磁性固相萃取技术研究的新进展

基于磁性材料的分离技术是近年来国内外研究的一个热点领域,该技术在细胞分离、药物转运、酶的固定化、催化、吸附-分离、材料科学、环境等诸多领域中都展示了应用前景。磁性纳米材料可作为磁性固相萃取(MSPE)的吸附剂。与常规的固相萃取(SPE)柱填料相比,纳米粒子的比表面积大、扩散距离短,只需使用少量的吸附剂和较短的平衡时间就能实现萃取分离,因此具有较高的萃取能力和萃取效率。经功能化修饰,磁性吸附剂有望实现对分析物的选择性萃取。另外,磁性吸附剂经适当的润洗之后可以循环使用。MSPE仅通过施加一个外部磁场即可实现相分离,因此操作简单、省时快速、无需离心过滤等繁琐操作,避免了传统SPE吸附剂需装柱和样品上样等耗时问题,而且在处理生物、环境样品时不会存在SPE中遇到的柱堵塞的问题。MSPE技术在痕量污染物萃取分离领域已得到了应用［1,2］。本文对MSPE技术研究的最新进展做一简要介绍。     

磁性微纳米材料的功能化及其在食物样品前处理中的应用进展

磁性固相萃取是当前对复杂样品中痕量目标物进行有效分离富集的热门技术,功能化磁性微纳米粒子是该技术应用中的关键材料。本文综述了各种已报道的功能化磁性微纳米材料,总结了包括表面嫁接有机小分子、表面包覆碳或无机氧化物、表面嫁接或包覆聚合物、载体表面或孔道内负载磁性纳米粒子、载体骨架内掺入磁性纳米粒子、物理共混法制备磁性功能材料在内的6种功能化方法,并对功能化磁性微纳米材料在食物样品前处理中的应用进行了简要评述。     

磁性纳米材料的功能化及其在农药残留检测中的应用

磁固相萃取技术是近年来不断发展的一种基于磁性纳米吸附材料的新型样品前处理技术。与传统吸附剂相比,磁性纳米材料凭借其粒径小、比表面积大、表面易功能化、独特的磁学性质、易于操控和再生、环境友好度高等诸多优点,在有效分离富集复杂基质中的痕量目标物方面展示了诱人的应用前景。近年来,磁固相萃取技术在农药残留检测领域取得了迅速发展。介绍了磁固相萃取技术,综述了近5年来碳材料、有机小分子、离子液体、高分子、无机氧化物、金属有机框架材料、多孔有机材料等功能化的磁性纳米材料的合成策略、在农药残留检测中的应用以及其与分析物之间吸附机理,并展望了其发展方向。     

离子液体基磁性固相萃取技术的研究进展

磁性固相萃取(Magnetic solid-phase extraction,MSPE)是一种采用磁性材料作为吸附剂的新型样品前处理技术,发展新型的磁性材料作为吸附剂是MSPE领域的研究热点。用离子液体(Ionic liquid,IL)修饰磁性材料作为吸附剂既具有MSPE操作简单、萃取快速、基质干扰小的优点,又兼具IL结构的可设计性和易功能化的优点,在样品前处理领域引起了广泛关注。该文综述了IL修饰磁性吸附剂的制备方法(物理涂敷、化学键合和包埋法),IL-MSPE的萃取方式(传统的MSPE,混合半胶束-MSPE和分散液液微萃取-MSPE),以及IL-MSPE在有机污染物、金属离子和生物活性物质萃取分离中的应用,并对该技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

碳基磁性纳米材料在环境样品前处理中的应用进展

样品前处理通常是复杂样品分析过程中必不可少的步骤.近年来,具有强磁响应性、高比表面积和良好机械强度的碳基磁性纳米材料已被广泛应用于环境样品分析前处理领域.本文综述了包括基于碳纳米管和石墨烯的2类碳基磁性复合型固相萃取吸附剂在环境样品中痕量污染物富集和分析中应用的最新进展,并对其在环境样品分析领域的发展前景进行了展望.     

