preparation and Characterization

Summary: Three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) syndiotactic polystyrenes with pore size in the range of 71–286 nm were fabricated by means of silica templates using (dbm)₂Ti(OPh)₂/MAO catalytic system. The resulting materials were characterized by NMR, SEM, powder X‐ray diffraction, GPC and DSC. The results indicated that the 3DOM syndiotactic polystyrenes were highly syndiotactic, and the pore contraction increased when the average pore diameter decreased. Compared with bulk syndiotactic polystyrenes, 3DOM syndiotactic polystyrene possessed lower molecular weight, narrower molecular weight distribution, and lower crystallinity and melting temperature.

SEM image of 3DOM syndiotactic polystyrene, the inset shows the detail of the cavities.     

三维有序大孔杂化材料3DOM PW11Ni-APS-TiO2紫外光催化降解罗丹明B

采用甲醇法制备三维有序大孔结构(3DOM)TiO2,再经过有机胺(EtO)3Si(CH2)3NH2(APS)功能化修饰后,通过自组装技术将取代型杂多酸盐K5[Ni(H2O)PW11O39](PW11Ni)与其负载,从而制备了三维有序大孔取代型多金属氧酸盐-有机胺-TiO2杂化催化剂3DOM PW11Ni-APS-TiO2。通过FT-IR,ICP-AES,XRD,UV-Vis/DRS, XPS和SEM等测试手段对其组成、结构和形貌等进行了表征,结果表明,通过自组装技术将APS功能化修饰的3DOM TiO2与杂多酸盐PW11Ni负载后,该杂多酸盐PW11Ni通过Ni-N配位键与3DOM TiO2键合。同时,所制备的3DOM PW11Ni-APS-TiO2具有TiO2锐钛矿结构,且该合成产物由于模板剂聚苯乙烯(PS)胶球的作用呈现着规则、有序和开放性的三维有序大孔结构,其通透性的孔结构十分有利于反应过程中反应物和产物分子的扩散。紫外光催化降解罗丹明B实验结果表明,3DOM PW11Ni-APS-TiO2的紫外光催化降解活性明显高于直接光解和其他对比体系。     

三维有序大孔Al2O3制备的新方法及表征

以聚苯乙烯胶晶为模板,用Al(NO3)3•9H2O为前驱物,使用柠檬酸为配体,成功地制备了孔径为250～350 nm的三维有序大孔Al2O3材料.SEM观察表明,所得大孔材料孔结构规则排列,孔与孔之间通过小孔相连,形成了一个三维有序排列的蜂窝状结构.实验发现,以Al(NO3)3•9H2O为前驱物,加入柠檬酸可以防止团聚粒子的产生,有利于三维有序结构的形成.前驱物浓度在0.5～0.8 mol•L－1范围内均能得到较好的三维有序大孔结构.在1 100 ℃焙烧2 h后,Al2O3大孔材料仍能保持完整的规则孔结构特征,表现出较高的热稳定性.     

氧氯化锆直接热分解制备三维有序大孔氧化锆

以聚苯乙烯微球胶晶为模板, 氧氯化锆的甲醇溶液为前驱物, 通过直接热分解的方法制备了三维有序大孔氧化锆(3DOM-ZrO2); 利用SEM、TEM、EDS和BET等技术对其进行了表征, 并探讨了实验条件对大孔结构与形态的影响. 结果表明, 过低或过高的氧氯化锆浓度都不利于形成长程有序的三维大孔结构; 增加填充次数只有在较高的氧氯化锆浓度下才能有效增加填充量; 合适的焙烧温度在600-700 ℃之间; BET分析表明3DOM-ZrO2孔壁具有非多孔结构, 与TEM观察结果非常一致.     

三维有序大孔复合材料AgZnO-TiO2的制备及微波辅助光催化性能

采用聚苯乙烯(PS)微球作为模板剂,经溶胶-凝胶及煅烧后处理等方法制备了三维有序大孔复合材料Ag/ZnO-TiO2. 通过傅里叶-红外光谱(FT-IR)、X 射线衍射(XRD)、X 射线光电子能谱(XPS) 、N2吸附-脱附测定和扫描电子显微镜配合X 射线能量色谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试手段对其组成、结构及形貌等进行了表征. 结果显示,经PS微球处理后的Ag/ZnO-TiO2具有锐钛矿晶型结构,其Ag以单质形式存在. 该复合材料的孔结构排列整齐有序,孔壁为介孔结构,粒子堆积致密,平均孔直径约150 nm,属于三维有序大孔材料(3DOM). 在微波辅助光催化降解甲基橙等染料的实验研究中,该复合材料表现出较好的光催化性能,其活性明显高于P25等单体以及二元体系ZnO-TiO2     

Synthesis of Three‐dimensionally Ordered Macroporous TiO2 and TiO2/WO3 Composites and Their Photocatalytic Performance

This work presents the characterization and preparation of three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous TiO₂ and TiO₂/WO₃ composite nanoparticles with enhanced visible‐light‐responsive properties for rhodamine B (Rh B) photodegradation. The 3DOM TiO₂ and TiO₂/WO₃ composites were prepared through a dip‐infiltrating sol‐gel process using a polystyrene (PS) colloidal crystal template. The materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, XPS and UV/Vis. The 3DOM TiO₂/WO₃ composite structures ranged from well‐defined 3DOM structures, which are highly ordered and interconnected via small pore windows, to collapsed three‐dimensional structures as the WO₃ content increased. The photoresponse range and specific surface area of the composite increased with less than 0.025 g of WCl₆. The 3DOM TiO₂/WO₃ composite with less than 0.025 g of WCl₆ exhibited a higher catalytic activity than 3DOM TiO₂ for the photocatalytic degradation of Rh B under simulated sunlight illumination.     

