用箭推法书写有关过氧化氢的反应机理

借鉴有机反应机理箭推法的书写方法,举例探究了过氧化氢发生系列反应的机理,如过氧化氢和水、液氨等发生酸碱反应,被亚硫酸及其盐、亚硝酸、氢溴酸、乙醇等还原剂还原,被氯气、Ce(Ⅳ)、酸性高锰酸钾等氧化剂氧化,在光、碱、非金属阴离子、金属离子和金属离子络合物等催化下发生分解反应。     

流动注射安培法测定水中总氰化物

氰化物是一种广泛存在于自然界的剧毒物质,工业用途十分广泛,如湿法冶炼金、银等,主要污染源为电镀、炼焦、选矿、有机、化工、化肥等工业污水[1-2]。目前国内测定总氰化物的方法主要有硝酸银滴定法、分光光度法、电极法、色谱法等[3]。传统的化学法检测氰化物需蒸馏预处理,而且显色时还需水浴恒温,操作繁琐、费时、费力。流动注射安培法具有分析速度快、操作简单、样品和试剂消耗少等优点,已应用于环境、农业等领域中氰化物的检测。     

功能性可拉伸有机电子器件的研究进展

可拉伸有机电子器件具有高机械稳定性、优异的电学稳定性、低成本和生物兼容性好等优点,是未来电子器件发展的重要方向.功能性可拉伸有机电子器件更是为可穿戴和可植入设备、智能医疗以及软体机器人等新兴高技术领域提供了新的研究思路.本文综述了近年来功能性可拉伸有机电子器件的研究进展,包括场效应、光电、存储以及传感等有机晶体管,发光二极管、交流电致发光、发光电化学电池等有机光电器件,太阳能电池、超级电容器、纳米发电机等有机能源存储与转换器件,压力、应变、触觉、温度、气体等有机传感器,忆阻器、磁存储、仿突触存储等有机存储器,以及其他集成电路系统元件,最后就功能性可拉伸有机电子器件存在的科学问题与未来的发展方向提出了建议.     

角蛋白的分子构成、提取及应用

介绍了角蛋白的来源、分类、化学组成与分子结构,以及毛发的宏观形态、微观结构及组成.目前从毛发和羽毛中提取角蛋白常用机械法、化学法和生物法等,其中化学法又可分为酸碱水解法、还原法、氧化法等,分析了各种提取方法在角蛋白的提取率、分子量等方面的差异.除水解产物用作饲料外,由于自身特殊的结构和性能,使得角蛋白在生物相容材料、纺丝材料等方面的应用受到关注.     

常见植物多酚化合物的介绍

从物质结构、医药功能、提取与合成方法等角度对没食子酸、白藜芦醇、槲皮素和姜黄素等4种常见植物多酚化合物及其衍生物展开介绍。这些植物多酚化合物都具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤等生物活性,可广泛应用于医药、农业、食品添加剂等行业。     

无机纳米填料在环氧树脂中的应用及分散

无机纳米材料可提高环氧树脂的韧性、模量、耐热性等性能,在航空、汽车、电子材料、工程陶瓷材料等方面得到应用。纳米材料在环氧树脂中存在着易团聚的问题,有效的分散方法包括物理分散和化学分散,物理分散包括研磨分散、超声分散、高压均质分散等;化学分散包括偶联剂法、表面修饰法、溶胶―凝胶法等。影响化学分散的因素有分散剂的用量、处理剂和溶剂的种类等。     

微针与微流控芯片的结合应用研究进展

微针因具有使用便捷、无痛等优点,在取样检测、透皮给药等生物医学诊断领域得到了日益广泛的应用.微流控芯片可对微量流体进行操控,具有试剂损耗少、检测速度快、灵敏度高等优点,在生化分析、环境科学等领域备受关注.早期,微流控芯片与微针的发展相对独立;随着微流控与微针在生物医药等领域的广泛应用和3D打印等先进微加工方法的出现,近...     