食品中真菌毒素样品前处理方法的研究进展

真菌毒素是由真菌在一定环境条件下产生的一类具有毒性的小分子次级代谢产物。真菌毒素种类多,毒性强,污染范围广,可经食物链直接或间接进入人体,危及人体健康。食品基质形态多样,成分复杂,而实际样品中真菌毒素含量低,难以直接对目标物进行分析,故高效的样品前处理技术能实现待测物的分离和富集,在实际样品的分析中尤为重要。该文主要综述了基于磁性纳米材料、石墨烯类材料、分子印迹材料、免疫亲和材料、适配体功能材料等新型分离介质的液相萃取技术、固相萃取技术、场辅助提取技术（磁性固相萃取、超声辅助提取、微波辅助提取）、免疫亲和柱法、QuEChERS法等前处理技术在食品中真菌毒素分析中的应用,并对其分析的发展趋势进行了展望。     

新型纳米材料在农产品安全分析中的应用进展

农产品质量安全事关民生福祉，近年来受到了政府和消费者越来越多的关注，建立农产品中农药、兽药、重金属和真菌毒素等污染物高效、快速和灵敏的分离分析新方法，对于保障农产品质量安全具有重要的意义。农产品基质复杂，污染物浓度低，采取适当的样品前处理对农产品中的污染物进行富集净化是非常重要的。固相萃取是目前应用最多的样品前处理技术，其核心吸附剂决定了萃取的选择性和萃取效率。近年来，越来越多的新型材料被用作固相萃取的吸附剂，结合多种萃取模式(固相微萃取、分散固相萃取、磁性固相萃取等),大大提高了目标物的萃取效率、萃取选择性和分析通量。纳米材料具有大的比表面积，对痕量目标物亲和力强，将其作为固相萃取的吸附剂，极大地改善了分析技术的选择性和灵敏度，已经成为农产品中痕量化合物预富集技术的优先选择。本文概述了磁性材料、碳基材料、金属和金属氧化物材料、金属有机骨架材料、有机共价骨架材料等纳米材料的吸附特性，因具有比表面积大、吸附容量高、结构可设计等众多优点，良好的稳定性和优异的物理化学性能使其非常适合作为农产品安全分析中污染物富集净化的吸附剂，结合色谱、光谱、质谱等检测技术，所开发的分析方法成功应用于多种农产...     

固相萃取材料在金属离子前处理应用中的研究进展

为避免摄入过量重金属、危害人类健康,应提高对金属离子的检测能力。常用的金属检测技术如电感耦合等离子体质谱、电热原子吸收光谱、火焰原子吸收光谱等可以有效识别痕量重金属,并且具有多组分分析能力以及检出限低、产量高等优点。但复杂样品本身浓度较低且基质干扰大,因此检测前需进行前处理以消除基质干扰,满足低浓度和小体积样品的检测需求。固相萃取是富集样品中金属离子常用的方法之一,开发能够进行高效、快速富集分离的固相萃取新材料及前处理技术是金属离子检测的关键。限制接触碳纳米管、纳米吸附剂、纳米粒子载体、磁性纳米粒子等纳米材料可提供大的比表面积和可调的官能团,以促进金属离子吸收,其优越的光学性能则可用于荧光和比色检测;高分子聚合物具有卓越的机械性能和化学稳定性,可用于微量金属粒子的前富集、分离和检测;离子印迹聚合物对目标离子具有选择性识别能力的空间结构,可以吸附待分离体系中的金属离子;双功能材料可同时进行多种金属离子的萃取和快速定量检测,新型的光敏络合物则可以将结合态的金属离子转变为游离态,使其被多种生物传感器快速检测,也可以研究生物体内金属离子的信号传递过程。该文综述了纳米材料、聚合物、功能材料等新型固相萃取材料的特点及在复杂样品前处理中的应用和研究进展,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

磁性纳米材料在样品前处理中的应用进展

磁性纳米材料作为一种新型功能复合材料,因其具有吸附能力强、表面可修饰、易分离和良好的生物相容性等特点,已广泛应用于生物传感器、药物传导和医学成像方面。由于磁性纳米材料分离速度快且吸附性能好,因此在分析化学样品前处理中的应用也日益受到人们的关注。本文简略介绍了磁性纳米材料的特性、分类及制备方法,综述了磁性纳米材料在分离和富集生物大分子、有机物和无机物中的应用,并展望了磁性纳米材料的应用前景。     