高度有序介孔氧化硅材料SBA-15：高浓度氨基官能化及氨基及氨基团的可利用性

采用简单的方法合成高浓度氨基修饰的高度有序氧化硅材料并深入研究氨基官能化材料的孔结构以及氨基的存在状态和可利用性。结果表明,氨基基团共价连接到SBA-15的孔表面,即使初始合成体系中的APTES（氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷）浓度高达30mol%时材料依然保持高度的有序性。合成体系中APTES浓度为20％的样品还保持良好的介孔结构,比表面积为680 m²·g^-1,孔容为0.89 cm³·g^-1,此介孔结构中的氨基官能团对镍离子表现出很强的亲和力,Ni²⁺的吸附量高达1.88 mmol·g^-1,相比之下未官能化的SBA-15对Ni²⁺没有吸附作用。当初始合成体系中APTES的浓度进一步增大到30％时,修饰到介孔氧化硅材料的氨基含量也随之增大,但由于材料的孔隙度急剧降低,这些氨基的可利用性也降低。     

不同方法制备的磷钨杂多酸功能化3DOM-SiO2材料性能研究

磷钨杂多酸功能化的 3DOM-SiO₂ 材料以直接浸渍和溶胶凝胶-胶晶膜板法制备，后一方法的模板去除分别采用了溶剂萃取和高温煅烧工艺。通过 SEM、TEM、BET、EDXS测试，考察了大孔材料的孔结构特征及孔壁组成，所制备大孔材料均显示了良好的三维规整性，尤其是煅烧样品，它不但孔结构优异，且孔壁粒子堆积致密、比表面积较大，强度较高。XRD、FTIR 表征显示以溶胶凝胶法制备的样品中，杂多酸与载体间存在的化学作用，导致杂多酸特征峰发生一定的位移，但仍保持杂多酸Keggin结构。吡啶吸附表明所得样品均存在B酸中心，并以苯和十二烯的烷基化催化反应表征了所得样品的催化活性及再使用性，结果显示所有样品均具有良好的催化活性，按单位杂多酸计算，浸渍样品催化活性最高，但杂多酸易脱落，再使用性差；煅烧样品具有最佳的催化活性和再使用性。     

光还原Pt掺杂三维有序大孔ZrO2复合材料的光降解与光解水制氢

采用胶晶模板技术结合光还原方法制备了Pt掺杂复合材料三维有序大孔Pt/ZrO2(3DOM Pt/ZrO2)。通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外–可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV–Vis/DRS)和氮气吸附–脱附等测试方法对纳米复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2的晶相、组成、结构、形貌以及表面物理化学性质等进行表征。结果表明,Pt掺杂复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2与单体ZrO2的晶相相一致,其形貌呈现三维有序大孔结构,且孔结构排列整齐有序,孔壁为介孔结构。经光还原作用后该复合材料中Pt主要以单质形式存在,并且均匀分布在三维有序复合材料表面。同时,与单体ZrO2相比,纳米复合材料3DOM Pt/ZrO2的BET比表面积显著增大,光吸收性能发生改变,在240–350 nm间呈现强吸收。另外,在多模式光降解实验中,3DOM Pt/ZrO2的光活性明显增强。同时,其光解水制氢性能差不多是P25的2.5倍。     

三维有序大孔Fe2O3为载氧体的生物质热解气化实验研究

采用无皂乳液聚合法制备单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)微球,并以硝酸盐为原料、柠檬酸为络合剂制备前驱体溶液,通过浸渍和焙烧得到三维有序大孔(3DOM) Fe₂O₃,并通过SEM、XRD、BET和压汞仪对3DOM Fe₂O₃进行表征。采用热重-质谱联用的方法,以3DOM Fe₂O₃为载氧体,对生物质在氦气气氛下的热解气化进行研究,探讨3DOM Fe₂O₃载氧体在生物质热解气化过程中代替纯氧、富氧空气或水蒸气作为生物质气化剂的可能性,并与普通分析纯Fe₂O₃与生物质热解气化的实验结果进行对比,分析3DOM Fe₂O₃在提高载氧体反应活性方面的作用。结果表明,制备的3DOM Fe₂O₃呈现排列规整的三维有序多孔形貌,层与层间通过三维孔道相连,并呈交替排列。通过与分析纯Fe₂O₃的XRD谱图对比,发现制得的3DOM Fe₂O₃为纯Fe₂O₃,无其他杂质相的存在。热重-质谱分析结果表明,Fe₂O₃作为载氧体在高温段促成了生物质气化反应的发生。与分析纯的Fe₂O₃作对比,当载氧体为三维有序大孔结构时,生物质的最大失重率提高了7.1%,气化阶段的最大失重速率提高了0.29%/min,CO、CO₂、CH₄在高温段出现两个连续的析出峰。