分光光度法测定铝锆硅质耐火材料中二氧化硅、氧化锆(铪)、三氧化二铁和氧化铝

<正>耐火材料具有一定的高温力学性能、良好的体积稳定性,是各种高温设备必需的材料[1-2]。其中铝锆硅质耐火材料具有耐火度高、抗高温蠕变性好以及抗渣性、抗热震性、强度高等特性[3-4],广泛用于冶金熔炼容器及热处理窑炉、陶瓷窑炉、石化高温反应炉等高温工程等领域。近年来,随着冶金行业炼铁、连铸、炉外精炼等技术的不断发展,对耐火材料的使用性能和回收再利用[5-6]等提出了更高的要求,其质量直接影响炼钢设备中转炉和平炉等的寿命。因此     

有机智能传感材料与器件研究进展

有机光电子材料具有柔性、低成本、可大面积加工以及分子结构可调等特点,在可穿戴智能器件领域具有巨大的应用潜力.有机分子可以通过结构的设计调节其光学、电学、机械和化学等特性,从而实现丰富的传感功能.有机智能传感器具有快速响应、高选择性、高灵敏和机械柔性等优势,被广泛应用于环境监测、电子皮肤、医疗监测、人机交互等智能感知领域.本文综述了近年来有机智能传感材料与器件的研究进展,包括小分子半导体、聚合物半导体和导电聚合物等有机传感材料,以及化学传感器、温度传感器、光学传感器和机械传感器等有机智能传感器件的前沿应用,重点介绍了目前生物传感器、仿生传感器等智能感知器件和系统的发展现状,并对其未来发展过程中面临的挑战进行了分析.     

一例进口“铜精矿”的属性分析研究

采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射等技术,结合超景深显微镜、扫描电镜、化学分析等手段,对一例申报为“铜精矿”的样品进行外观形貌、元素组成、物相组成、微观等进行分析。结果表明：样品含有黄铁矿、石英、孔雀石、硅锌矿、滑石等天然矿物,还含有大量的微米级球状氧化锌、玻璃态的钠钙硅铝酸盐、疏松的胶态硅酸盐以及条状、片状的金属铜屑等。样品的特征与天然铜矿浮选得到的铜精矿有显著差别,呈现出天然矿物和多种冶炼加工产物的混合物特征。     

粉煤灰硫酸浸出液中钛和铁的萃取分离

将粉煤灰的硫酸浸出液,用氨水调节pH值后,用三正辛基氧膦-煤油、磷酸二异辛酯-煤油萃取分离溶液中的Ti4+和Fe3+。 考察了萃取剂、水相阳离子浓度、pH值及萃取温度和时间等实验条件对萃取率的影响;讨论了萃取剂再生条件对提取率及分离产物纯度的影响。 用XRD表征了反萃取煅烧产物的物相组成,用X射线荧光分析测定了煅烧产物TiO2和Fe2O3的纯度。 分析结果表明,钛的萃取率达到97%,提取率＞92%;铁的萃取率达到97%,提取率达到96%;TiO2 和Fe2O3的纯度分别为98%和97%,均可以用作涂料的颜料。     

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Bioactive Steroidal Saponins from Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma

In the present study, a simple and environmentally friendly extraction method based on natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) was established to extract four bioactive steroidal saponins from Dioscoreae Nipponicae Rhizoma (DNR). A total of twenty-one types of choline chloride, betaine, and L-proline based NADESs were tailored, and the NADES composed of 1:1 molar ratio of choline chloride and malonic acid showed the best extraction efficiency for the four steroidal saponins compared with other NADESs. Then, the extraction parameters for extraction of steroidal saponins by selected tailor-made NADES were optimized using response surface methodology and the optimal extraction conditions are extraction time, 23.5 min; liquid–solid ratio, 57.5 mL/g; and water content, 54%. The microstructure of the DNR powder before and after ultrasonic extraction by conventional solvents (water and methanol) and the selected NADES were observed using field emission scanning electron microscope. In addition, the four steroidal saponins were recovered from NADESs by D101 macroporous resin with a satisfactory recovery yield between 67.27% and 79.90%. The present research demonstrates that NADESs are a suitable green media for the extraction of the bioactive steroidal saponins from DNR, and have a great potential as possible alternatives to organic solvents for efficiently extracting bioactive compounds from natural products.     