石墨烯及其复合材料在样品前处理中的应用

样品前处理新技术与方法研究是现代分析化学的重要研究课题与发展方向之一。固相萃取是目前应用最为广泛的样品前处理技术,其技术核心是吸附材料,因此开发新型吸附材料是样品前处理领域的研究热点。石墨烯是一种新型碳纳米材料,由于其良好的物理化学性质,在短短几年内迅速成为众多学科的研究热点。其高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性使之在分离科学领域得到广泛的应用。本文系统综述了石墨烯及其复合材料在样品前处理中的应用研究,主要包括其作为固定相在固相萃取、固相微萃取、磁固相萃取等技术在环境、食品、生物等样品前处理中的应用。     

功能化磁性纳米材料在样品前处理中的应用研究进展

随着分析化学所面临的样品性质的复杂程度越来越高,被检测物质的浓度要求越来越低,在色谱及质谱分析前进行准确、高效的样品前处理过程就显得尤为重要。磁性固相萃取法由于其合成方法简单、易于分离、萃取效率高等优点,被认为是一种高效的样品预处理方法。Fe₃O₄磁性纳米材料由于分离速度快,分散性、生物相容性好等特点,近年来被广泛用于分离分析等各个领域。为了提高Fe₃O₄磁性纳米材料的物理和化学的稳定性,使其具备更高效的吸附分离能力,需要对其进行功能化的修饰。本文综述了近年来由碳基纳米材料、分子印迹聚合物、离子液体、硼酸亲和配体、金属有机骨架、共价有机骨架、量子点、金属氧化物等功能化磁性纳米材料的制备及其在生物、环境污染物、食品样品等样品前处理中的应用,并对这一领域发展进行了展望。     

Current Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Extraction of Mycotoxins,Pesticides, and Pharmaceuticals in Food Commodities

Environmental pollutants, such as mycotoxins, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, are a group of contaminates that occur naturally, while others are produced from anthropogenic sources. With increased research on the adverse ecological and human health effects of these pollutants, there is an increasing need to regularly monitor their levels in food and the environment in order to ensure food safety and public health. The application of magnetic nanomaterials in the analyses of these pollutants could be promising and offers numerous advantages relative to conventional techniques. Due to their ability for the selective adsorption, and ease of separation as a result of magnetic susceptibility, surface modification, stability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and biodegradability, these unique magnetic nanomaterials exhibit great achievement in the improvement of the extraction of different analytes in food. On the other hand, conventional methods involve longer extraction procedures and utilize large quantities of environmentally unfriendly organic solvents. This review centers its attention on current applications of magnetic nanomaterials and their modifications in the extraction of pollutants in food commodities.     

Application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in sample preparation

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have attracted much attention in sample preparation because of their excellent performance compared with traditional sample-preparation sorbents. In this review, we describe the application of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with silica, octadecylsilane, carbon-based material, surfactants, and polymers as adsorbents for separation and preconcentration of analytes from a variety of matrices. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques, mainly reported in the last five years, are presented and discussed.     

Ionic liquids in sample preparation

Due to their unique properties, their good extractabilities for various target analytes, and the fact that many compounds are highly soluble in them, room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) are used as promising alternatives to the traditional organic solvents employed in sample preparation. ILs have been used as extraction solvents for a wide range of analytes, from environmental contaminates to biomacromolecules and nanomaterials, and as dissolution solvents for various detection techniques. In this paper, the main applications of ILs in sample preparation are reviewed, and the problems and challenges in this area are described.     

Applications of magnetic materials separation in biological nanomedicine

As a result of their advantages for superparamagnetic properties, good biocompatibility, and high binding capacity, functionalized magnetic materials became widely popular over the past couple of decades, being applied on large scale in various processes of sample preparation for biomedicine. In this work, we perform an in‐depth review on the current progress in the field of magnetic bead separation, discussing in detail the physical basis of this process, various synthesis methods and surface modification strategies. We place special focus of attention as well on the latest applications of magnetic polymer microspheres in cell separation, protein purification, immobilized enzyme, nucleic acid separation, and extraction of bioactive compounds with low molecular weight. Existing problems are highlighted and possible trends of magnetic separation techniques for biomedicine in the future are proposed.     