Anion-exchange and solvent extraction studies on the separation of radioiodine with particular reference to the production of 123I via proton irradiation of 123Te metal target

The separation of radioiodine was investigated using two wet chemical procedures, namely anion-exchange and solvent extraction. Some factors affecting the separation, such as HCl, NaOH and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) concentrations, used solvents ethyl acetate, benzene and carbon tetrachloride and different quaternary ammonium salts were studied. For each procedure the optimum conditions were deduced. The separation of ¹²³I was effected from proton-irradiated ¹²³Te target under the optimized conditions of the two procedures. The yield of ¹²³I obtained using the Dowex 21k anion-exchanger and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide solution as eluting agent was 88±3%; the radionuclidic purity was high and the time needed was 60 minutes. In solvent extraction process using TBAB in ethyl acetate as the extracting agent, the yield of ¹²³I was low (47±3%), the radionuclidic purity was not as good as in the anion-exchange method, and the time needed was 150 minutes. Therefore, the anionexchange method is preferable. A comparison of this wet chemical method of separation of ¹²³I with the commonly used dry distillation method is given. The wet method appears to be more suitable when a ¹²³Te metal target is used.     

Optimisation of the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives from diesel particulate matter using microwave-assisted extraction

Pressurised microwave-assisted extraction was used to extract a complex mixture containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and heavy n-alkanes from a particularly refractory carbonaceous material resulting from the combustion in a diesel engine. A second-order central composite design was used to determine the optimal conditions of extraction in terms of time, temperature, volume and nature of extracting solvent from spiked diesel soots. To begin, methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform were tested for extracting the spiked diesel particulates; however, the nature of these solvents was not really an influential factor. Volume was the most influential factor and was kept at a medium level to enhance the extraction of heavy PAHs without introducing an important dilution factor. Temperature and time were not influential as main factors but interacted with the other factors. Finally, high temperature and duration associated with a medium volume of methylene chloride were better for the extractions. After this optimisation, five-ring and six-ring PAHs were nevertheless not satisfactorily desorbed. Other solvents were therefore tested. Only aromatic ones, and particularly heterocyclic aromatic solvents, managed to desorb the heaviest PAHs. Pyridine, with its both aromatic and its basic character, was the most successful solvent. Desorption was even complete with an addition of 17% of diethylamine into pyridine. So, using MAE, we succeeded in extracting quantitatively, from the spiked refractory diesel soot surface, two-ring to six-ring PAHs, heavy n-alkanes and short nitrated PAHs. However, heavy nitrated PAHs were better extracted with a small addition of acetic acid (1%) into pyridine instead of a basic cosolvent.     

Application of ionic liquids in the microwave-assisted extraction of trans-resveratrol from Rhizma Polygoni Cuspidati

In this paper, the application of 1-n-butyl -3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids aqueous solutions as solvents in the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique was first developed for the extraction of trans-resveratrol from Rhizma Polygoni Cuspidati. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]Br) solution was selected as solvent; the conditions of MAE including the size of sample, liquid/solid ratio, extraction temperature and time were optimized by means of an orthogonal design L(9)(3(4)). Under optimized conditions, the extraction yield value of trans-resveratrol was 92.8% in a one-step extraction. The recovery was in the range 93.7-103.2% with relative standard deviation lower than 3.0% by the proposed procedure. The method was applied to extract trans-resveratrol from several different region samples. On the basis of extraction solvent and time, the proposed extraction technique was a green, rapid and alternative technique to extract and analyze trans-resveratrol in Rhizma Polygoni Cuspidati samples.     

一锅法有效合成氨基甲酸酯类化合物

以四甲基胍(TMG)为催化剂, 乙腈(ACT)为溶剂, 利用CO₂、胺和烷基氯三组分在0.10 MPa, 70～80 ℃条件下, 一锅法有效合成氨基甲酸酯类化合物, 并研究了收率和产率的影响. 结果表明, 最优反应条件为n(胺)∶n(烷基氯)＝3～4、反应温度70～80 ℃、反应时间2～3 h、酯分离收率达68.7%～81.3%, 酯纯度达到99.9%     

布洛芬-扑热息痛孪药的合成

以布洛芬（IPF）和扑热息痛（PCM）为原料,无水丙酮和乙酸乙酯为溶剂,二环己基碳二亚胺（DCC）为脱水剂,4-二甲氨基吡啶（DMAP）为催化剂,合成了布洛芬-扑热息痛孪药（PHI）,以重结晶法对目标产物进行纯化,产物结构经IR和1H NMR确定。 探讨了原料比例、脱水剂用量、催化剂用量、反应时间和溶媒用量对目标物产率的影响,并采用正交试验筛选最优合成工艺,最终确定的最优反应条件为:n(PCM)∶n(IPF)=1∶1.5,催化剂的最佳用量为布洛芬质量的10%,反应时间为8 h,溶媒体积为70 mL（V(乙酸乙酯)∶V(丙酮)=1∶1）,在该条件下,目标物PHI的产率为66.53%。     

Product-Specific Methods of Syntheses of Hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane and Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane — Monomers of Phenylsilicones

Pure hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane (P₃) and octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane (P₄) were synthesized with high yields via proper choice of preparation conditions, such as catalysts, solvents and reaction temperatures, from diphenylsilanediol. Up to 98% yield of this pure starting material can be obtained from diphenyldi-chlorosilane through modifying a known procedure on carefully adjusting the temperature of hydrolysis and washing procedure. This method produced pure P₃ exclusively with high yield (approximately 90%) in ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst at various reaction temperatures. P₄ was produced exclusively in high yield (approximately 90%) in alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. A method applying HPLC was used to analyze the reaction products quantitatively.     

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of hydrocarbons in marine sediments: comparison with the Soxhlet extraction method

Microwave energy was applied to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear aliphatic hydrocarbons (LAHs) from marine sediments. The influence of experimental conditions, such as different extracting solvents and mixtures, microwave power, irradiation time and number of samples extracted per run has been tested using real marine sediment samples; volume of the solvent, sample quantity and matrix effects were also evaluated. The yield of extracted compounds obtained by microwave irradiation was compared with that obtained using the traditional Soxhlet extraction. The best results were achieved with a mixture of acetone and hexane (1:1), and recoveries ranged from 92 to 106%. The extraction time is dependent on the irradiation power and the number of samples extracted per run, so when the irradiation power was set to 500 W, the extraction times varied from 6 min for 1 sample to 18 min for 8 samples. Analytical determinations were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet-visible photodiode-array detector for PAHs and gas chromatography (GC) using a FID detector for LAHs. To test the accuracy of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique, optimized methodology was applied to the analysis of standard reference material (SRM 1941), obtaining acceptable results.     

Deep eutectic solvents as green media for efficient extraction of terpene trilactones from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-based ultrasonic extraction of terpene trilactones (TTLs) from Ginkgo biloba leaves was efficiently developed. Sixteen DESs were prepared, and DESs composed of choline chloride-urea (ChCl-U) and betaine-ethylene glycol (BE-EG) gave higher TTL extraction yields than the present, most efficient solvent 70% ethanol. The extraction conditions were further optimized, and the optimum conditions were as follows: taking BE-EG containing 40% (w/w) water as the extraction solvent, 1:10 of G. biloba leaves powder-to-solvent ratio, and ultrasonic treatment at 45°C and 100?W for 20?min. A total extraction yield of 1.94?±?0.03?mg/g was obtained under the optimum conditions, which indicated that 99.37% of TTLs could be extracted from the G. biloba leaves powder by a single extraction. Moreover, the polyamide resin was used to recover the TTLs in DES extracting solution, and recovery yield of 95.1% was attained. Therefore, BE-EG containing 40% (w/w) water was a potential alternative solvent for TTLs extraction from G. biloba leaves.