Micro-extraction of Xenobiotics and Biomolecules from Different Matrices on Nanostructures

Sample preparation is the backbone of any analytical procedure; it involves extraction and pre-concentration of the desired analytes; often at trace levels. The present article describes the applications of nanomaterials (carbon-based inorganic and polymeric materials) in miniaturized extraction such as solid phase micro-extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction, liquid phase micro-extraction, and dispersive liquid phase micro-extraction in the analyses of aqueous samples. The nanoparticles used for micro-extractions are discussed on the basis of their chemical natures. The synthetic route and the preparation of nanomaterials are described along with the optimization strategies for micro-extraction. A comparison between the conventional materials and nanomaterials for micro-extraction is proposed. The key roles of the nanomaterials for the micro-extraction of different analytes such as drugs, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, proteins and peptides from aqueous samples are reported. The use of nanomaterials, combined with miniaturized micro-extraction techniques, proved to be highly promising for sample preparation of various matrices with analytes at trace levels.     

Chromatographic determination of pesticides in soil: Current trends in analysis and sample preparation

Soil is a primary sink and reservoir for pesticides pollution and one of the priority objects in terms of pesticides safety guidelines. Pesticides’ analysis in soil is a field of research which is in constant development facing numerous challenges such as the increasing amount and variety of analytes and their combinations, as well as the increasing demand for faster, simpler, more accurate and multiresidue analysis. This review provides the summary of studies on pesticides analysis in soil based on chromatography-coupled methods published between 2015 and 2022. We discuss the shift toward faster, greener, and simpler alternatives to conventional techniques, application of sample preparation and detection methods to targeted and untargeted pesticide analysis, as well as the developments in stereoselective determination of chiral pesticides. The sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase extraction, and derived methods, as well as the recent trends and developments in chromatographic separation of pesticides are covered in this review. For sample preparation, the QuEChERS method is replacing other techniques and has proved to be efficient in both screening and accurate quantification in multiresidue analysis. Shift towards minimal sample preparation is supported by a wider application of highly sensitive and selective separation and detection systems such as LC-MS/MS. The features of different methods of sample preparation and detection are discussed with focus on optimal parameters, advantages, and drawbacks. The optimal parameters of sample preparation methods were summarized based on respective publications, which makes the review a useful tool for method development and further investigations.     

Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production,Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties

Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.     

基于低共熔溶剂的萃取分离技术及其应用研究进展

随着绿色化学的发展,开发和应用符合绿色化学要求的溶剂和方法备受关注。作为离子液体类似物,低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)是通过氢键受体(hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA)和氢键供体(hydrogen bond donator, HBD)的氢键作用而形成的一种混合物,具有环境友好、制备简单、成本低、可生物降解等优点,在很多领域均有越来越广泛的应用。DES可以从不同样品中萃取和分离不同的目标化合物,其作为萃取溶剂具有独特的优势,可以获得较高的萃取效率且样品基质对分析过程的影响较小。在分散液液微萃取(dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction, DLLME)程序中,DES可以萃取复杂基质中的残留药物、金属离子和生物活性成分;与传统的萃取方法相比,该方法具有对有机试剂需求少,萃取效率更高等明显优势。而且,在DLLME中加入DES作为分散剂,能够加速萃取剂在样品溶液中的扩散,具有小型化、成本低等优点。相比于传统分散剂甲醇、乙腈的高挥发性、易燃性,DES的高稳定性、低毒性使其在绿色化学领域中更具有优势,应用更广。因此,DES与DLLME的结合近年来发展迅速。不仅如此,DES与固相萃取联合应用也具有广泛的应用前景,在与固相萃取小柱和搅拌棒联合应用时,DES可以作为洗脱剂,氢键供体及氢键给体的用量之比是洗脱效率的重要考察因素之一。在与磁性材料联用时,DES能与磁性多壁碳纳米管、磁性氧化石墨烯等纳米复合材料结合,通过氢键、π-π作用力和静电作用力等特异性吸附目标分析物。并且能够参与磁性凝胶和分子印迹聚合物的合成,推动磁性材料向绿色化学的方向发展,进一步拓展DES的应用。作为一类新兴的绿色溶剂,DES在化合物的萃取分离技术方面受到广泛关注,在不同的萃取技术中扮演了不同的角色,并表现出良好的性能,因此逐渐成为绿色化学领域的研究重点。该文整合了DES在萃取分离技术中的研究进展,介绍了DES的制备、性质和分类,对DES在DLLME和固相萃取中的应用进行了总结和归类,并展望了DES在萃取分离技术中的应用前景,为DES未来的应用提供参考。